States’ Rights
The power struggle between states and the federal government has caused contro-
versy since the country’s beginning. At its worst, the conflict resulted in the Civil War.
Today, state and federal governments continue to square off on jurisdictional issues.
• In 1996, the Supreme Court ruled that congressional districts in Texas and
North Carolina that had been redrawn to increase minority representation were
unconstitutional.
• In 2000, the Supreme Court agreed to hear another case in the ongoing—since
1979—dispute between the federal government and the state of Alaska over
who has authority to lease offshore land for oil and gas drilling.
Constitutional conflicts between states’ rights and federal jurisdiction are pic-
tured here. As you read, see how each issue was resolved.
NULLIFICATION
ISSUE:
The state of South Carolina moved to nullify, or
declare void, a tariff set by Congress.
In the cartoon above, President Andrew Jackson, right,
is playing a game called bragg. One of his opponents,
Vice-President John C. Calhoun, is hiding two cards,
“Nullification” and “Anti-Tariff,” behind him. Jackson is
doing poorly in this game, but he eventually won the
real nullification dispute. When Congress passed high
tariffs on imports in 1832, politicians from South
Carolina, led by Calhoun, tried to nullify the tariff law,
or declare it void. Jackson threatened to enforce the
law with federal troops. Congress reduced the tariff
to avoid a confrontation, and Calhoun resigned the
vice-presidency.
1787
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1832
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322 C
HAPTER 10
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
ISSUE:
The Constitution tried to resolve the original
debate over states’ rights versus federal authority.
At the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, del-
egates wanted to create a federal government that
was stronger than the one created by the Articles of
Confederation. But delegates disagreed about
whether the federal government should have more
power than the states. They also disagreed about
whether large states should have more power than
small states in the national legislature. The conven-
tion compromised—the Constitution reserves certain
powers for the states, delegates other powers to the
federal government, divides some powers between
state and federal governments, and tries to balance
the differing needs of the states through
two houses of Congress.