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The biology of vines
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
THE
BIOLOGY OF
Vines
EDITED
BY
FRANCIS
E.
PUTZ
Department
of
Botany,
University
of
Florida, Gainesville, Florida,
USA
and
HAROLD
A.
MOONEY
Department
of
Biological Sciences,
Stanford University, Stanford, California,
USA
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1584.
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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  
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Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
e biology of vines / edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney,
p. cm.
. Climbing plants. I. Putz, Francis E. II. Mooney, Harold A.
QK.B 
.–dc - CIP
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the time of rst printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee
the accuracy of such information thereafter.
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Contents
List
of
contributors
vii
Foreword
xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
I INTRODUCTION
1 The distribution and evolution of climbing plants 3
ALWYNH. GENTRY
II CLIMBING MECHANICS AND STEM
FORM
2 Anatomy of vine and liana stems: a review and 53
synthesis
SHERWIN CARLQUIST
3 Biomechanical studies of vines 73
FRANCISE. PUTZ&N. MICHELE
HOLBROOK
4 Structural responses to stem injury in vines 99
JACKB.
FISHER& FRANKW. EWERS
III VINE PHYSIOLOGY AND
DEVELOPMENT
5 Water flux and xylem structure in vines 127
FRANKW. EWERS, JACKB. FISHER&
KLAUS FICHTNER
6 Reserve economy of vines 161
HAROLD A. MOONEY& BARBARA L.
GARTNER
7 Photosynthesis and gas exchange of vines 181
ALEJANDROE. CASTELLANOS
8 Heteroblastic development in vines 205
DAVID W. LEE& JENNIFERH. RICHARDS
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Contents
9 Physiological ecology of
mesic,
temperate woody
245
vines
ALAN H. TERAMURA, WARREN G. GOLD
&
IRWINN. FORSETH
10 Secondary compounds in vines with an emphasis on
287
those with defensive functions
MERVYNP. HEGARTY, ELWYNE.
HEGARTY
&
ALWYN H. GENTRY
IV COMMUNITY ECOLOGY OF VINES
11 Distribution and abundance of vines in forest
313
communities
ELWYNE.
HEGARTY& GUY CABALLE
12 Vines in arid and semi-arid ecosystems
337
PHILIP
W.
RUNDEL& TAMARA
FRANKLIN
13 Vine-host interactions
357
E. E. HEGARTY
14 Seasonality of
climbers:
a review and example from
377
Costa Rican dry forest
PAULA. OPLER, HERBERT G. BAKER&
GORDONW. FRANKIE
15 Breeding and dispersal systems of lianas
393
ALWYN H. GENTRY
V ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF VINES
16 The ethnobotany and economic botany of tropical
427
vines
OLIVER PHILLIPS
17 Biology, utilization, and silvicultural management
of 477
rattan palms
STEPHENF. SIEBERT
18 Silvicultural effects of lianas
493
FRANCIS E. PUTZ
Taxonomic index
503
General index
512
VI
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Contributors
HERBERT G. BAKER
Department
of
Integrative Biology, University
of
California,
Berkeley,
CA
94720,
USA
GUY CABALLE
Institut de Botanique, 163 rue Auguste-Broussonet, F-34000
Montpellier, France
SHERWIN CARLQUIST
Rancho Santa
Ana
Botanic Garden and Department of
Biology,
Pomona College, Claremont,
CA
91711,
USA
ALEJANDRO E. CASTELLANOS
CICTUS, Universidad de Sonora, Apdo Postal
#54,
Hermosillo, Sonora 83000, Mexico
FRANKW. EWERS
Department
of
Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing,
MI
48824,
USA
KLAUS FICHTNER
Lehrstuhl Pflanzenokologie Universitdt Bayreuth, Postfach
10 12 51, D-8580 Bayreuth, Federal Republic
of
Germany
JACKB.
FISHER
Fair child Tropical Garden, 11935
Old
Cutler
Road,
Miami,
FL 33156,
USA
IRWINN. FORSETH
Department
of
Botany and Maryland Agricultural
Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD 20742,
USA
GORDONW. FRANKIE
Department of Entomological Sciences, University of
California, Berkeley,
CA
94720,
USA
VII
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
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Contributors
TAMARA FRANKLIN
Laboratory
of
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences and
Department
of
Biology, University
of
California, Los Angeles,
CA 90024,
USA
BARBARA L. GARTNER
Department
of
Biological Sciences, Stanford University,
Stanford,
CA
94305,
USA
ALWYNH. GENTRY
Missouri Botanical Garden,
PO Box
299,
St
Louis,
MO
63166,
USA
WARREN G. GOLD
Department
of
Botany and Maryland Agricultural
Experiment Station, University
of
Maryland,
College
Park,
MD 20742,
USA
ELWYNE. HEGARTY
Department
of
Botany, University
of
Queensland,
St
Lucia,
Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
MERVYNP. HEGARTY
CSIRO, Division
of
Tropical Crops and Pastures, 306
Carmody
Road,
St
Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067,
Australia
N.
MICHELE HOLBROOK
Department
of
Biological Sciences, Stanford University,
Stanford,
CA
94305,
USA
DAVIDW.
LEE
Department
of
Biological Sciences, Florida International
University, Miami,
FL
33199,
USA
HAROLD
A.
MOONEY
Department
of
Biological Sciences, Stanford University,
Stanford,
CA
94305,
USA
PAULA. OPLER
US Fish
and
Wildlife Service, 1025 Pennock Place, Fort
Collins,
CO
80524,
USA
OLIVER PHILLIPS
Department
of
Biology,
Box
1137, Washington University,
St
Louis,
MO
63130,
USA
VIM
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Contributors
FRANCIS E. PUTZ
Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
32611,
USA
JENNIFERH. RICHARDS
Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International
University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
PHILIPW. RUNDEL
Laboratory of Biomedical and Environmental Sciences and
Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles,
CA 90024, USA
STEPHEN F. SIEBERT
Department of National Resources, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
ALANH. TERAMURA
Department of Botany and Maryland Agricultural
Experiment Station, University of
Maryland,
College
Park,
MD 20742, USA
IX
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
More information
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Foreword
Climbing plants - vines - are one of the most interesting, but also a very
neglected group of
plants.
In the rainforests of the tropics, where they reach
their greatest abundance and diversity, they climb into the crowns of tall
trees,
hang down in gigantic loops and often bind one tree firmly to several
others. Their stems reach prodigious lengths and are often thicker than a
man's thigh. Botanists have long been familiar with their curious stem
anatomy and their varied means of attaching themselves to other
plants.
They
are also of considerable economic importance, both as the most troublesome
weeds with which the tropical forester has to contend and as sources of
valuable drugs such
as
curare and strychnine. Though more numerous in the
tropics, they are also common in temperate regions: in Britain ivy and
traveller's joy are conspicuous features of the landscape as Virginia creepers
are in North America.
In spite of their varied interest and importance to man, vines have attracted
relatively little scientific attention. In the nineteenth century Charles Darwin
was fascinated by their structure and behaviour, which he described in his
Movement and
habits
of
climbing
plants (1875). Later Schenck in Germany
wrote two classical memoirs dealing mainly with the stem anatomy of
climbers
(1892-3).
Since then no comprehensive work on them
has
appeared.
Research on vines, particularly their general biology, is a conspicuous gap in
modern plant science.
Now at last two editors, one
a
forest ecologist of wide experience, the other
an ecological physiologist, have brought together eighteen chapters on
aspects of vine biology ranging from photosynthesis and heteroblastic
development to breeding systems and effects on other plants, as well as
economic and ethnobotany. One chapter deals with the utilization and
sylviculture of
rattans,
a group of climbing palms of great economic import-
ance in the eastern tropics.
xi
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Foreword
This book provides access to a large amount of interesting and useful
research which has not hitherto been easily available. It will no doubt
stimulate much further work and ensure that in the future climbing plants
will not be as neglected as they have been in the past. It should be warmly
welcomed.
Paul W. Richards
Emeritus Professor of Botany
University College of North Wales, Bangor
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Preface
Vines are plants that cannot remain free-standing to any appreciable height.
There are both herbaceous and woody
vines,
the latter generally referred
to
as
lianas
or
lianes. Using 'vines'
to
denote all climbing plants may initially
confuse some readers from lands where, with due respect for wine, 'the vine'
is used solely in reference to grapes. Terminological confusion aside, there
are still some problems determining what is a vine and what is not. These
problems derive from the fact that there is no clear distinction between
self-
supporting and non-self-supporting plants either ontogenetically or evolu-
tionarily. Most vines
do not
require external support until they
are a
decimeter
up to a
meter
or
more tall. Under some conditions, normally
climbing species seem to thrive in the absence of mechanical support and take
on the appearance
of
rank shrubs
or
treelets. Some vines simply lean on
neighboring plants without displaying any obvious 'adaptations' for climb-
ing other than a tendency towards etiolation.
Although the climbing habit has evolved many times in lineages ranging
from ferns and gymnosperms to palms and legumes (see Chapter
1
by A. H.
Gentry), most
vines
share
a
suite of morphological, anatomical, and physiolo-
gical characteristics. These shared, and primarily derived, characteristics are
the primary focus of this volume but variations among climbing plants are
also given due consideration.
It almost goes without saying that vines are long and slender; this simple
observation seems to be coupled with distinctive anatomical and biomechani-
cal features
of
vine stems (considered
in
Chapter
2 by S.
Carlquist and
Chapter
3
by F. E. Putz and N. M. Holbrook, respectively) as well as in stem
repair mechanisms and xylem hydraulics (see Chapter 4 by J. B. Fisher and
F.
W. Ewers and Chapter 5 by F. W. Ewers, J. B. Fisher and K. Fichtner).
Being long and slender and perhaps the environmental heterogeneity they
experience seem
to
have inclined vines towards displaying profound develop-
xiii
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
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Preface
mental changes (see Chapter 8 on heteroblasty by D. Lee and J. Richards),
but has led to neither uniformity in photosynthetic characteristics (see
Chapter 7 by
A.
Castellanos and Chapter 9 by
A.
H. Teramura, W. G. Gold
and I. N. Forseth), nor in secondary chemistry (see Chapter 10 by M. P.
Hegarty, E. E. Hegarty and A. H. Gentry). Although not considered in this
book, vine stems do not fare well in fires, perhaps because they are thin and
not covered with thick layers of insulating bark and thus heat up rapidly. In
regard to temporal patterns in
leaf,
flower, and fruit production, vines are
fairly uniform in some forests and varied in others (see Chapter 14 by P. A.
Opler, H. G. Baker and G. W. Frankie). Slender vine stems often support
masses of leaves equivalent to those supported by much larger diameter trees
but lack the trees' storage capacity; many vines, particularly those from arid
environments, have storage tissues below ground in the form of modified
stems and roots (see Chapter 6 by H. A. Mooney and B. L. Gartner and
Chapter 12 by P. W. Rundel and T. Franklin). Thin vines with large leaf
masses might also be constrained by lack of volume in which to include
phloem tissue.
In order to climb, vines need to locate and somehow grasp, lean, or hook
onto suitable supports. Failure to encounter a trellis leads to the demise of
many forest vines. Their chances of success are improved by production of
long, leafless leader shoots that circumnutate and tendrils that contract after
clasping onto something (see Chapter
13
by
E.
E. Hegarty and Chapter
11
by
E. E. Hegarty and G. Caballe). Vines that can climb up the sides of trees or
even buildings with the aid of adventitious roots or adhesive tendrils do not
seem constrained by lack of potential supports but nonetheless are rare in
many forests for reasons that are not yet apparent.
The study of vine biology is important on economic grounds. Vines are
among the most important agricultural and silvicultural weeds (see Chapter
18 by F. E. Putz and Chapter 9 by A. H. Teramura, W. G. Gold and I. N.
Forseth). Vines are also of tremendous economic value as sources of
pharmaceutical chemicals, fruit, and dyes (see Chapter 16 by O. Phillips);
climbing palms provide the rattan canes of commerce (see Chapter 17 by S.
F.
Siebert).
Much remains to be learned about vines; hopefully this volume will
provide a solid foundation upon which future studies will be based. In
particular, information on the ecosystem function of vines is lacking. Given
their abundance, rapid growth rates, and voluminous leaf production, vines
certainly must play important roles in nutrient cycling. Environmental
concerns about silvicultural prescriptions calling for vine removal also need
to be considered in the light of their potential importance as food and inter-
crown pathways for animals. Vines can be a nuisance or a godsend but
regardless of your perspective, they are clearly worthy of further study.
XIV
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Acknowledgements
Many of the chapters in this volume were presented at a symposium held at
the Estacion
de
Biologia Chamela, Jalisco, Mexico. We acknowledge our
hosts
for
providing
a
stimulating atmosphere with gracious hospitality.
Many people have contributed towards the completion of this book but we
particularly want
to
thank Stephen
H.
Bullock for
his
efforts in organizing the
Chamela meeting, his thoughtful critiques of many of the chapters, and his
insights into the biology of
vines.
This book has also benefitted from input
from David Dobbins, Mark Matthews, Miguel Franco, and Javier Penalosa.
xv
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-39250-1 - The Biology of Vines
Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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Cambridge University Press
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Edited by Francis E. Putz and Harold A. Mooney
Frontmatter
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