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Science and Technology
Radar, guided missiles, nuclear submarines, reconnaissance satellites, atomic
bombs—the inventions of the 20th century seem intended mainly for war, with the
usual dreaded results. But these technological developments have also had far-
reaching applications in peacetime. Because the innovations were originally intend-
ed for the battlefield, they were developed quickly and with a narrow purpose.
However, their applications during peacetime have led to life-enhancing benefits
that will extend far into the 21st century.
19141918
WORLD WAR I
FIGHTER PLANES TO
COMMUTER FLIGHTS
Airplanes were first used to
gather military information
but were soon put to work
as fighters and bombers.
The Sopwith Camel (shown
at right), was one of the
most successful British
fighter planes, bringing
down almost 1,300 enemy
aircraft during World War I. The development of flight
technology eventually led to sophisticated supersonic
aircraft. Today, non-military aircraft are primarily used
for travel and cargo transport. Jumbo jets carry hun-
dreds of passengers with each takeoff.
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The United States in World War II 795
ATOM BOMBS TO BRAIN SCANS
Faced with alarming rumors of work on a German atomic bomb, America
mobilized some of the finest scientific minds in the world to create its own
atomic bomb. The energy released by its nuclear reaction was enough to
kill hundreds of thousands of people, as evidenced by the destruction of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki. But the resulting ability to harness the atom’s
energy also led to new technologies for diagnosing and treating human
diseases. Techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) now
reveal the inner workings of the human brain itself.
1939–1945 WORLD WAR II
1945–1991 THE COLD WAR
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Hypothesizing
Do you think that peacetime technolo-
gies would have been developed without the stimulus
provided by war? Support your answer.
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R13.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Evaluating Technological Impact
What invention
or technological breakthrough do you think has had
the greatest impact on American society? Write a
paragraph to explain your answer. Stage a debate
with your classmates in which you defend your choice.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
TECHNOLOGY
Semiconductors
Computers
Freeze-dried food
Synthetic materials
Radar
MILITARY USE
Navigation
Code breaking
Soldiers’ rations
Parachutes, weapons
parts, tires
Tracking and surveillance
PEACETIME USE
Transistors, radios, electronics
Software programs, video games
TV dinners, space-shuttle rations
Telephones, automobile fenders,
pacemakers
Weather tracking, air traffic
control, archaeological digs
Applications of World War II Technology
Image not available
for use on CD-ROM.
Please refer to the
image in the textbook.
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