The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 18151828:
War, Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power
This scholarly account traces the emergence of the Zulu Kingdom in
South Africa in the early nineteenth century under the rule of the
ambitious and iconic King Shaka. In contrast to recent literary analyses
of myths of Shaka, this book uses the richness of Zulu oral traditions
and a comprehensive body of written sources to provide a compelling
narrative and analysis of the events and people of the era of Shakas
rule. The oral traditions portray Shaka as rewarding courage and
loyalty and punishing failure; as ordering the targeted killing of his
own subjects, both warriors and civilians, to ensure compliance to
his rule; and as arrogant and shrewd but kind to the poor and mentally
disabled. The rich and diverse oral traditions transmitted from gener-
ation to generation reveal the important roles and fates of men and
women, royal and subject, from the perspectives of those who experi-
enced Shakas rule and the dramatic emergence of the Zulu Kingdom.
Elizabeth A. Eldredge is an independent scholar. She has published
A South African Kingdom: The Pursuit of Security in Nineteenth-
Century Lesotho (Cambridge University Press, 1993) and Power in
Colonial Africa: Conict and Discourse in Lesotho, 18701960 (2007).
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power
Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom,
18151828
War, Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power
ELIZABETH A. ELDREDGE
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978-1-107-07532-0 - The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828: War,
Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power
Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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© Elizabeth A. Eldredge 2014
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no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2014
Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Eldredge, Elizabeth A., author.
The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 18151828: War, Shaka, and the Consolidation
of Power / Elizabeth A. Eldredge.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-1-107-07532-0 (Hardback) isbn 978-1-107-42802-7 (Paperback)
1. Shaka, Zulu Chief, 17871828. 2. Zulu (African people)Kings
and rulersBiography. 3. Zulu (African people)History19th century. [1. Zululand
(South Africa)HistoryTo 1879.] I. Title.
dt1831.c53e43 2014
968.4039092dc23
2014014323
isbn 978-1-107-07532
-0 Hardback
isbn 978-1-107-42802-7 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
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Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power
Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Contents
Preface page vii
Glossary x
Map 1 Peoples and Chiefdoms of Southern Africa, c. 18201825 xii
Map 2 Chiefdoms of KwaZulu-Natal, c. 18151820 xiii
1 Political History in Precolonial Africa: The Case of the
AmaZulu Kingdom 1
2 Powerful Chiefs Before Shaka 26
3 Shakas Early Life: Oral Traditions, Tales, and History 42
4 Shaka as Warrior 59
5 AmaZulu Expansion and Reper cussions: Early Conicts and
Migrations 76
6 Chiefs, Chiefdoms, Violence, and Political Reconguration 106
7 Challenges and Consolidation, 18241827 139
8 Royal Women: Authority and Subservience 172
9 Zulu Voices, Zulu Meanings: Ancestors, Praises, and History 205
10 Shakas Rule: Social Conguration and Social Control 231
11 Shakas Ambitions 253
12 The Legacy of Shakas Reign 276
Appendix: James Stuart Interviewees 298
Notes 325
Bibliography 388
Index 397
v
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Preface
This book is one of two major projects to emerge from research
I conducted f rom December 1993 to November 1994 when I was based
in Durban at the University of Durban-Westville and traveled from there
for research stints in Swaziland, Mozambique, and Lesotho. The
research for this book was supported by a Fulbright Senior Scholar
Fellowship, a grant from the Social Science Research Council, and funds
from Michi gan State Uni vers ity . I am especi al ly grateful t o the faculty
in the history departments of the University of Durban-Westville, the
University of Swaziland, the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, and
the National University of Lesotho. I was proud to be associated with
allofthefacultyattheUniversityof Durban-Westville during this
period of political turmoil and the tremendous historical transition
from the apartheid regime to a newly born democracy. Irena Filotova,
Mandy Goedhals, and Julie Pridmore were especially gracious and
supportive of my research, and my interactions with their students
were extremely gratifying. In Dur ban I spent most of my time at the
Killie Campbell Library, and I am grateful for the support I received
from the entire staff there over many, many months of daily work with
their assistance and support. I am also grateful to the teachers and
friends of my children who made their stay in Durban so successful.
John Wright, Cara Pretorius, and their family were not only supportive
of my research, but also provided my family with unforgettable hospi-
tality as we all hiked through the Drakensberg on several occasions.
Thank you all for the welcome and support you provided to my family
throughout our stay.
vii
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Writing up my previously completed research for my second book on
the history of Lesotho has delayed the completion of this work for many
years. I nevertheless remain indeb ted to everyone who assisted me during
my yearlong sojourn in southern Africa from December 1993 through
November 1994.
This work would not have be en possible without the instruction,
advice, assistance, and encouragement of many people throughout my
career. When I began my doctoral work at Northwestern University,
I began my language and linguistic studies with Professor Jack Berry
and Professor Wandile Kuse. Dr. Kuse, who was at the University of
Illinois at Chicago, taught me isiXhosa intensively, which pr ovided me
with the essential linguistic basis for my later eld research. I am grateful
for the advice and instruction I received at Northwestern University from
Professors John Rowe, Ivor Wilks, and Ibrahim Sundiata . My prepar-
ation was directed toward research in South Africa, but the cultural
boycott for foreigners that had been declared, similar to the sports boy-
cott that was so widely honored, precluded contacting and working with
South Africans who were in South Africa and conducting research in the
country. On the explicit personal advice of Dennis Brutus whom I met
while at Northwestern University, I honored the cultural boycott, and my
contact with scholars at South African universities began only many years
later after the cultural boycott was lifted in 1992 and I attended a
conference that year at the University of Durban-Westville.
For the remainder of my graduate studies, I moved to the University
of Wisconsin where I completed my doctoral dissertation in 1986 under
the invaluable direction of Jan Vans ina. While there, I continued my
language studies under the direction of Professor Daniel Kunene with
whom I completed advanced language study in isiXhosa, a cognate
language of isiZulu that allowed me to make the transition for my later
research. Because of my decision to reorient my doctoral research to
Lesotho, I also received intensive language instruction in SeSotho from
Dr. Kunene in preparation for my eldwork. As I read S. M. Mqayis
Ityala Lamawele in the original isiXhosa and Thomas Mofolo s novels
Pitseng and Moeti oa Bochabela in the original SeSotho under his
instruction, I learned not only the nuances of language use but also the
idioms of culture expressed through the works of these early twentieth
century South African writers.
Finally, I would like to express special thanks to Ibrahim Sundiata,
Jan Vansina, Fred Morton, and Hunt Davis for their support and encour-
agement over the years. I am grateful to David N. Plank for his support
viii Preface
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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and encouragement during the years of research and to my entire family
for their constant and continuous support throughout my career.
This work would never have reached fruition without the support of
Donald H. and Charlotte M. Eldredge, Lucy E. Bailey, Robert
M. Eldredge, Barbara D. Eldredge, Michael Eldredge Plank, and James
Eldredge Plank, to whom I dedicate this book with love.
Preface
ix
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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Glossary
Only terms used frequently are included in this glossary. For the ease of
readers unaccustomed to identifying or searching for words according
to their word root without its prex, the terms below are listed in
alphabetical order according to prex.
Original spellings are retained in quoted passages, including interview
notes made by James Stuart. Shakas name was spelled Tshaka
by James Stuart in accord with the correct pronunciation of his name
according to interviewees born in the nineteenth century. In modern
orthography, aspirated consonants are indicated with the letter h as
in Thukela (Tugela) River; Phakathwayo (Pakatwayo), Bhungane
(Bungane). The more commonly used plural prex for peoples, Am a-,
is used in place of the less common prex abakwa- (indicating people
of the place of) for ease of reading.
Aba plural prex for people of, or associated with, the root
name (i.e., AbaQwabe: Qwabe people)
abakwa plural prex for people of the place of followed by the
root name
Ama plural prex for people of, or associated with, the root
name (i.e., AmaZulu: Zulu people)
assegai spear; umkhonto
idlozi ancestral spirit; sometimes appears as (embodied in) a
snake (pl. amadlozi)
ikhanda regimental military barracks attached to a royal home-
stead (pl. amakhanda)
ilobolo bridewealth given to the brides family by the grooms
family that establishes her children as belonging to the
husbands line of descent; usually paid in cattle
x
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ibutho military regiment; mens or womens age grade group
(pl. amabutho)
impi military expedition; army; military force (pl. izimpi)
inceku personal attendant; servant to a chief (pl. izinceku)
induna person of authority; principal man/headman in a home-
stead; commander (pl. izinduna)
inkosi chief, paramount chief, king (pl. amakhosi)
inyanga traditional doctor; healer (pl. izinyanga)
isibongo composed and recited praise; praises (pl. izibongo)
isigodlo secluded womens quarters in the royal homestead; kings
quarters located in the womens quarters (pl. izigodlo)
isikhulu person of importance; great person (pl. izikhulu)
isithakazelo praise-greetings used for persons according to their
ancestral line of descent (pl. izithakazelo)
izwe ilizwe country, territory; isizwe nation
ka by; son or daughter of (used in names)(e.g., Shaka ka
Senzangakhona)
uku-giya to dance with ghting gestures as if in battle
uku-khonza to of fer allegiance and accept a subordinate tributary
status to a chief; to offer loyalty and tribute (uku-konza)
umkhonto spear
umuzi homestead (pl. imizi)
Glossary
xi
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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map 1 Peoples and Chiefdoms of Southern Africa, c. 18201825
xii
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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map 2 Chiefdoms of KwaZulu-Natal, c. 18151820
xiii
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Elizabeth A. Eldredge
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