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Terms & Names
Terms & Names
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
One American's Story
The New
Immigrants
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Immigration from Europe,
Asia, the Caribbean, and
Mexico reached a new high
in the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
FROM CHINA TO
CHINATOWN
Fong See’s
American Dream
In 1871, 14-year-old Fong See came from China to
“Gold Mountain”—the United States. Fong See
stayed, worked at menial jobs, and saved enough
money to buy a business. Despite widespread
restrictions against the Chinese, he became a very
successful importer and was able to sponsor many
other Chinese who wanted to enter the United
States. Fong See had achieved the American dream.
However, as his great-granddaughter Lisa See recalls,
he was not satisfied.
A PERSONAL VOICE LISA SEE
“ He had been trying to achieve success ever since he had first
set foot on the Gold Mountain. His dream was very ‘American.’ He
wanted to make money, have influence, be respected, have a wife
and children who loved him. In 1919, when he traveled to China, he
could look at his life and say he had achieved his dream. But once in
China, he suddenly saw his life in a different context. In America, was he really
rich? Could he live where he wanted? . . . Did Americans care what he thought?
. . . The answers played in his head—no, no, no.
”
—On Gold Mountain
Despite Fong See’s success, he could not, upon his death in 1957, be buried
next to his Caucasian wife because California cemeteries were still segregated.
Through the “Golden Door”
Millions of immigrants like Fong See entered the United States in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries, lured by the promise of a better life. Some of these immi-
grants sought to escape difficult conditions—such as famine, land shortages, or
religious or political persecution. Others, known as “birds of passage,” intended
to immigrate temporarily to earn money, and then return to their homelands.
•Ellis Island
•Angel Island
•melting pot
•nativism
•Chinese
Exclusion Act
•Gentlemen’s
Agreement
This wave of immigration helped
make the United States the
diverse society it is today.
460 C
HAPTER 15
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:14 PM Page 460
Page 1 of 6
Background
From 1815 to
1848, a wave of
revolutions—
mostly sparked
by a desire for
constitutional
governments—
shook Europe. In
1830, for
example, the
Polish people rose
up against their
Russian rulers.
Immigrants and Urbanization 461
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER
1.
Movement Where did the greatest number
of Italian immigrants settle?
2.
Movement From which countr y did the
smallest percentage of immigrants come?
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R28.
U.S. Immigration Patterns, as of 1900
Germany
26%
Other
25%
Ireland
16%
Scandinavia
11%
England
8%
Italy 5%
Russia 4%
Poland 3.5%
Mexico
China 1.5% total
Japan
California
72
44
40
35
10
8
Texas
72
48
Illinois
332
129
114
64
64
28
23
Wisconsin
242
61
30
23
Ohio
204
55
44
New York
480
425
182
165
135
66
42
7
Pennsylvania
212
205
114
72
66
50
Settlement figures in thousands
Skillbuilder
Answers
1. New York
2. Japan
EUROPEANS
Between 1870 and 1920, approximately 20 million Europeans
arrived in the United States. Before 1890, most immigrants came from countries
in western and northern Europe. Beginning in the 1890s, however, increasing
numbers came from southern and eastern Europe. In 1907 alone, about a million
people arrived from Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.
Why did so many leave their homelands? Many of these new immigrants left
to escape religious persecution. Whole villages of Jews were driven out of Russia by
pogroms, organized attacks often encouraged by local authorities. Other Europeans
left because of rising population. Between 1800 and 1900, the population in
Europe doubled to nearly 400 million, resulting in a scarcity of land for farming.
Farmers competed with laborers for too few industrial jobs. In the United States,
jobs were supposedly plentiful. In addition, a spirit of reform and revolt had spread
across Europe in the 19th century. Influenced by political movements at home,
many young European men and women sought independent lives in America.
CHINESE AND JAPANESE
While waves of Europeans arrived on the shores of
the East Coast, Chinese immigrants came to the West Coast in smaller numbers.
Between 1851 and 1883, about 300,000 Chinese arrived. Many came to seek their
fortunes after the discovery of gold in 1848 sparked the California gold rush.
Chinese immigrants helped build the nation’s railroads, including the first
transcontinental line. When the railroads were completed, they turned to farming,
mining, and domestic service. Some, like Fong See, started businesses. However,
Chinese immigration was sharply limited by a congressional act in 1882.
In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit
Japanese workers, and a Japanese emigration boom began. The United States’
annexation of Hawaii in 1898 resulted in increased Japanese immigration to the
West Coast. Immigration continued to increase as word of comparatively high
American wages spread. The wave peaked in 1907, when 30,000 left Japan for the
United States. By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese lived on the West Coast.
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:15 PM Page 461
Page 2 of 6
A
THE WEST INDIES AND MEXICO
Between 1880 and 1920, about 260,000
immigrants arrived in the eastern and southeastern United States from the West
Indies. They came from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands. Many West
Indians left their homelands because jobs were scarce and the industrial boom in
the United States seemed to promise work for everyone.
Mexicans, too, immigrated to the United States to find work, as well as to flee
political turmoil. The 1902 National Reclamation Act, which encouraged the irri-
gation of arid land, created new farmland in Western states and drew Mexican
farm workers northward. After 1910, political and social upheavals in Mexico
prompted even more immigration. About 700,000 people—7 percent of the pop-
ulation of Mexico at the time—came to the U.S. over the next 20 years.
Life in the New Land
No matter what part of the globe immigrants came from, they faced many adjust-
ments to an alien—and often unfriendly—culture.
A DIFFICULT JOURNEY
By the 1870s, almost all immigrants traveled by
steamship. The trip across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe took approximately
one week, while the Pacific crossing from Asia took nearly three weeks.
Many immigrants traveled in steerage, the cheapest accommodations in a
ship’s cargo holds. Rarely allowed on deck, immigrants were crowded together in
the gloom, unable to exercise or catch a breath of fresh air. They often had to
sleep in louse-infested bunks and share toilets with many other passengers. Under
these conditions, disease spread quickly, and some immigrants died before they
reached their destination. For those who survived, the first glimpse of America
could be breathtaking.
A PERSONAL
VOICE ROSA CAVALLERI
“ America! . . . We were so near it seemed too much to believe. Everyone stood
silent—like in prayer. . . . Then we were entering the harbor. The land came so
near we could almost reach out and touch it. . . . Everyone was holding their
breath. Me too. . . . Some boats had bands playing on their decks and all of them
were tooting their horns to us and leaving white trails in the water behind them.
”
—quoted in Rosa: The Life of an Italian Immigrant
ELLIS ISLAND
After initial moments of excitement, the immigrants faced the
anxiety of not knowing whether they would be admitted to the United States.
They had to pass inspection at immigration stations, such as the one at Castle
Garden in New York, which was later moved to Ellis Island in New York Harbor.
About 20 percent of the immigrants at Ellis
Island were detained for a day or more before
being inspected. However, only about 2 per-
cent of those were denied entry.
The processing of immigrants on Ellis
Island was an ordeal that might take five
hours or more. First, they had to pass a
physical examination by a doctor. Anyone
with a serious health problem or a conta-
gious disease, such as tuberculosis, was
promptly sent home. Those who passed
the medical exam then reported to a gov-
ernment inspector. The inspector checked
documents and questioned immigrants
European
governments
used passports
to control the
number of
professionals and
young men of
military age who
left the country.
▼
Vocabulary
tuberculosis: a
bacterial infection,
characterized by
fever and
coughing, that
spreads easily
A. Answer
The desire to
escape condi-
tions such as
land shortages,
famine, and
political or reli-
gious persecu-
tion; the
prospect of
land, jobs, or
higher wages.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
A
Analyzing
Causes
What reasons
did people from
other parts of the
world have for
immigrating to the
United States?
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:15 PM Page 462
Page 3 of 6
B
to determine whether they met the legal requirements for
entering the United States. The requirements included
proving they had never been convicted of a felony,
demonstrating that they were able to work, and showing
that they had some money (at least $25 after 1909). One
inspector, Edward Ferro, an Italian immigrant himself,
gave this glimpse of the process.
A PERSONAL
VOICE EDWARD FERRO
“ The language was a problem of course, but it was overcome by the use of inter-
preters. . . . It would happen sometimes that these interpreters—some of them—
were really softhearted people and hated to see people being deported, and they
would, at times, help the aliens by interpreting in such a manner as to benefit the
alien and not the government.
”
—quoted in I Was Dreaming to Come to America
From 1892 to 1924, Ellis Island was the chief immigration station in the
United States. An estimated 17 million immigrants passed through its noisy,
bustling facilities.
ANGEL ISLAND
While European immigrants arriving on the East Coast passed
through Ellis Island, Asians—primarily Chinese—arriving on the West Coast
gained admission at Angel Island in San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940,
about 50,000 Chinese immigrants entered the United States through Angel
Island. Processing at Angel Island stood in contrast to the procedure at Ellis
Island. Immigrants endured harsh questioning and a long detention in filthy,
ramshackle buildings while they waited to find out whether they would be admit-
ted or rejected.
COOPERATION FOR SURVIVAL
Once admitted to the country, immigrants faced
the challenges of finding a place to live, getting a job, and getting along in daily
life while trying to understand an unfamiliar language and culture. Many immi-
grants sought out people who shared their cultural values, practiced their religion,
Immigrants and Urbanization 463
Many immigrants, like these
arriving at Ellis Island, were
subjected to tests such as the
one below. To prove their mental
competence, they had to identify
the four faces looking left in 14
seconds. Can you do it?
▼
Vocabulary
felony: any one of
the most serious
crimes under the
law, including
murder, rape, and
burglary
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
B
Identifying
Problems
What
difficulties did
immigrants face in
gaining admission
to the United
States?
B. Answer
Medical and
administrative
inspections
and, on Angel
Island, harsh
questioning and
detention.
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:15 PM Page 463
Page 4 of 6
and spoke their native language. The ethnic communities were life rafts for
immigrants. People pooled their money to build churches or synagogues. They
formed social clubs and aid societies. They founded orphanages and old people’s
homes, and established cemeteries. They even published newspapers in their own
languages.
Committed to their own cultures but also trying hard to grow into their new
identities, many immigrants came to think of themselves as “hyphenated”
Americans. As hard as they tried to fit in, these new Polish- and Italian- and
Chinese-Americans felt increasing friction as they rubbed shoulders with people
born and raised in the United States. Native-born people often disliked the immi-
grants’ unfamiliar customs and languages, and viewed them as a threat to the
American way of life.
Immigration Restrictions
Many native-born Americans thought of their country as a melting pot, a mix-
ture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandon-
ing their native languages and customs. Many new immigrants, however, did not
wish to give up their cultural identities. As immigration increased, strong anti-
immigrant feelings emerged.
THE RISE OF NATIVISM
One response to the growth in immigration was
nativism, or overt favoritism toward native-born Americans. Nativism gave rise
to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restrictions.
Many nativists believed that Anglo-Saxons—the Germanic ancestors of the
English—were superior to other ethnic groups. These nativists did not object to
immigrants from the “right” countries. Prescott F. Hall, a founder in 1894 of the
Immigration Restriction League, identified desirable immigrants as “British,
German, and Scandinavian stock, historically free, energetic, progressive.” Nativists
thought that problems were caused by immigrants from the “wrong” countries—
“Slav, Latin, and Asiatic races, historically down-trodden . . . and stagnant.”
Nativists sometimes objected more to immigrants’ religious beliefs than to
their ethnic backgrounds. Many native-born Americans were Protestants and
thought that Roman Catholic and Jewish immigrants would undermine the
democratic institutions established by the
country’s Protestant founders. The American
Protective Association, a nativist group found-
ed in 1887, launched vicious anti-Catholic
attacks, and many colleges, businesses, and
social clubs refused to admit Jews.
In 1897, Congress—influenced by the
Immigration Restriction League—passed a
bill requiring a literacy test for immigrants.
Those who could not read 40 words in English
or their native language would be refused
entry. Although President Cleveland vetoed
the bill, it was a powerful statement of public
sentiment. In 1917, a similar bill would be
passed into law in spite of President Woodrow
Wilson’s veto.
ANTI-ASIAN SENTIMENT
Nativism also
found a foothold in the labor movement, par-
ticularly in the West, where native-born work-
ers feared that jobs would go to Chinese
C
Chinese
immigrants wait
outside the
hospital on Angel
Island in San
Francisco Bay,
1910.
▼
Vocabulary
synagogue: place
of meeting for
worship and
religious
instruction in the
Jewish faith
Vocabulary
progressive:
favoring
advancement
toward better
conditions or new
ideas
C. Answer
They helped one
another, forming
ethnic enclaves,
social clubs,
and aid soci-
eties.
MAIN IDEA
MAIN IDEA
C
Summarizing
How did
immigrants deal
with challenges
they faced?
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:15 PM Page 464
Page 5 of 6
immigrants, who would accept lower wages. The
depression of 1873 intensified anti-Chinese senti-
ment in California. Work was scarce, and labor
groups exerted political pressure on the govern-
ment to restrict Asian immigration. The founder of
the Workingmen’s Party, Denis Kearney, headed the
anti-Chinese movement in California. He made
hundreds of speeches throughout the state, each
ending with the message, “The Chinese must go!”
In 1882, Congress slammed the door on
Chinese immigration for ten years by passing the
Chinese Exclusion Act. This act banned entry to
all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants,
tourists, and government officials. In 1892,
Congress extended the law for another ten years. In
1902, Chinese immigration was restricted indefi-
nitely; the law was not repealed until 1943.
THE GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT
The fears that
had led to anti-Chinese agitation were extended to
Japanese and other Asian people in the early 1900s.
In 1906, the local board of education in San
Francisco segregated Japanese children by putting
them in separate schools. When Japan raised an
angry protest at this treatment of its emigrants,
President Theodore Roosevelt worked out a deal. Under the Gentlemen’s
Agreement of 1907–1908, Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of
unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San
Francisco segregation order.
Although doorways for immigrants had been all but closed to Asians on the
West Coast, cities in the East and the Midwest teemed with European immi-
grants—and with urban opportunities and challenges.
Immigrants and Urbanization 465
•Ellis Island
•Angel Island
•melting pot
•nativism
•Chinese Exclusion Act
•Gentlemen’s Agreement
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
Create a diagram such as the one
below. List two or more causes of
each effect.
CRITICAL THINKING
3. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
Which group of immigrants do you
think faced the greatest challenges
in the United States? Why?
4. ANALYZING EFFECTS
What were the effects of the
massive influx of immigrants to the
U.S. in the late 1800s?
5. EVALUATING
What arguments can you make
against nativism and anti-immigrant
feeling? Think About:
• the personal qualities of immi-
grants
• the reasons for anti-immigrant
feeling
• the contributions of immigrants
to the United States
▼
Fear and
resentment of
Chinese
immigrants
sometimes
resulted in mob
attacks, like the
one shown here.
Causes Effects
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Immigrants
leave their
home countries.
Immigrants face
hardships in the
United States.
Some nativists
want to restrict
immigration.
p0460-465aspe-0415s1 10/16/02 4:15 PM Page 465
Page 6 of 6
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