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R
ecognizing E
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TAKING NOTES
M
etternich's Pla
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P
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Solu
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672 Chapter 23
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
POWER AND AUTHORITY After
exiling Napoleon, European
leaders at the Congress of
Vienna tried to restore order
and reestablish peace.
International bodies such as the
United Nations play an active
role in trying to maintain world
peace and stability today.
• Congress of
Vienna
•Klemens von
Metternich
• balance of power
•legitimacy
• Holy Alliance
• Concert of
Europe
5
SETTING THE STAGE European heads of government were looking to
establish long-lasting peace and stability on the continent after the defeat of
Napoleon. They had a goal of the new European order—one of collective secu-
rity and stability for the entire continent. A series of meetings in Vienna, known
as the
Congress of Vienna, were called to set up policies to achieve this goal.
Originally, the Congress of Vienna was scheduled to last for four weeks. Instead,
it went on for eight months.
Metternich’s Plan for Europe
Most of the decisions made in Vienna during the winter of 1814–1815 were
made in secret among representatives of the five “great powers”—Russia,
Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, and France. By far the most influential of these
representatives was the foreign minister of Austria, Prince
Klemens von
Metternich (MEHT•uhr•nihk).
Metternich distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution. Like
most other European aristocrats, he felt that Napoleon’s behavior had been a nat-
ural outcome of experiments with democracy. Metternich wanted to keep things
as they were and remarked, “The first and greatest concern for the immense
majority of every nation is the stability of laws—never their change.” Metternich
had three goals at the Congress of Vienna. First, he wanted to prevent future
French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. Second, he
wanted to restore a
balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to
others. Third, he wanted to restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones they had
held before Napoleon’s conquests.
The Containment of France The Congress took the following steps to make
the weak countries around France stronger:
• The former Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic were united to form the
Kingdom of the Netherlands.
•A group of 39 German states were loosely joined as the newly created
German Confederation, dominated by Austria.
•Switzerland was recognized as an independent nation.
• The Kingdom of Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of
Genoa.
The Congress of Vienna
Page 1 of 4
These changes enabled the countries of Europe to contain France and prevent it
from overpowering weaker nations. (See the map on page 674.)
Balance of Power Although the leaders of Europe wanted to weaken France, they
did not want to leave it powerless. If they severely punished France, they might
encourage the French to take revenge. If they broke up France, then another coun-
try might become so strong that it would threaten them all. Thus, the victorious
powers did not exact a great price from the defeated nation. As a result, France
remained a major but diminished European power. Also, no country in Europe
could easily overpower another.
Legitimacy The great powers affirmed the principle of legitimacy—agreeing that
as many as possible of the rulers whom Napoleon had driven from their thrones be
restored to power. The ruling families of France, Spain, and several states in Italy
and Central Europe regained their thrones. The participants in the Congress of
Vienna believed that the return of the former monarchs would stabilize political
relations among the nations.
The Congress of Vienna was a political triumph in many ways. For the first time,
the nations of an entire continent had cooperated to control political affairs. The
settlements they agreed upon were fair enough that no country was left bearing a
grudge. Therefore, the Congress did not sow the seeds of future wars. In that sense,
it was more successful than many other peace meetings in history.
By agreeing to come to one another’s aid in case of threats to peace, the
European nations had temporarily ensured that there would be a balance of power
on the continent. The Congress of Vienna, then, created a time of peace in Europe.
It was a lasting peace. None of the five great powers waged war on one another for
nearly 40 years, when Britain and France fought Russia in the Crimean War.
Political Changes Beyond Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a victory for conservatives. Kings and princes
resumed power in country after country, in keeping with Metternich’s goals.
Nevertheless, there were important differences from one country to another.
Britain and France now had constitutional monarchies. Generally speaking, how-
ever, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe were more conservative. The
rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria were absolute monarchs.
The French Revolution and Napoleon 673
Drawing
Conclusions
In what ways
was the Congress
of Vienna a
success?
▲
Delegates at the
Congress of Vienna
study a map of
Europe.
Page 2 of 4
674 Chapter 23
Conservative Europe The rulers of Europe were very nervous about the legacy of
the French Revolution. They worried that the ideals of liberty, equality, and frater-
nity might encourage revolutions elsewhere. Late in 1815, Czar Alexander I,
Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia signed an
agreement called the
Holy Alliance. In it, they pledged to base their relations with
other nations on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of revolution.
Finally, a series of alliances devised by Metternich, called the
Concert of Europe,
ensured that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out.
Across Europe, conservatives held firm control of the governments, but they
could not contain the ideas that had emerged during the French Revolution. France
after 1815 was deeply divided politically. Conservatives were happy with the
monarchy of Louis XVIII and were determined to make it last. Liberals, however,
wanted the king to share more power with the legislature. And many people in the
lower classes remained committed to the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Similarly, in other countries there was an explosive mixture of ideas and factions
that would contribute directly to revolutions in 1830 and 1848.
Despite their efforts to undo the French Revolution, the leaders at the Congress of
Vienna could not turn back the clock. The Revolution had given Europe its first
experiment in democratic government. Although the experiment had failed, it had set
new political ideas in motion. The major political upheavals of the early 1800s had
their roots in the French Revolution.
Revolution in Latin America The actions of the Congress of Vienna had conse-
quences far beyond events in Europe. When Napoleon deposed the king of Spain
during the Peninsular War, liberal Creoles (colonists born in Spanish America)
Making
Inferences
What seeds of
democracy had
been sown by the
French Revolution?
Paris
Brussels
Amiens
London
Naples
Gibraltar
Madrid
Rome
Milan
Berlin
Vienna
Versailles
UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND
FRANCE
SPAIN
AUSTRIAN
EMPIRE
RUSSIAN
EMPIRE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
KINGDOM
OF
SARDINIA
TUSCANY
LUCCA
PARMA
CORSICA
SAXONY
SWITZ.
MODENA
KINGDOM
OF THE
TWO SICILIES
KINGDOM OF
NORWAY AND
SWEDEN
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L
P
R
U
S
S
I
A
PAPAL
STATES
DENMARK
NETHERLANDS
HANOVER
B
A
V
A
R
I
A
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
North
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
B
a
l
t
i
c
S
e
a
42°N
34°N
50°N
0°
8°W
8°E
16°E
24°E
16°W
Boundary of the
German Confederation
Small German states
0 400 Miles
0 800 Kilometers
Europe, 1817
42°N
50°N
0°
16°W
8°W
24°E
32°E
16°E
8°E
Paris
Brussels
Amiens
London
Naples
Gibraltar
Madrid
Rome
Milan
Berlin
Vienna
Versailles
UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN
AND IRELAND
FRENCH
EMPIRE
SPAIN
AUSTRIAN
EMPIRE
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
SICILY
SARDINIA
CORSICA
ILLYRIAN
PROVINCES
KINGDOM
OF
NAPLES
KINGDOM
OF
SWEDEN
KINGDOM OF
DENMARK
AND NORWAY
R
U
S
S
IA
N
E
M
P
IR
E
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L
P
R
U
S
S
I
A
GRAND
DUCHY OF
WARSAW
ITALY
SWITZ.
CONFEDERATION
OF
THE
RHINE
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
North
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
B
a
l
t
i
c
S
e
a
Countries controlled by Napoleon
French Empire
Countries allied with Napoleon
Countries at war with Napoleon
Neutral countries
0 400 Miles
0 800 Kilometers
Europe, 1810
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
1. Region What parts of Napoleon’s French Empire did France lose as a result of the
Congress of Vienna?
2. Region In what sense did the territorial changes of 1815 reflect a restoration of order
and balance?
Page 3 of 4
seized control of many colonies in the Americas. When the
Congress of Vienna restored the king to the Spanish throne,
royalist peninsulares (colonists born in Spain) tried to
regain control of these colonial governments. The Creoles,
however, attempted to retain and expand their power. In
response, the Spanish king took steps to tighten control over
the American colonies.
This action angered the Mexicans, who rose in revolt and
successfully threw off Spain’s control. Other Spanish colonies
in Latin America also claimed independence. At about the
same time, Brazil declared independence from Portugal. (See
Chapter 24.)
Long-Term Legacy The Congress of Vienna left a legacy
that would influence world politics for the next 100 years.
The continent-wide efforts to establish and maintain a bal-
ance of power diminished the size and the power of France.
At the same time, the power of Britain and Prussia increased.
Nationalism began to spread in Italy, Germany, Greece,
and to other areas that the Congress had put under foreign
control. Eventually, the nationalistic feelings would explode
into revolutions, and new nations would be formed.
European colonies also responded to the power shift.
Spanish colonies took advantage of the events in Europe to
declare their independence and break away from Spain.
At the same time, ideas about the basis of power and
authority had changed permanently as a result of the French
Revolution. More and more, people saw democracy as the best way to ensure
equality and justice for all. The French Revolution, then, changed the social atti-
tudes and assumptions that had dominated Europe for centuries. A new era
had begun.
The French Revolution and Napoleon 675
TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• Congress of Vienna • Klemens von Metternich • balance of power • legitimacy • Holy Alliance • Concert of Europe
USING YOUR NOTES
2. What was the overall effect of
Metternich’s plan on France?
MAIN IDEAS
3. What were the three points of
Metternich’s plan for Europe?
4. Why was the Congress of
Vienna considered a success?
5. What was the long-term legacy
of the Congress of Vienna?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
5
CREATING A SCRAPBOOK
Work in pairs to locate recent articles in newspapers and magazines on the peacekeeping
efforts of the UN. Photocopy or clip the articles and use them to create a scrapbook titled
“The UN as Peacekeeper.”
CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING
6. DRAWING CONCLUSIONS From France’s point of view, do
you think the Congress of Vienna’s decisions were fair?
7. ANALYZING ISSUES Why did liberals and conservatives
differ over who should have power?
8. MAKING INFERENCES What do you think is meant by the
statement that the French Revolution let the “genie out of
the bottle”?
9. WRITING ACTIVITY In the role of a
newspaper editor in the early 1800s, write an editorial—
pro or con—on the Congress of Vienna and its impact on
politics in Europe.
POWER AND AUTHORITY
CONNECT TO TODAY
Recognizing
Effects
How did the
French Revolution
affect not only
Europe but also
other areas of the
world?
Congress of Vienna and the
United Nations
The Congress of Vienna and the
Concert of Europe tried to keep the
world safe from war. The modern
equivalent of these agreements is the
United Nations (UN), an international
organization established in 1945 and
continuing today, whose purpose is
to promote world peace.
Like the Congress of Vienna, the
United Nations was formed by major
powers after a war—World War II.
These powers agreed to cooperate to
reduce tensions and bring greater
harmony to international relations.
Throughout its history, the United
Nations has used diplomacy as its
chief method of keeping the peace.
INTERNET ACTIVITY Create a graphic
organizer to show the major agencies
and functions of the United Nations. Go
to
classzone.com for your research.
M
etternich's Pla
n
P
roble
m
Solu
t
io
n
Page 4 of 4
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