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Terms & Names

MAIN IDEA

•Dwight D.

Eisenhower

•D-Day

•Omar Bradley

•George Patton

•Battle of the Bulge

•V-E Day

•Harry S. Truman

Allied forces, led by the

United States and Great

Britain, battled Axis powers

for control of Europe and

North Africa.

During World War II, the United

States assumed a leading role

in world affairs that continues

today.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW

The United States in World War II 775

It was 1951, and John Patrick McGrath was just ﬁnishing his sec-

ond year in drama school. For an acting class, his ﬁnal exam was

to be a performance of a death scene. McGrath knew his lines

perfectly. But as he began the ﬁnal farewell, he broke out in a

sweat and bolted off the stage. Suddenly he had a ﬂashback to a

frozen meadow in Belgium during the Battle of the Bulge in

1945. Three German tanks were spraying his platoon with

machine-gun ﬁre.

A PERSONAL

VOICE JOHN PATRICK MCGRATH

“ Only a few feet away, one of the men in my platoon falls. . . . He

calls out to me. ‘Don’t leave me. Don’t. . . .’ The tanks advance, one

straight for me. I grab my buddy by the wrist and pull him across the

snow. . . . The tank nearest to us is on a track to run us down. . . .

When the German tank is but 15 yards away, I grab my buddy by the

wrist and feign a lurch to my right. The tank follows the move. Then

I lurch back to my left. The German tank clamors by, only inches

away. . . . In their wake the meadow is strewn with casualties. I turn

to tend my fallen comrade. He is dead.

”

—A Cue for Passion

Like countless other soldiers, McGrath would never forget both the

heroism and the horrors he witnessed while ﬁghting to free Europe.

The United States and Britain Join Forces

“Now that we are, as you say, ‘in the same boat,’” British Prime Minister Winston

Churchill wired President Roosevelt two days after the Pearl Harbor attack,

“would it not be wise for us to have another conference . . . . and the sooner the

better.” Roosevelt responded with an invitation for Churchill to come at once. So

began a remarkable alliance between the two nations.

One American's Story

The War for Europe

and North Africa

Private John P. McGrath carried

this bullet-riddled letter in a pack

that saved his life. In 1990, he

visited Anzio, where members of

his company were buried.

▼

p0775-783aspe-0725s2 10/17/02 9:11 AM Page 775

Page 1 of 9

WAR PLANS

Prime Minister Churchill arrived at the White House on December

22, 1941, and spent the next three weeks working out war plans with President

Roosevelt and his advisors. Believing that Germany and Italy posed a greater

threat than Japan, Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike ﬁrst against Hitler.

Once the Allies had gained an upper hand in Europe, they could pour more

resources into the Paciﬁc War.

By the end of their meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill had formed, in

Churchill’s words, “a very strong affection, which grew with our years of com-

radeship.” When Churchill reached London, he found a message from the presi-

dent waiting for him. “It is fun,” Roosevelt wrote in the message, “to be in the

same decade with you.”

THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hitler

ordered submarine raids against ships along America’s east coast. The German

aim in the Battle of the Atlantic was to prevent food and war materials from

reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Britain depended on supplies from

the sea. The 3,000-mile-

long shipping lanes from

North America were her

lifeline. Hitler knew that

if he cut that lifeline,

Britain would be starved

into submission.

For a long time, it

looked as though Hitler

might succeed in his mis-

sion. Unprotected Amer-

ican ships proved to be

easy targets for the Ger-

mans. In the ﬁrst four

months of 1942, the

Germans sank 87 ships

off the Atlantic shore.

Seven months into the

year, German wolf packs

had destroyed a total of

681 Allied ships in the

Atlantic. Something had

to be done or the war at

sea would be lost.

The Allies responded by organizing their cargo ships into convoys. Convoys

were groups of ships traveling together for mutual protection, as they had done

in the First World War. The convoys were escorted across the Atlantic by destroy-

ers equipped with sonar for detecting submarines underwater. They were also

accompanied by airplanes that used radar to spot U-boats on the ocean’s surface.

With this improved tracking, the Allies were able to ﬁnd and destroy German U-

boats faster than the Germans could build them. In late spring of 1943, Admiral

Karl Doenitz, the commander of the German U-boat offensive, reported that his

losses had “reached an unbearable height.”

At the same time, the United States launched a crash shipbuilding program.

By early 1943, 140 Liberty ships were produced each month. Launchings of Allied

ships began to outnumber sinkings.

By mid-1943, the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic had turned. A happy Churchill

reported to the House of Commons that June “was the best month [at sea] from

every point of view we have ever known in the whole 46 months of the war.”

776 C

HAPTER 25

▼

A convoy of

British and

American ships

ride at anchor in

the harbor of

Hvalfjord, Iceland.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Causes

Why had the

tide turned in the

Battle of the

Atlantic by

mid-1943?

A. Answer

The Allies had

succeeded in

using convoys;

the United

States had

greatly

increased the

production of

ships.

p0775-783aspe-0725s2 10/17/02 9:11 AM Page 776

Page 2 of 9

The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean

By the winter of 1943, the Allies began to see victories on land as well as sea.

The ﬁrst great turning point came in the Battle of Stalingrad.

THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

The Germans had been ﬁghting in the Soviet

Union since June 1941. In November 1941, the bitter cold had stopped them in

their tracks outside the Soviet cities of Moscow and Leningrad. When spring

came, the German tanks were ready to roll.

In the summer of 1942, the Germans took the offensive in the southern

Soviet Union. Hitler hoped to capture Soviet oil ﬁelds in the Caucasus Mountains.

He also wanted to wipe out Stalingrad, a major industrial center on the Volga

River. (See map, page 778.)

The German army conﬁdently approached Stalingrad in August 1942. “To

reach the Volga and take Stalingrad is not so difﬁcult for us,” one German soldier

wrote home. “Victory is not far away.” The Luftwaffe—the German air force—pre-

pared the way with nightly bombing raids over the city. Nearly every wooden

building in Stalingrad was set ablaze. The situation looked so desperate that Soviet

ofﬁcers in Stalingrad recommended blowing up the city’s factories and abandon-

ing the city. A furious Stalin ordered them to defend his namesake city no matter

what the cost.

For weeks the Germans pressed in on Stalingrad, conquering it house by

house in brutal hand-to-hand combat. By the end of September, they controlled

nine-tenths of the city—or what was left of it. Then another winter set in. The

Soviets saw the cold as an opportunity to roll fresh tanks across the frozen land-

scape and begin a massive counterattack. The Soviet army closed around

Stalingrad, trapping the Germans in and around the city and cutting off their sup-

plies. The Germans’ situation was hopeless, but Hitler’s orders came: “Stay and

ﬁght! I won’t go back from the Volga.”

The ﬁghting continued as winter turned Stalingrad into a frozen wasteland.

“We just lay in our holes and froze, knowing that 24 hours later and 48 hours later

we should be shivering precisely as we were now,” wrote a German soldier, Benno

Zieser. “But there was now no hope whatsoever of relief, and that was the worst

thing of all.” The German commander surrendered on January 31, 1943. Two

days later, his starving troops also surrendered.

In defending Stalingrad, the Soviets lost a total of 1,100,000 soldiers—more

than all American deaths during the entire war. Despite the staggering death toll,

the Soviet victory marked a turning point in the war. From that point on, the

Soviet army began to move westward toward Germany.

Dazed, starved, and

freezing, these

German soldiers

were taken prisoner

after months of

struggle. But they

were the lucky ones.

More than 230,000

of their comrades

died in the Battle

of Stalingrad.

▼

MAIN IDEA

Synthesizing

What two

key decisions

determined the

ﬁnal outcome at

Stalingrad?

B. Answer

Stalin’s decision

to defend the

city and Hitler’s

decision to

besiege it no

matter what the

cost.

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Page 3 of 9

THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT

While the Battle of Stalingrad raged, Stalin pres-

sured Britain and America to open a “second front” in Western Europe. He argued

that an invasion across the English Channel would force Hitler to divert troops

from the Soviet front. Churchill and Roosevelt didn’t think the Allies had enough

troops to attempt an invasion on European soil. Instead, they launched

Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, commanded by

American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

In November 1942, some 107,000 Allied troops, the great majority of them

Americans, landed in Casablanca, Oran, and Algiers in North Africa. From there

they sped eastward, chasing the Afrika Korps led by General Erwin Rommel, the

legendary Desert Fox. After months of heavy ﬁghting, the last of the Afrika Korps

surrendered in May 1943. British general Harold Alexander

sent a message to Churchill, reporting that “All enemy

resistance has ceased. We are masters of the North African

shores.” American war correspondent Ernie Pyle caught

the mood of the victorious troops.

A PERSONAL VOICE ERNIE PYLE

“ This colossal German surrender has done more for

American morale here than anything that could possibly

have happened. Winning in battle is like winning at poker

or catching lots of ﬁsh. . . . As a result, the hundreds of

thousands of Americans in North Africa now are happy

men.

”

—Ernie’s War: The Best of Ernie Pyle’s World War II Dispatches

60°N

30°N

15°W

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Black Sea

North

Sea

Caspian

Sea

EAST

PRUSSIA

London

Berlin

Paris

Madrid

Oran

Algiers

Lisbon

Casablanca

Rome

El Alamein

Tobruk

Anzio

Warsaw

Leningrad

Moscow

Stalingrad

FRANCE

SAUDI ARABIA

GREECE

ALBANIA

ITALY

BULGARIA

TURKEY

YUGOSLAVIA

SWITZ.

ROMANIA

HUNGARY

AUSTRIA

BELG.

GERMANY

NETH.

POLAND

SOVIET

UNION

SOVIET

UNION

DENMARK

FINLAND

NORWAY

SWEDEN

ALGERIA

LIBYA

TUNISIA

EGYPT

MOROCCO

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

GREAT

BRITAIN

IRELAND

ASIA

EUROPE

AFRICA

Axis and Axis controlled

Allies

Neutral countries

Axis forces

Allied forces

Soviet forces

Major battles

0 200 400 kilometers

0 200 400 miles

November 8, 1942

Operation Torch

May 13, 1943

Axis surrender

of North Africa

November 1942

Farthest Axis

advance

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER

Place Which countries were neutral in

1942?

Movement What was the name of

the invasion that the Allies launched

in North Africa?

World War II: Europe and Africa, 1942–1944

Skillbuilder

Answers

1. Ireland, Spain,

Portugal, Saudi

Arabia, Turkey,

Sweden,

Switzerland

2. Operation

Torch

MAIN IDEA

Summarizing

What was the

outcome of the

North African

campaign?

C. Answer

The defeat of

Hitler’s troops.

778 C

HAPTER 25

American

journalist Ernie

Pyle, shown here

in 1944, was

one of the most

famous war

correspondents

of World War II.

▼

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Page 4 of 9

THE ITALIAN CAMPAIGN

Even before the battle in North Africa was won,

Roosevelt, Churchill, and their commanders met in Casablanca. At this meeting,

the two leaders agreed to accept only the unconditional surrender of the Axis pow-

ers. That is, enemy nations would have to accept whatever terms of peace the Allies

dictated. The two leaders also discussed where to strike next. The Americans argued

that the best approach to victory was to assemble a massive invasion ﬂeet in Britain

and to launch it across the English Channel, through France, and into the heart of

Germany. Churchill, however, thought it would be safer to ﬁrst attack Italy.

The Italian campaign got off to a good start with the capture of Sicily in the

summer of 1943. Stunned by their army’s collapse in Sicily, the Italian government

forced dictator Benito Mussolini to resign. On July 25, 1943, King Victor Emmanuel

III summoned Il Duce (Italian for “the leader”) to his palace, stripped him of power,

and had him arrested. “At this moment,” the king told Mussolini, “you are the most

hated man in Italy.” Italians began celebrating the end of the war.

Their cheers were premature. Hitler was determined to stop the Allies in Italy

rather than ﬁght on German soil. One of the hardest battles the Allies encoun-

tered in Europe was fought less than 40 miles from Rome. This battle, “Bloody

Anzio,” lasted four months—until the end of May 1944—and left about 25,000

Allied and 30,000 Axis casualties. During the year after Anzio, German armies

continued to put up strong resistance. The effort to free Italy did not succeed until

1945, when Germany itself was close to collapse.

HEROES IN COMBAT

Among the brave men who fought in Italy were pilots of

the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron—the Tuskegee Airmen. In Sicily, the squadron

registered its ﬁrst victory against an enemy aircraft and went on to more impressive

strategic strikes against the German forces throughout Italy. The Tuskegee Airmen

won two Distinguished Unit Citations

(the military’s highest commendation)

for their outstanding aerial combat

against the German Luftwaffe.

Another African-American unit to

distinguish itself was the famous 92nd

Infantry Division, nicknamed the

Buffaloes. In just six months of

fighting in Europe, the Buffaloes

won 7 Legion of Merit awards, 65

Silver Stars, and 162 Bronze Stars for

courage under ﬁre.

Like African Americans, most

Mexican Americans served in seg-

regated units. Seventeen Mexican-

American soldiers were awarded the

Congressional Medal of Honor. An

all-Chicano unit—Company E of

the 141st Regiment, 36th Division

became one of the most decorated of

the war.

Japanese Americans also served in Italy and North Africa.

At the urging of General Delos Emmons, the army created the

100th Battalion, which consisted of 1,300 Hawaiian Nisei.

(The word Nisei refers to American citizens whose parents had

emigrated from Japan.) The 100th saw brutal combat and

became known as the Purple Heart Battalion. Later the 100th

was merged into the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat

Team. It became the most decorated unit in U.S. history.

The United States in World War II 779

On May 31, 1943,

the 99th Pursuit

Squadron, the ﬁrst

group of African-

American pilots

trained at the

Tuskegee Institute,

arrived in North

Africa.

▼

D. Answer

The Allies freed

Italy despite

Hitler’s efforts at

the Battle of

Anzio. Mussolini

was removed

from power.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Effects

What were the

results of the

Italian campaign?

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Page 5 of 9

The Allies Liberate Europe

Even as the Allies were battling for Italy in 1943, they had begun work on a dra-

matic plan to invade France and free Western Europe from the Nazis. The task of

commanding Operation Overlord, as it was called, fell to American General

Dwight D. (“Ike”) Eisenhower.

D-DAY

Under Eisenhower’s direction in England, the Allies gathered a force of

nearly 3 million British, American, and Canadian troops, together with moun-

tains of military equipment and supplies. Eisenhower planned to attack

Normandy in northern France. To keep their plans secret, the Allies set up a huge

phantom army with its own headquarters and equipment. In radio messages they

knew the Germans could read, Allied commanders sent orders to this make-

believe army to attack the French port of Calais—150 miles away—where the

English Channel is narrowest. As a result, Hitler ordered his generals to keep a

large army at Calais.

The Allied invasion, code-named Operation Overlord,

was originally set for June 5, but bad weather forced a

delay. Banking on a forecast for clearing skies, Eisenhower

gave the go-ahead for D-Day—June 6, 1944, the ﬁrst day

of the invasion. Shortly after midnight, three divisions

parachuted down behind German lines. They were fol-

lowed in the early morning hours by thousands upon

thousands of seaborne soldiers—the largest land-sea-air

operation in army history.

Despite the massive air and sea bombardment by the

Allies, German retaliation was brutal, particularly at

Omaha Beach. “People were yelling, screaming, dying,

running on the beach, equipment was ﬂying everywhere,

men were bleeding to death, crawling, lying everywhere,

ﬁring coming from all directions,” soldier Felix Branham

wrote of the scene there. “We dropped down behind any-

thing that was the size of a golf ball.”

THE ALLIES GAIN GROUND

Despite heavy casualties,

the Allies held the beachheads. After seven days of

ﬁghting, the Allies held an 80-mile strip of France. Within

a month, they had landed a million troops, 567,000 tons

of supplies, and 170,000 vehicles in France. On July 25,

General Omar Bradley unleashed massive air and land

bombardment against the enemy at St. Lô, providing a

gap in the German line of defense through which General

George Patton and his Third Army could advance. On

August 23, Patton and the Third Army reached the Seine

River south of Paris. Two days later, French resistance

forces and American troops liberated the French capital

from four years of German occupation. Parisians were

delirious with joy. Patton announced this joyous event to

his commander in a message that read, “Dear Ike: Today I

spat in the Seine.”

By September 1944, the Allies had freed France,

Belgium, and Luxembourg. This good news—and the

American people’s desire not to “change horses in mid-

stream”—helped elect Franklin Roosevelt to an unprece-

dented fourth term in November, along with his running

mate, Senator Harry S. Truman.

780 C

HAPTER 25

Background

American para-

troopers on D-Day

carried a simple

signaling device

to help them ﬁnd

one another in

the dark. Each

had a metal toy

cricket to click.

No German radio

operators could

intercept these

messages.

Skillbuilder

Answers

1. This is the

narrowest part

of the channel.

2. It was com-

plex, involving

ﬁve separate

landings in

France.

DWIGHT D. “IKE”

EISENHOWER

1890–1969

When Army Chief of Staff General

George Marshall chose modest

Lieutenant General Dwight David

Eisenhower to become the

Supreme Commander of U.S.

forces in Europe, he knew what

he was doing. Ike was a superb

planner and possessed a keen

mind for military tactics.

More important, Eisenhower

had an uncommon ability to work

with all kinds of people, even

competitive and temperamental

allies. After V-E Day, a grateful

Marshall wrote to Ike, saying,

“You have been selﬂess in your

actions, always sound and toler-

ant in your judgments and alto-

gether admirable in the courage

and wisdom of your military deci-

sions. You have made history,

great history for the good of

mankind.” In 1953, Dwight D.

Eisenhower became president of

the United States.

MAIN IDEA

Evaluating

Was the Allied

invasion of Europe

successful? Explain

your answer.

E. Answer

Yes. On D-Day,

the Allies

penetrated the

beaches along

the Normandy

Coast. Despite

heavy losses,

they held the

beachheads and

began moving

inland.

p0775-783aspe-0725s2 10/17/02 9:11 AM Page 780

Page 6 of 9

U.S. 1st ARMY

Bradley

BRITISH 2nd ARMY

Dempsey

21st ARMY GROUP

COMMANDER OF GROUND FORCES

Montgomery

to St . Lô

English Channel

OMAHA

BEACH

GOLD

BEACH

JUNO

BEACH

SWORD

BEACH

UTAH

BEACH

La Madeleine

Carentan

Isigny

Ste-Mère-

Eglise

Vierville-sur-Mer

Trévières

Courseulles

Lion

Colleville

Arromanches

Bayeux

Caen

FRANCE

Allied forces

Flooded area

Glider landing area

Planned drop zone

Canal

036 kilometers

36 miles

IIIIIIII

The United States in World War II 781

On D-Day morning, a platoon

of American infantry wade

ashore to Omaha Beach.

▼

Prefabricated

barriers

Prefabricated

barriers

Sunken ships

Stores Pier

Floating

Jetties

Barge

Pier

Arromanches

LST Pier

Mulberry

Harbor

50°N

Torquay

Portland

Portsmouth

Dover

London

Calais

Cherbourg

GREAT

BRITAIN

FRANCE

Mulberry Harbor

In order to accommodate the

vast number of invading ships,

the Allies built two enormous

concrete ports and towed them

to Gold Beach on the French

coast on D-Day. They sank 70

old ships to create a breakwater

for the artiﬁcial harbor.

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER

Place How does the inset map at the top of the page help

explain why Hitler was expecting the invasion to cross from

Dover to Calais over the Strait of Dover?

Human-Environment Interaction Was D-Day a simple

or complex operation? How can you tell?

D-Day, June 6, 1944

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Page 7 of 9

THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE

In October 1944,

Americans captured their ﬁrst German town, Aachen.

Hitler responded with a desperate last-gasp offensive. He

ordered his troops to break through the Allied lines and to

recapture the Belgian port of Antwerp. This bold move,

the Führer hoped, would disrupt the enemy’s supply lines

and demoralize the Allies.

On December 16, under cover of dense fog, eight

German tank divisions broke through weak American

defenses along an 80-mile front. Hitler hoped that a victory

would split American and British forces and break up Allied

supply lines. Tanks drove 60 miles into Allied territory,

creating a bulge in the lines that gave this desperate last-

ditch offensive its name, the Battle of the Bulge. As the

Germans swept westward, they captured 120 American

GIs near Malmédy. Elite German troops—the SS troop-

ers—herded the prisoners into a large ﬁeld and mowed

them down with machine guns and pistols.

The battle raged for a month. When it was over, the

Germans had been pushed back, and little seemed to have

changed. But, in fact, events had taken a decisive turn.

The Germans had lost 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and

assault guns, and 1,600 planes in the Battle of the Bulge—

soldiers and weapons they could not replace. From that

point on, the Nazis could do little but retreat.

LIBERATION OF THE DEATH CAMPS

Meanwhile, Allied

troops pressed eastward into the German heartland, and

the Soviet army pushed westward across Poland toward

Berlin. Soviet troops were the ﬁrst to come upon one of

the Nazi death camps, in July 1944. As the Soviets drew

near a camp called Majdanek in Poland, SS guards worked

feverishly to bury and burn all evidence of their hideous

crimes. But they ran out of time. When the Soviets entered

Majdanek, they found a thousand starving prisoners bare-

ly alive, the world’s largest crematorium, and a storehouse

containing 800,000 shoes. “This is not a concentration

camp,” reported a stunned Soviet war correspondent, “it is

a gigantic murder plant.” The Americans who later liber-

ated Nazi death camps in Germany were equally horriﬁed.

A PERSONAL VOICE ROBERT T. JOHNSON

“ We started smelling a terrible odor and suddenly we were at the concentration

camp at Landsberg. Forced the gate and faced hundreds of starving prisoners. . . .

We saw emaciated men whose thighs were smaller than wrists, many had bones

sticking out thru their skin. . . . Also we saw hundreds of burned and naked

bodies. . . . That evening I wrote my wife that ‘For the ﬁrst time I truly realized the

evil of Hitler and why this war had to be waged.’

”

—quoted in Voices: Letters from World War II

UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER

By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed

Berlin. As Soviet shells burst overhead, the city panicked. “Hordes of soldiers

stationed in Berlin deserted and were shot on the spot or hanged from the nearest

tree,” wrote Claus Fuhrmann, a Berlin clerk. “On their chests they had placards

reading, ‘We betrayed the Führer.’”

782 C

HAPTER 25

Vocabulary

elite: a small and

privileged group

F. Answer

The Germans

lost men and

equipment that

they could not

replace. The

battle weakened

their offense.

HISTORICAL

AUDIE MURPHY

Near the end of the Second

World War, Audie Murphy became

famous as the most decorated

American soldier of the war. He

received 24 medals from the

United States—including the

Congressional Medal of Honor.

He was also awarded three

medals by France and one more

by Belgium.

Born in Kingston, Texas, Murphy

enlisted in the army in 1942. He

served in North Africa and

Europe, and in 1944 he rose to

the rank of second lieutenant.

His most impressive act of brav-

ery occurred in Januar y 1945

near Colmar, France, when in the

midst of a furious German attack,

he jumped onto a burning tank

destroyer and killed about 50

Axis troops with his machine gun.

Although wounded in the leg, he

rallied his troops to retake the

ground the Germans had gained

earlier in the day.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Effects

Why was the

Battle of the Bulge

important?

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Page 8 of 9

In his underground head-

quarters in Berlin, Hitler pre-

pared for the end. On April

29, he married Eva Braun, his

longtime companion. The

same day, he wrote out his last

address to the German people.

In it he blamed the Jews for

starting the war and his gener-

als for losing it. “I die with a

happy heart aware of the

immeasurable deeds of our

soldiers at the front. I myself

and my wife choose to die in

order to escape the disgrace of

. . . capitulation,” he said. The

next day Hitler shot himself

while his new wife swallowed

poison. In accordance with

Hitler’s orders, the two bodies

were carried outside, soaked

with gasoline, and burned.

A week later, General Eisenhower accepted the unconditional surrender of

the Third Reich. On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day—Victory in

Europe Day. The war in Europe was ﬁnally over.

ROOSEVELT’S DEATH

President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day. On

April 12, 1945, while posing for a portrait in Warm Springs, Georgia, the pres-

ident had a stroke and died. That night, Vice President Harry S. Truman

became the nation’s 33rd president.

The United States in World War II 783

•Dwight D. Eisenhower

•D-Day

•Omar Bradley

•George Patton

•Battle of the Bulge

•V-E Day

•Harry S. Truman

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its signiﬁcance.

MAIN IDEA

2. TAKING NOTES

Create a time line of the major

events inﬂuencing the ﬁghting in

Europe and North Africa.

Write a paragraph indicating how any

two of these events are related.

CRITICAL THINKING

3. EVALUATING DECISIONS

Do you agree with the decision

made by Roosevelt and Churchill to

require unconditional surrender by

the Axis powers? Why or why not?

Think About:

• the advantages of defeating a

foe decisively

• the advantages of ending a war

quickly

• how other conﬂicts, such as the

Civil War and World War I, ended

4. ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES

When President Roosevelt’s

body was brought by train to

Washington, Betty Conrad was

among the servicewomen who

escorted his casket.

“ The body in the casket was

not only our leader but the bod-

ies of all the men and women

who had given their lives for

freedom. They must not and will

not have died in vain.

”

What did Roosevelt’s body

symbolize to Betty Conrad?

Vocabulary

capitulation:

surrender

event one

event three

event two event four

New Yorkers

celebrate V-E Day

with a massive party

that began in Times

Square and went on

for days at sites

throughout the city.

▼

Image not available

for use on CD-ROM.

Please refer to the

image in the textbook.

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