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634 C
HAPTER 20
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Economic Opportunity
The courage to take risks, the confidence to rely on one’s self, the strength to stand
in the face of despair, and the resourcefulness to make the most of opportunity—
these are all qualities often considered distinctly American. Freedom requires indi-
viduals to discover or create opportunities for themselves. However, the government
has also played a key role in distributing and creating economic opportunities.
1830s–1860s
HOMESTEADING
Even before 1763, Americans looked toward the untamed west
in search of greater wealth and freedom. In the 1830s, the
Mormons went west to escape religious as well as economic
persecution. The government helped to expand economic
opportunities for whites by first clearing the land of its native
inhabitants, relocating them to reservations or killing them.
As the nation claimed ownership of the land, it also gave it
away. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided free of charge 160
acres of public land to anyone 21 years of age or older or the
head of a family who had inhabited the land for five years and
had improved it. This provided Americans a chance to be inde-
pendent and self-sufficient if they would work hard. From 1862
until 1900, between 400,000 and 600,000 families were pro-
vided homesteads.
▼
IMMIGRATION
While many people have come
to the U.S. seeking political and
religious freedom, economic
opportunity has also been a key
reason for immigration. In
1905, for instance, almost half
a million people from southern
and eastern Europe migrated to
the United States in search of
economic freedom and opportu-
nity, as well as to escape reli-
gious persecution. Many found
work at menial jobs for low pay
but still were able to save
enough money to eventually
open their own businesses.
1900s
▼
p0634-635aspe-0620tt 10/17/02 9:01 AM Page 634
Page 1 of 2
Politics of the Roaring Twenties 635
1960s–1970s
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
In the 1960s and 1970s, groups pressed for
changes in the law to remove barriers to econom-
ic opportunity. Laws such as the Civil Rights Act
of 1964 were passed to prevent discrimination
against women and racial and ethnic minorities in
order to provide equity in educational and busi-
ness opportunities.
As well, affirmative action policies were
designed to remedy effects of past discrimina-
tion. The term affirmative action—first used by
Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965—includes efforts to
give work and educational opportunities to mem-
bers of historically disadvantaged groups. Some
have labeled affirmative action “reverse discrimi-
nation,” while others view it as a means to coun-
terbalance continued discrimination that the law
has been unable to prevent.
▼
2000s
COMPUTERS AND INTERNET STARTUPS
In recent years, many of the brightest college students have chosen to study computer science in hopes of
landing a high-paying job. Alternatively, independent-minded computer experts might become entrepreneurs—
people who start and run their own businesses. For an initial period of several months to several years, an
entrepreneur may work upwards of 70 or 80 hours each week, yet the business will have no income.
Since the late 1990s, both groups have increasingly looked to the Internet for oppor tunities.
Entrepreneurs seek money-making opportunities as they develop ways to expand the capabilities of this
new technology. In turn, the growth of Internet-based businesses creates jobs for people who have spe-
cialized computer skills.
▼
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Identifying Problems
What were some obstacles to
achieving equal opportunity in each of the cases
described on these two pages? Choose one of the time
periods discussed and write a paragraph describing
how these obstacles were overcome.
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R5.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Evaluating a Business Opportunity
What economic
opportunities available to you seem most promising?
Discuss with your family and teachers or guidance
counselor what jobs and business opportunities they
think you might be suited for, then choose one and
investigate it. Summarize your research by making a
chart listing the pros and cons of the opportunity.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
p0634-635aspe-0620tt 10/17/02 9:01 AM Page 635
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