Fill - Free fillable in the Fifties The American Dream p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 (Caggia Social Studies) PDF form

The Postwar Boom 847

One American's Story

The American Dream

in the Fifties

Settled into her brand new house near San Diego, California,

Carol Freeman felt very fortunate. Her husband Mark had his

own law practice, and when their ﬁrst baby was born, she

became a full-time homemaker. She was living the American

dream, yet Carol felt dissatisﬁed—as if there were “something

wrong” with her because she was not happy.

A PERSONAL

VOICE CAROL FREEMAN

“ As dissatisﬁed as I was, and as restless, I remember so well

this feeling [we] had at the time that the world was going to

be your oyster. You were going to make money, your kids were

going to go to good schools, everything was possible if you just

did what you were supposed to do. The future was rosy. There

was a tremendous feeling of optimism. . . . Much as I say it

was hateful, it was also hopeful. It was an innocent time.

”

—quoted in The Fifties: A Women’s Oral History

After World War II ended, Americans turned their attention to their families

and jobs. The economy prospered. New technologies and business ideas created

fresh opportunities for many, and by the end of the decade Americans were

enjoying the highest standard of living in the world. The American dream of a

happy and successful life seemed within the reach of many people.

The Organization and the Organization Man

During the 1950s, businesses expanded rapidly. By 1956, the majority of

Americans no longer held blue-collar, or industrial, jobs. Instead, more people

worked in higher-paid, white-collar positions—clerical, managerial, or profes-

sional occupations. Unlike blue-collar workers, who manufactured goods for sale,

white-collar workers tended to perform services in ﬁelds like sales, advertising,

insurance, and communications.

Terms & Names

MAIN IDEA

•conglomerate

•franchise

•baby boom

•Dr. Jonas Salk

•consumerism

•planned

obsolescence

During the 1950s, the

economy boomed, and many

Americans enjoyed material

comfort.

The “American dream,” a notion

that was largely shaped by the

1950s, is still pursued today.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW

▼

The dream

woman of the

1950s was

depicted in

advertising and

on TV as doing

constant

housework, but

always with

a smile.

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 847

Page 1 of 9

CONGLOMERATES

Many white-collar workers performed their services in large

corporations or government agencies. Some of these corporations continued

expanding by forming conglomerates. (A conglomerate is a major corporation

that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries.) For exam-

ple, one conglomerate, International Telephone and

Telegraph (ITT), whose original business was communica-

tions, bought car-rental companies, insurance companies,

and hotel and motel chains. Through this diversiﬁcation,

or investment in various areas of the economy, ITT tried

to protect itself from declines in individual industries.

Other huge parent companies included American

Telephone and Telegraph, Xerox, and General Electric.

FRANCHISES

In addition to diversifying, another strat-

egy for business expansion—franchising—developed at

this time. A franchise is a company that offers similar

products or services in many locations. (Franchise is also

used to refer to the right, sold to an individual, to do busi-

ness using the parent company’s name and the system

that the parent company developed.)

Fast-food restaurants developed some of the ﬁrst and

most successful franchises. McDonald’s, for example, had

its start when the McDonald brothers developed unusual-

ly efﬁcient service, based on assembly-line methods, at

their small drive-in restaurant in San Bernardino,

California. They simpliﬁed the menu, featured 15-cent

hamburgers, and mechanized their kitchen.

Salesman Ray Kroc paid the McDonalds $2.7 million

for the franchise rights to their hamburger drive-in. In

April 1955, he opened his first McDonald’s in Des

Plaines, Illinois, where he further improved the assem-

bly-line process and introduced the golden arches that

are now familiar all over the world.

A PERSONAL VOICE RAY KROC

“ It requires a certain kind of

mind to see the beauty in a ham-

burger bun. Yet is it any more

unusual to find grace in the tex-

ture and softly curved silhouette

of a bun than to reflect lovingly

on the . . . arrangements and

textures and colors in a butter-

fly’s wings? . . . Not if you view

the bun as an essential material

in the art of serving a great

many meals fast.

”

—quoted in The Fifties

SOCIAL CONFORMITY

While franchises like McDonald’s helped standardize

what people ate, some American workers found themselves becoming standard-

ized as well. Employees who were well paid and held secure jobs in thriving com-

panies sometimes paid a price for economic advancement: a loss of their individ-

uality. In general, businesses did not want creative thinkers, rebels, or anyone

who would rock the corporate boat.

848 C

HAPTER 27

FRANCHISES

In the decades since Ray Kroc

opened his ﬁrst McDonald’s

(shown below), franchising has

become all but a way of life in

the United States. Today, there

are nearly 3,000 franchised

companies operating over

500,000 businesses throughout

the country. Ofﬁcials estimate

that franchises account for nearly

one-third of all U.S. retail sales.

American franchises today pro-

vide a wide array of goods and

services, from car maintenance,

to tax services, to hair care.

In an attempt to tap into the

international market, hundreds of

U.S. companies have established

overseas franchises. The fran-

chise with perhaps the greatest

global reach is the one that start-

ed it all. In addition to its more

than 10,000 U.S. franchises,

McDonald’s now operates over

14,000 franchises in dozens of

countries around the world.

A. Answer Both

were successful

business enti-

ties that grew

rapidly. The con-

glomerate grew

by diversifying;

franchises grew

by opening iden-

tical stores in

new locations.

MAIN IDEA

Comparing

How were

conglomerates

and franchises

alike and how

were they

different?

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 848

Page 2 of 9

In The Organization Man, a book based on a classic 1956 study of subur-

ban Park Forest, Illinois, and other communities, William H. Whyte

described how the new, large organizations created “company people.”

Companies would give personality tests to people applying for jobs to

make sure they would “ﬁt in” the corporate culture. Companies

rewarded employees for teamwork, cooperation, and loyalty and so

contributed to the growth of conformity, which Whyte called

“belongingness.” Despite their success, a number

of workers questioned whether pursuing the

American dream exacted too high a price, as con-

formity replaced individuality.

The Suburban Lifestyle

Though achieving job security did take a psychological toll on some Americans

who resented having to repress their own personalities, it also enabled people to

provide their families with the so-called good things in life. Most Americans

worked in cities, but fewer and fewer of them lived there. New highways and the

availability and affordability of automobiles and gasoline made commuting pos-

sible. By the early 1960s, every large city in the United States was surrounded by

suburbs. Of the 13 million new homes built in the 1950s, 85 percent were built

in the suburbs. For many people, the suburbs embodied the American dream of

an affordable single-family house, good schools, a safe, healthy environment for

children, and congenial neighbors just like themselves.

THE BABY BOOM

As soldiers

returned from World War II and

settled into family life, they con-

tributed to an unprecedented

population explosion known as

the baby boom. During the late

1940s and through the early

1960s, the birthrate (number of

live births per 1,000 people) in

the United States soared. At the

height of the baby boom, in 1957,

one American infant was born

every seven seconds—a total of

4,308,000 that year. The result

was the largest generation in the

nation’s history.

The Postwar Boom 849

▼

The “organization

man” had to step

lively to keep up

with the Joneses.

Some of the 40 million

new Americans who

were born during the

baby boom.

*First year for which figures include Alaska and Hawaii.

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970

American Birthrate, 1940–1970

Live Births (per 1,000 people)

1940 1945 1950 1955 1960* 1965 1970

SKILLBUILDER

Interpreting Graphs

What was the overall trend in the birthrate at the start

of World War II, and after the war ended?

What was the difference in the bir thrate between 1960

and 1970?

▼

Skillbuilder

Answer

1. The birthrate

remained almost

the same from

the beginning of

the war until the

war ended. Then

it increased.

2. It dropped

from 24 per 1000

to 19 per 1000.

B. Answer

Some became

dissatisﬁed with

the emphasis on

conformity and

the impersonal

corporate

atmosphere.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Effects

What effects

did the climate in

many corporations

have on some

workers?

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 849

Page 3 of 9

Contributing to the size of the baby-boom generation

were many factors, including: reunion of husbands and

wives after the war, decreasing marriage age, desirability of

large families, confidence in continued economic prosper-

ity, and advances in medicine.

ADVANCES IN MEDICINE AND CHILDCARE

Among the

medical advances that saved hundreds of thousands of

children’s lives was the discovery of drugs to ﬁght and pre-

vent childhood diseases, such as typhoid fever. Another

breakthrough came when Dr. Jonas Salk developed a vac-

cine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis—polio.

Many parents raised their children according to guide-

lines devised by the author and pediatrician Dr. Benjamin

Spock. His Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care,

published in 1946, sold nearly 10 million copies during

the 1950s. In it, he advised parents not to spank or scold

their children. He also encouraged families to hold

meetings in which children could express themselves. He

considered it so important for mothers to be at home with

their children that he proposed having the government pay

mothers to stay home.

The baby boom had a tremendous impact not only on

child care but on the American economy and the educa-

tional system as well. In 1958, toy sales alone reached $1.25

billion. During the decade, 10 million new students entered

the elementary schools. The sharp increase in enrollment

caused overcrowding and teacher shortages in many parts

of the country. In California, a new school opened every

seven days.

WOMEN’S ROLES

During the 1950s, the role of home-

maker and mother was gloriﬁed in popular magazines,

movies, and TV programs such as Father Knows Best and The

Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Time magazine described the

homemaker as “the key ﬁgure in all suburbia, the thread

that weaves between family and community—the keeper of

the suburban dream.” In contrast to the ideal portrayed in

the media, however, some women, like Carol Freeman,

who spoke of her discontentment, were not happy with

their roles; they felt isolated, bored, and unfulfilled.

According to one survey in the 1950s, more than one-ﬁfth

of suburban wives were dissatisﬁed with their lives. Betty Friedan, author of the

groundbreaking 1963 book about women and society, The Feminine Mystique,

described the problem.

A PERSONAL VOICE BETTY FRIEDAN

“ For the ﬁrst time in their history, women are becoming aware of an identity

crisis in their own lives, a crisis which . . . has grown worse with each succeeding

generation. . . . I think this is the crisis of women growing up—a turning point

from an immaturity that has been called femininity to full human identity.

”

—The Feminine Mystique

The number of women working outside the home rose steadily during the

decade. By 1960, almost 40 percent of mothers with children between ages 6 and

17 held paying jobs.

JONAS SALK 1914–1995

One of the most feared diseases

in the 1950s was polio, the dis-

ease that had partially paralyzed

President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Polio afﬂicted 58,000 American

children in 1952, killing some

and making others reliant on

crutches, wheelchairs, or iron

lungs (machines that helped

people with paralyzed chest

muscles to breathe).

In the early 1950s, Dr. Jonas

Salk (at right in photo above)

developed an effective vaccine to

prevent the disease, and the gov-

ernment sponsored a free inocu-

lation program for children. The

vaccine was extremely effective.

By 1974, thanks to Salk’s vac-

cine and a new oral vaccine

developed by Dr. Albert Sabin,

only seven new polio cases were

reported in the country.

Background

The percentage of

women college

students in the

1950s was smaller

than in the 1920s.

850 C

HAPTER 27

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Effects

How did the

baby boom affect

American life in

the 1950s?

C. Answer

Creation of

youth-centered

culture;

increased

demand for con-

sumer goods and

jobs related to

rearing and edu-

cating children.

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 850

Page 4 of 9

But having a job didn’t necessarily contribute to a

woman’s happiness. A woman’s career opportunities tended

to be limited to ﬁelds such as nursing, teaching, and ofﬁce

support, which paid less than other professional and busi-

ness positions did. Women also earned less than men for

comparable work. Although increasing numbers of women

attended four-year colleges, they generally received little

ﬁnancial, academic, or psychological encouragement to

pursue their goals.

LEISURE IN THE FIFTIES

Most Americans of the 1950s

had more leisure time than ever before. Employees worked

a 40-hour week and earned several weeks’ vacation per year.

People owned more labor-

saving devices, such as wash-

ing machines, clothes dryers,

dishwashers, and power lawn

mowers, which allowed more

time for leisure activities.

Fortune magazine reported

that, in 1953, Americans spent

more than $30 billion on

leisure goods and activities.

Americans also enjoyed a

wide variety of recreational

pursuits—both active and

passive. Millions of people

participated in such sports as

fishing, bowling, hunting,

boating, and golf. More fans

than ever attended baseball,

basketball, and football games;

others watched professional

sports on television.

Americans also became

avid readers. They devoured

books about cooking, reli-

gion, do-it-yourself projects,

and homemaking. They also

read mysteries, romance nov-

els, and ﬁction by popular

writers such as Ernest Hemingway, John Steinbeck,

Daphne du Maurier, and J. D. Salinger. Book sales

doubled, due in part to a thriving paperback mar-

ket. The circulation of popular magazines like

Reader’s Digest and Sports Illustrated steadily rose,

from about 148 million to more than 190 mil-

lion readers. Sales of comic books also reached

a peak in the mid-1950s.

History Through

AFTER THE PROM (1957)

The artist, Norman Rockwell,

chose an innocent junior-high

couple to illustrate the easy

emotions and the ordinary

events of postwar America.

What does this painting con-

vey about life in the 1950s?

3-D comics and 3-D movies were two

of the many fads that mesmerized

the nation in the 1950s.

D. Answer Most

1950s women

were homemak-

ers and had

fewer educa-

tional and

career opportu-

nities than

women have

today.

▼

MAIN IDEA

Contrasting

How did

women’s roles and

opportunities in

the 1950s differ

from women’s

roles today?

Image not available

for use on CD-ROM.

Please refer to the

image in the textbook.

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 851

Page 5 of 9

The Automobile Culture

During World War II, the U.S. government had rationed

gasoline to curb inﬂation and conserve supplies. After the

war, however, an abundance of both imported and domesti-

cally produced petroleum—the raw material from which

gasoline is made—led to inexpensive, plentiful fuel for con-

sumers. Easy credit terms and extensive advertising persuad-

ed Americans to buy cars in record numbers. In response,

new car sales rose from 6.7 million in 1950 to 7.9 million in

1955. The total number of private cars on the road jumped

from 40 million in 1950 to over 60 million in 1960.

AUTOMANIA

Suburban living made owning a car a neces-

sity. Most of the new suburbs, built in formerly rural areas,

did not offer public transportation, and people had to

drive to their jobs in the cities. In addition, many of the

schools, stores, synagogues, churches, and doctors’ and

dentists’ ofﬁces were not within walking distance of subur-

ban homes.

THE INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

The more cars there

were, the more roads were needed. “Automania” spurred

local and state governments to construct roads linking the

major cities while connecting schools, shopping centers, and

workplaces to residential suburbs. The Interstate Highway

Act, which President Eisenhower signed in 1956, authorized

the building of a nationwide highway network—41,000

miles of expressways. The new roads, in turn, encouraged

the development of new suburbs farther from the cities.

Interstate highways also made high-speed, long-haul

trucking possible, which contributed to a decline in the

commercial use of railroads. Towns along the new highways

prospered, while towns along the older, smaller roads expe-

rienced hard times. The system of highways also helped

unify and homogenize the nation. As John Keats observed

in his 1958 book, The Insolent Chariots, “Our new roads, with their ancillaries, the

motels, ﬁlling stations, and restaurants advertising Eats, have made it possible for

you to drive from Brooklyn to Los Angeles without a change of diet, scenery, or

culture.” With access to cars, affordable gas, and new highways, more and more

Americans hit the road. They ﬂocked to mountains, lakes, national parks, historic

sites, and amusement parks for family vacations. Disneyland, which opened in

California in July 1955, attracted 3 million visitors the next year.

MOBILITY TAKES ITS TOLL

As the automobile industry boomed, it stimulated

production and provided jobs in other areas, such as drive-in movies, restaurants,

and shopping malls. Yet cars also created new problems for both society and the

environment. Noise and exhaust polluted the air. Automobile accidents claimed

more lives every year. Trafﬁc jams raised people’s stress levels, and heavy use dam-

aged the roads. Because cars made it possible for Americans to live in suburbs,

many upper-class and middle-class whites left the crowded cities. Jobs and busi-

nesses eventually followed them to the suburbs. Public transportation declined,

and poor people in the inner cities were often left without jobs and vital services.

As a result, the economic gulf between suburban and urban dwellers and between

the middle class and the poor widened.

852 C

HAPTER 27

Vocabulary

homogenize: to

make the same or

similar

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

AND THE AUTOMOBILE

No state has exempliﬁed auto-

mania in the U.S. more than

California. By the late 1990s,

Californians owned more cars,

held more driver’s licenses, and

traveled more miles on their

roads than the people of any

other state. The center of this

automobile culture is the metro-

politan area of Los Angeles.

Contributing to the importance

of the automobile is Southern

California’s suburban lifestyle.

This dependence on cars has

contributed to problems of air

pollution and trafﬁc jams. But,

California is addressing these

problems by reviving public trans-

portation systems and promoting

the use of electric cars that pro-

duce no pollution.

E. Answer Cars

were necessary

for life in the

suburbs,

Americans

loved cars, and

the positive eco-

nomic factors

allowed

Americans to

buy cars.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Causes

Why did auto

sales surge in the

1950s?

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Effects

What positive

and negative

effects did the

mass availability

of the automobile

have on American

life in the 1950s?

F. Answer

Positive—

growth of sub-

urbs, increased

mobility.

Negative—pol-

lution, deteriora-

tion of public

transportation.

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 852

Page 6 of 9

The Postwar Boom 853

Americans Hit the Road

Cruising Teens

Often teenagers drove around

familiar neighborhoods ending

up at popular teen meeting

places to see and be seen.

The Drive-Thru

Fast-food restaurants catered to

the car culture by offering drive-up

service. Waitresses wearing fancy

uniforms or roller skates added to

the fun of front-seat dining.

In the 1950s Americans loved their cars—big, powerful,

and ﬂashy. Some car owners spent their leisure time

maintaining their automobiles for the daily commute to

work or for the annual family vacation on any one of the

nation’s 22 new interstate highways.

Car Ads

Not just for transport,

cars were marketed for

fashion and fun. Car

ads used words like

"fresh" and "frisky."

The Drive-In

Young suburban families piled into their cars

to see a movie at one of the country’s 5,000

or so drive-in theaters.

▼

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 853

Page 7 of 9

Consumerism Unbound

By the mid-1950s, nearly 60 percent of Americans were members of the middle

class, about twice as many as before World War II. They wanted, and had the

money to buy, increasing numbers of products. Consumerism, buying material

goods, came to be equated with success.

NEW PRODUCTS

One new product after another

appeared in the marketplace, as various industries

responded to consumer demand. Newsweek maga-

zine reported in 1956 that “hundreds of brand-

new goods have become commonplace

overnight.” Consumers purchased electric house-

hold appliances—such as washing machines,

dryers, blenders, freezers, and dishwashers—in

record numbers.

With more and more leisure time to ﬁll,

people invested in recreational items. They

bought televisions, tape recorders, and the new

hi-fi (high-fidelity) record players. They

bought casual clothing to suit their suburban

lifestyles and power lawn mowers, barbecue

grills, swimming pools, and lawn decora-

tions for their suburban homes.

PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE

In addi-

tion to creating new products, manufac-

turers began using a marketing strategy

called planned obsolescence. In order to

encourage consumers to purchase more

goods, manufacturers purposely designed

products to become obsolete—that is, to

wear out or become outdated—in a short

period of time. Carmakers brought out new

models every year, urging consumers to stay

up-to-date. Because of planned obsolescence,

Americans came to expect new and better

products, and they began to discard items that

were sometimes barely used. Some observers

commented that American culture was on its

way to becoming a “throwaway society.”

BUY NOW, PAY LATER

Many consumers made

their purchases on credit and therefore did not

have to pay for them right away. The Diner’s Club

issued the ﬁrst credit card in 1950, and the American

Express card was introduced in 1958. In addition,

people bought large items on the installment plan

and made regular payments over a ﬁxed time. Home

mortgages (loans for buying a house) and automobile loans worked the same way.

During the decade, the total private debt grew from $73 billion to $179 billion.

Instead of saving money, Americans were spending it, conﬁdent that prosperity

would continue.

THE ADVERTISING AGE

The advertising industry capitalized on this runaway

consumerism by encouraging even more spending. Ads were everywhere—in

newspapers and magazines, on radio and television, and on billboards along the

854 C

HAPTER 27

G. Answer They

designed prod-

ucts to break

down, wear out,

and go out of

style.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Causes

How did

manufacturers

inﬂuence

Americans to

become a

“throwaway

society”?

▼

In the 1950s,

advertisers made

"keeping up with

the Joneses" a

way of life for

consumers.

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 854

Page 8 of 9

highways—prompting people to buy goods that ranged from cars to cereals to

cigarettes. Advertisers spent about $6 billion in 1950; by 1955, the ﬁgure was up

to $9 billion. Since most Americans had satisﬁed their basic needs, advertisers

tried to convince them to buy things they really didn’t need.

A PERSONAL VOICE VANCE PACKARD

“ On May 18, 1956, The New York Times printed a remarkable interview with a

young man named Gerald Stahl, executive vice-president of the Package

Designers Council. He stated: ‘Psychiatrists say that people have so much to

choose from that they want help—they will like the package that hypnotizes them

into picking it.’ He urged food packers to put more hypnosis into their package

designing, so that the housewife will stick out her hand for it rather than one of

many rivals.

Mr. Stahl has found that it takes the average woman exactly twenty sec-

onds to cover an aisle in a supermarket if she doesn’t tarry; so a good package

design should hypnotize the woman like a ﬂashlight waved in front of her eyes.

”

—The Hidden Persuaders

More and more, ad executives and designers turned to psychology to create

new strategies for selling. Advertisers appealed to people’s desire for status and

“belongingness” and strived to associate their products with those values.

Television became a powerful new advertising tool. The ﬁrst one-minute TV

commercial was produced in 1941 at a cost of $9. In 1960, advertisers spent a

total of $1.6 billion for television ads. By 2001, a 30-second commercial during

the Superbowl cost an advertiser $2.2 million. Television had become not only

the medium for mass transmission of cultural values, but a symbol of popular

culture itself.

The Postwar Boom 855

•conglomerate

•franchise

•baby boom

•Dr. Jonas Salk

•consumerism

•planned obsolescence

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its signiﬁcance.

MAIN IDEA

2. TAKING NOTES

In a graphic organizer like the one

below, list examples of speciﬁc

goals that characterized the

American dream for suburbanites

in the 1950s.

What do you think the most

important goal was?

CRITICAL THINKING

3. ANALYZING EFFECTS

In what ways do you think current

environmental consciousness is

related to the “throwaway society”

of the 1950s? Support your answer.

Think About:

• the purchasing habits of

1950s consumers

• the effects of planned

obsolescence

• today’s emphasis on recycling

4. EVALUATING

Do you think that the life of a typical

suburban homemaker during the

1950s was fulﬁlling or not? Support

your answer.

5. INTERPRETING VISUAL SOURCES

This ad is typical of how the

advertising industry portrayed

housewives in the 1950s. What

message about women is conveyed

by this ad?

Values

Examples Examples

Home/

Family

Work

The American Dream

Examples

p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 9:15 AM Page 855

Page 9 of 9

Download
Save PDF to desktop

Email
Email completed PDF

Send for Signing
Email for others to sign

Print
Print document

NAME

in the Fifties The American Dream p0847-855aspe-0727s2 101702 (Caggia Social Studies)

View Audit Log
Print With Audit Log
Duplicate Document

Fill Online, Printable, Fillable, Blank in the Fifties The American Dream p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 (Caggia Social Studies) Form

Related forms

Fillable in the Fifties The American Dream p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 (Caggia Social Studies)

Fill Online, Printable, Fillable, Blank in the Fifties The American Dream p0847-855aspe-0727s2 10/17/02 (Caggia Social Studies) Form

Related forms

First 20 documents completely FREE!