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STUDENT WORKBOOK
A message from the President of
YOUNG DRIVERS
®
of Canada
Peter Christianson, President
Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
Attention Co-Drivers:
As the parent, friend, or spouse of a YD student you are eligible to take our on-line training for Co-Drivers. It can be taken in
small increments of 15 to 20 minutes, section by section or all at once if you prefer.
The YD Co-Driver program explains the risk, some of the YD solutions, and how to stay safe while co-driving with your new driver.
There will be techniques you may not have heard of and some of that will be considered a refresher. The knowledge you gain
will help make the time spent co-driving more effective. At this time in your new driver’s life there is probably nothing more
important.
The code to access the YD Co-Driver program will be provided to your YD student at the beginning of the course.
Thank you for choosing Young Drivers.
Congratulations on having chosen the Young Drivers of Canada Driver Training Program. You can expect many benets from
taking this professional driver training course, including:
• An improvement in your driving techniques resulting in greater safety
• A signicantly lower risk of ever being involved in a collision while driving
• Lower vehicle operating costs
• Greater fuel economy
• Lower insurance premiums in the future
• Improved cognitive abilities related to driving
Driving a vehicle can bring a great deal of pleasure and convenience, but at the same time expose you to serious hazards. As
a driver, you have several responsibilities: to yourself, to your family, and to other road users. Young Drivers of Canada, through
more than 145 training centres across Canada, will help you meet these responsibilities, and prepare you for many years of safe
and enjoyable driving. You will gain knowledge in the classroom and practical skills in the vehicle.
To help you learn to drive collision-free, we have prepared this workbook for you. It is designed to serve two purposes:
First: It will serve as your personal text book and note book for all the classroom and in car sessions
throughout the course.
Second: It will introduce you to the Collisionfree!™ Approach, the professional way to drive.
This workbook, together with the notes you make during class, will serve as an excellent reminder of the defensive driving habits
you will learn in this program, and help you to achieve the goal of driving collision-free for the rest of your life.
The CogniFit
®
assessment and training will improve your reaction time, memory and visual skills.
Your challenge is to use these techniques to avoid every collision.
Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
951 Rowntree Dairy Road, Suite 100
Woodbridge ON L4L 8Z5 CANADA
905.529.5501 (Voice), 905.851.0018 (Fax)
www.yd.com • info@yd.com
® ™ Young Drivers, YD logo and Collisionfree!™ are all registered
trademarks of Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
Copyright © 1981 Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
- revised 1986 through 2020
Printed in Canada. All rights reserved.
This book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, in any form,
without the written permission of Young Drivers of Canada Corporation.
Index
Administrative
Course Evaluation
Keys to Better Driving
• The Driving Environment
• The Psychology of Learning
• CogniFit
®
Program
• The Collisionfree!™ Approach
Introduction
Habit #1 - Look Well Ahead
Habit #2 - Move Your Eyes
Habit #3 - Keep Space
Habit #4 - Spot the Problems
• Highway and Freeway Driving
• Vehicle Care
• Insurance
• Economy Driving
• Handling Adverse Conditions
• Impairment
• Handling Emergencies
• At the Scene of a Crash
• Risk Perception
• Trafc Psychology
• Running Commentary
• Occupant Restraint Systems
• Driver Licensing
• Driver Responsibility
Classroom Worksheet
In-Vehicle Worksheets
YD Defensive Driving Evaluation (DCE-4)
Appointment Record
Performance Evaluation
This workbook is used in all provinces. Not all material is included in every provincial variation of the YD Program.
IMPORTANT: Bring your WORKBOOK to all classroom and in-vehicle sessions.
Ensure your instructor records your progress for each in-vehicle lesson.
(see inside back cover)
1
2
3-4
5
5-6
7
8
9
10
14
18
22
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
47
48
Inside back cover
9
Administrative
In-Vehicle Driving Lessons
To ensure the Collisionfree!™ Approach is fresh in your mind
when you start taking in-vehicle lessons, please call to arrange
your rst lesson right after your second class (session 2).
How Many Lessons Will You Need?
In Japan the average student takes 30 lessons. This number
is also true in Britain and most of Europe. YOUNG DRIVERS
®
is a comprehensive course containing both classroom and
in-vehicle sessions. The knowledge you gain in class will help
to reduce the number of in-vehicle lessons you will need.
Everyone learns new skills at their own pace, and that pace
varies not only from person to person but from skill to skill.
Even identical twins learn the same skills at different rates,
and the length of time it takes to master a skill is not related
in any way to how procient the student is at the end of the
learning process.
Please don’t aim to learn in as short a time as possible. Aim
instead to be a condent, safe driver able to handle the
emergencies that are bound to crop up on our crowded roads.
YD Instructors are trained to teach you at the fastest rate at
which you can learn, and we go as far as determining your
individual learning style to help us achieve this. You may be
auditory, visual or kinesthetic.
Every year thousands of students elect to take a few extra
lessons in order to protect themselves and their vehicles, and
to ensure they pass the driver’s test on the rst attempt. It’s
up to you, but remember that we’re here to help you learn to
drive safely.
Winter Driving
If you’re just learning to drive, and the weather is beautiful,
then you should plan to pay us a visit when it turns miserable.
Controlling a vehicle on ice and snow is tricky. A short course
on braking and skid prevention could save you from a collision
and will certainly make winter driving much more enjoyable.
Give your YD Centre a call when the snow is likely to y (within
reason of course).
We Need Your Help
Most YD graduates appreciate the effort that goes into
producing the best driver training program in North America.
We know because they write to us at Head Ofce with their
comments. It’s this kind of feedback that keeps us updating
our course materials and re-training and re-certifying all our
Teachers and Instructors every year.
Over eighty percent of our students are referred by satised
YD graduates in over 145 YD Training Centres across
Canada. Please help us spread the word about Young Drivers
and maybe someday we won’t have to worry so much about
“the other driver”.
Course Completion /Certification
The YOUNG DRIVERS of Canada program MUST be com-
pleted within one year of the course start date in order to
qualify for a certificate.
This includes attending all classes and in-vehicle lessons,
passing all class tests, the nal in-vehicle evaluations, and
completing the CogniFit
®
assessment to qualify for a
certicate. In some provinces there is also an online e-Learning
component which must be completed. Upon completion,
Provincial Government certicates may also be issued
according to Provincial Regulations.
Refunds are not available after 12 months. The YD course fee
will be honoured for 12 months from the date of the course
start. Replacement certicates may be requested within seven
years of course start date.
Driving Tests
Because of our reputation at the testing centres, it is to your
advantage to use a YD vehicle for your road test. YD passing
rates are higher than the provincial average and examiners
tend to be more relaxed when testing YD graduates. In order to
attempt the governments driver’s test in a vehicle from YD you
must have completed all the theory, have taken all in-vehicle
lessons and be judged by your instructor to be ready and safe
by passing two driving evaluations: one to measure your ability
to avoid collisions, the other to measure your ability to pass the
driver’s test.
Transfers
If you move during your training with YD the original Centre will
be pleased to transfer your records, and any remaining lessons,
to the YD Centre closest to your new home. This initial
transfer is free of charge. If you require to be transferred again,
an administrative fee will be charged. Please contact the
transferring YD Centre for details. Not all provinces recognize
training completed in other provinces.
Administrative Notes
If in the opinion of YD Centre management, the weather might
interfere with the lesson, you will be notied and the lesson will
be rescheduled for a later date. Driving in a little rain or snow
should be good experience for a new driver. Therefore lessons
are not generally cancelled because of weather (unless safety is
at risk). If you have any reason to feel you have not been given
good instruction and courteous service please inform your YD
Centre Director immediately. If he or she is unable to resolve
the problem, please contact YD Head Ofce at the address
inside the front cover.
Thank you for choosing Young Drivers of Canada
2
Keys to Better Driving
The Driving Environment
Learning to drive is like the rst day at a new job or the rst
day at a new school. The surroundings are strange and
unfamiliar. There are rules and regulations; signs, signals
and pavement markings; and conventions of behaviour
everyone else seems to understand but which can confuse
and overwhelm the novice.
At the end of this segment you will know what to do in
response to common trafc signs; how to behave at inter-
sections; how to interpret pavement markings; and you
will know the basic rules of the road that apply in your
jurisdiction
A major fear, for many new drivers, is driving downtown. City
streets with endless signs and signals, heavy vehicular and
pedestrian trafc, multiple-lanes, bicycle couriers, buses,
taxis and parked cars, together with store-front advertising
and glittering neon can seem very confusing.
Knowledge of these problems, and strategies for dealing with
them, will provide you with the condence you need to drive
downtown safely.
Assume always that driving in city trafc will be more time
consuming than other trips of the same distance. Allow
yourself more time so you won’t be tempted to take chances
because you’re late for an appointment.
Assume also that it will take you twice as long as you
estimated to nd a place to park, and the parking space will
be twice as far from your destination as you expected.
If there is any aspect of city driving that confuses you, signs or
regulations you don’t understand, or specic local situations
you’d like explained, ask your Classroom Teacher. If we
don’t have an immediate answer, we will investigate, and get
you an answer as soon as possible.
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5
Keys to Better Driving
The Driving Environment (Continued)
6
Keys to Better Driving
The Psychology of Learning
Although we all learn at our own pace (even identical twins
will learn the same skill at a different rate), everyone goes
through the same four stages while learning.
When we start to learn a new skill, it takes a long time before
we can see or feel any progress. It’s like building a house;
the foundation has to be perfect, and that takes time, so for
a while there’s not much to see. But once we begin building
on that foundation the work goes faster and the results are
immediately apparent.
Because all the in-vehicle lessons are private - just you and
the instructor - we can tailor the way we teach to match the
way you prefer to learn, which saves you a lot of time and
eliminates all frustration.
Almost every skill you learn becomes the foundation for
another skill that comes later, so we have to be sure each
foundation is solid before we begin to build on it.
At the end of every in-vehicle session, we evaluate and score
everything you’ve done. This lets you see how well you’re
moving through the four learning stages for every skill you
need to master.
This detailed feedback is important to anyone who is helping
you learn to drive. It tells them exactly what to work on during
your practice time.
7
See, react, avoid, escape...
quicker, clearer, sharper, safer!
The training on your computer will help you accomplish more in-vehicle, in less time!
Help is here! Now you can train your brain between your
in-vehicle training sessions. How can spending time on a
computer help you with driving?
Research has shown that by training mental skills it is
possible to signicantly improve the following areas: judging
distance and speed, concentration, memory, avoiding
distractions and reacting more quickly to hazards.
The training that follows the assessment puts you on your way
to being a safer, more condent driver, who has an extra edge
when going for a test.
When you have completed the CogniFit training program you
can take a second assessment to conrm your improvements.
Your brain is a work in progress.
Imagine what a 30 percent improvement in visual memory
would do for your marks at school or work performance.
Imagine what improved eye-hand co-ordination would do for
your performance in sports.
Imagine having a faster reaction time when avoiding a
problem you have just seen on the road.
Test your brain and find out!
It all starts with an assessment of your current abilities.
The assessment allows your instructor to develop your own
personalized training program.
Take the assessment as soon as possible. Not only can
your instructor begin creating your personalized training
program in-vehicle, you also begin improving those vital
cognitive skills.
8
Keys to Better Driving
Collisionfree!
™
Approach
Introduction
Our streets and highways are in use twenty-four
hours a day. The volume of trafc can sometimes
be overwhelming and the presence of many other
vehicles increases the risk of a collision.
Once you have learned to handle the vehicle, to
operate the controls and to maneuver smoothly, the
task of “learning to drive” has only just begun.
By using the Collisionfree!™ Approach you will learn
where to look, how to recognize the warning signs of
impending danger, and how to plan your moves to
avoid hazards. You will also learn how to position your
vehicle in trafc so you always have an escape route
available.
The Collisionfree!™ Approach will ensure that you are
capable of driving for many years without a collision.
You will seldom be startled by the actions of another
road user and you will rarely have to brake hard to
avoid a crash.
Concepts
Habits and Sub-Habits
The Collisionfree!™ Approach is built upon four
underlying concepts:
As drivers we need effective seeing habits. The
Collisionfree!™ Approach provides simple techniques
which help us to use our vision to its greatest effect
and allows us time to process what we see.
As drivers we need space in front, behind and,
wherever possible, on both sides. The space allows
us to see effectively and provides us with an escape
route in case of trouble.
All other drivers need space too, and we must time
our maneuvers in trafc to avoid taking away another
driver’s space forcing them to brake or take evasive
action. We must drive co-operatively with others
by leaving them space to see, space to escape and
space to merge or turn.
Finally, in the Collisionfree!™ Approach we strive to
drive proactively. That is, we attempt to predict the
actions of other road users and then act before they
do to avoid conict. Ninety-ve percent of the
Collisionfree!™ Approach is proactive.
To make the Collisionfree!™ Approach easier to learn
and use, the Habits and Sub-Habits are presented in
the order they will be needed when driving.
The Collisionfree!™ Approach alone can’t save lives
unless you use it all of the time you drive. The only
way this can be accomplished is if all of the techniques
described on pages 10 through 24 become habits.
Habits are behaviours that have been repeated so often
that they are now done without any conscious thought.
The Habits and Sub-Habits which make up the
Collisionfree!™ Approach all work together to advance
the four concepts. As you examine each Habit and
Sub-Habit in detail, look for the ways these four
concepts are supported.
9
Plan your route before starting off: this involves
choosing the safest route and making the correct lane
choices well in advance.
Circle Check before entering your vehicle.
Minimum Eye Lead Time of 12 - 15
seconds in the city, 20 - 30 seconds on the highway or
freeway, and before putting your vehicle in motion,
in any direction.
HABIT #1 - Look Well Ahead
10
Notes
HABIT #1 - Look Well Ahead
11
Maintain ow up to the speed limit - safe following
distance. Preserve other drivers’ following distances.
Respond to anticipated problems ahead by
moving to the lane of least resistance or risk, by
adjusting speed or by covering the brake and /or horn.
HABIT #1 - Look Well Ahead
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Lane of Least Resistance or Risk is whichever
lane offers you the best view ahead, the best ow of
trafc and the least risk.
Covering the brake involves releasing the accelerator
and resting your right foot on the brake pedal gently.
[This warns the drivers behind and reduces the time
needed to stop.]
Covering the horn involves moving one hand to the
horn control and touching it. [It will take less time to
communicate with the horn covered.]
Change lanes early for bicycles.
Co-operate with other road users by anticipating their
needs, adjusting speed and providing the space they
will need.
When you see trafc slowing well ahead, slow early
to allow trafc to keep moving slowly and to avoid
fuel wasting stops.
1.
2.
Maintain a minimum following distance of 2, 3 or 4
seconds, depending on the situation.
“Maintain Flow” must be within reason and with
consideration for the weather.
12
Notes
HABIT #1 - Look Well Ahead
13
HABIT #2 - Move Your Eyes
Move your eyes every two seconds. Quickly glance
around the vehicle and at the instruments. Don’t stare at
problems. Avoid distractions.
Check
Mirror and / or side mirrors every 5 - 8
seconds. Also check before slowing, before and after
turning, and while stopped.
Scan inside parked vehicles. Look for occupants
who could open a door or put the vehicle in motion.
14
HABIT #2 - Move Your Eyes
Notes
15
Ground View to detect movement of vehicles
or to look for feet.
Left, Centre, Right scan on approach
and before entering an intersection from a stopped
position, even if second, third or fourth in line.
HABIT #2 - Move Your Eyes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ground View the front wheel as you approach a parked
vehicle with a driver behind the steering wheel.
Ground View as you approach any vehicle you cannot
see through. Look for the feet of a pedestrian about
to walk in front of you or for the wheels of a bicycle.
Ground View as you approach and pass any moving
vehicle, when other vehicles pass you and when
oncoming vehicles approach. Glance repeatedly at
the distance between the other vehicle’s front wheel
and the lane marking.
Ground View when vehicles approach on a side road.
Glance repeatedly to compare the movement of the
vehicle passing buildings, fenceposts or trees in the
background.
16
Notes
HABIT #2 - Move Your Eyes
17
HABIT #3 - Keep Space
Lights On at all times to protect your space,
both in front and behind.
Manually turn on the low beam headlights to make
it easier for other road users to see your vehicle.
Studies have shown that this can reduce your chance
of a collision by 20%. [Although vehicles sold in some
countries are equipped with automatic Daytime
Running Lights, these are usually far dimmer than
low beam headlights and often do not activate rear
lights.]
Stagger your vehicle in moving trafc. Establish
and maintain space beside your car to allow you an
escape route on or off the road.
Clear Blind Spots Cover the horn, ground
view and get out of a blind spot within three seconds.
Keep your own blind spots clear.
1.
2. After dark, use high beam headlights whenever
practical to avoid over-driving your headlights and to
protect your space by helping other road users see
you sooner.
1.
2.
3.
Always drive next to open space.
An open lane on both sides is ideal, but never
less than an open lane on one side.
If another vehicle takes away your open space, adjust
your speed or change lanes as soon as possible
to regain it.
Create space for other drivers to use, approaching
an intersection, freeway exit, high occupancy lane or
where traffic is entering a freeway.
18
4.
HABIT #3 - Keep Space
Notes
19
Communicate with other road users with all the
means at your disposal, especially the horn.
Ensure a response to minimize problems.
Look for “after you” situations to keep trafc moving and
to encourage a co-operative driving culture. Leaving
space in front invites others to change lanes and make
their turn safely.
Control trafc behind to avoid rear crashes.
HABIT #3 - Keep Space
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
When approaching any routine stop, check the
rear-view mirror and brake early to control the
trafc behind.
If there is no trafc behind, wait 3
- 4 vehicle lengths
back from the vehicle in front or from the crosswalk.
Monitor the rear-view mirror and glance ahead every
two seconds.
Plan your escape. Be ready to move up or swerve
into open space if the vehicle behind cannot stop
and is about to hit you.
Creep forward as a vehicle approaches to make it
easier to escape.
As one or two vehicles are slowing down behind you,
creep forward to two vehicle lengths back. With
three or more vehicles safely stopping, creep up to a
minimum of one vehicle length.
20
Notes
HABIT #3 - Keep Space
21
HABIT #4 - Spot the Problems
Spot and solve the problems 360° around your
vehicle, while moving and before starting off. Predict
the outcome if other road users (motor vehicles,
motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians) start to move
or continue along their present course. Solve the
problems caused by road conditions, large animals
and trains, and predict how other road users will solve
their own problems. Think like a driver.
Approaching a turn very slowly, or if stopped
before turning, check your outside mirror and blind
spot for an overtaking bicycle, vehicle or
pedestrian.
Avoid backing to spot problems more easily. Where
backing is unavoidable, back in rather than out.
The blind area to the rear of cars and trucks is
usually much larger than the one to the front
making it more difcult to spot problems while
driving backward. For this reason, avoid
unnecessary backing.
1.
If backing cannot be avoided (a dead end driveway,
for example) always back in. [Backing in is far safer
than backing out. It is possible to see into the space
before entering it and there is no cross trafc in a
driveway.]
1.
2.
22
Notes
HABIT #4 - Spot the Problems
23
Use the Point of No Return at all “stale” green lights.
Check your mirror rst. The exact point depends on: the
trafc following you, your speed and the road surface.
The Point of No Return is the point beyond which you can
no longer stop safely if the green light changes.
Position your vehicle when waiting to allow yourself
and other road users to spot problems.
React to emergencies by “Mirror - Stop” or
“Honk
- Move” immediately into available space.
Do not jeopardize human life to avoid a small animal.
HABIT #4 - Spot the Problems
As you rst approach a “stale” green light, your deci-
sion is always to stop should the light change, until you
reach the point where stopping safely becomes
impossible. Only when you pass this “Point of No
Return” does your decision change from “Stop” to
“Go”. If the light changes before you reach the
Point of No Return, YOU MUST STOP.
If you reach the Point of No Return before the light
changes you have passed the point from which a
SAFE stop is possible. You should not attempt to stop
if it changes.
The Point of No Return is a judgement call based on
your speed, the road conditions and the trafc behind.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
When waiting to make a turn, wait with your wheels
straight.
Use the “S” Approach when waiting to make a left
turn at a large, offset intersection. This will keep your
wheels straight and help you and others spot
problems more easily.
When slowing or stopping in trafc keep to the
appropriate side of the lane. This will allow you to
see problems from behind in one of your side mirrors,
and to allow drivers behind to see potential problems
ahead.
Enter intersections only when there is room to exit.
1.
24
Notes
HABIT #4 - Spot the Problems
25
Keys to Better Driving
Highway and Freeway Driving
Freeway
Safe driving on the freeway starts before you enter the
roadway. It starts before you leave your driveway.
Prolonged driving at high speed requires a vehicle that
is in good condition. Check it out before starting the trip
and pay particular attention to the tire pressure and the
spare tire.
Plan your route. Look at the map. Check the distances,
the exits and entrances, and the availability of services
and fuel. How will you apply the Sub-Habits differently in
this high speed, multi-lane environment?
Highway
Almost as fast as the freeway, but with oncoming trafc,
intersections, pedestrians, slow-moving vehicles and
railway crosssings. Driving on a highway is actually more
challenging, and potentially more dangerous than the
freeway. How will you adapt?
Freeway Advantages
Freeway Disadvantages
26
Keys to Better Driving
Vehicle Care
For many Canadians, their vehicle is their second
biggest purchase, after their house. A properly
maintained vehicle will last longer, retain its value
longer and perform better.
The responses and reactions within the
Collisionfree!
™
Approach will only work if the
vehicle is in good mechanical condition.
For example, if the tires are worn or poorly inated it will
be very difcult to brake hard, accelerate hard or swerve.
Performing a regular routine inspection is an excellent
way to prevent problems. Fluid levels are particularly
important since, from behind the wheel, a loss of uid is
often undetectable and is potentially very dangerous.
Vehicle Care Check List
Fluids
Engine Oil
Transmission Fluid
Brake Fluid
Coolant
Power Steering Fluid
Windshield Washer Fluid
Mechanical
Drive Belts
Spark Plug Leads
Hoses and Clamps
Air and Fuel Filters
Tire Pressure (+ spare)
Tire Wear
Steering Free Play
Shock Absorbers
Electrical
Headlights
Turn Signals
Rear Lights
Brake Lights
Reverse Lights
Hazard Lights
Dashboard Warning Lights
Horn
Battery Terminals
General
Bodywork
Leaks / Stains on Ground
Windshield / Other glass
Upholstery / Carpet
Trim (Vinyl, Wood, Leather)
Hinges (Doors, Trunk, Hood)
Locks (Doors, Trunk, Fuel Door)
Hood Release
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27
Keys to Better Driving
Insurance
Operating a motor vehicle without adequate insurance
is foolish. Driving with no insurance at all is an
invitation to nancial disaster, and could lead to a
lifetime loss of driving privileges if you are involved in a
collision.
In most jurisdictions, if a routine check shows you are
driving without insurance, you will be subject to a very
large ne.
There is a minimum coverage required by law in every
province and territory. The amount varies slightly from
place to place, but one thing is always true: the
statutory minimum coverage is always less than you
really need.
If you live in a province which allows you choice, choose
the company from whom you buy insurance as you
would any other product. (Even when liability insurance
is operated by the province it is usually possible to buy
supplementary insurance for collision, re, theft and
vandalism from an independent insurance company.)
Shop around. Get competitive quotes. Ask friends and
colleagues about their experience with their insurance
company and their broker or agent, then choose the one
that is best for you.
In most jurisdictions the owner of the vehicle is
responsible for arranging insurance coverage, but the
driver can be held responsible for driving an uninsured
vehicle. Always check that a current insurance liability
slip is in any vehicle you drive. (In most jurisdictions it
is a legal requirement that a copy of the current liability
certicate is carried in the vehicle at all times.)
28
Keys to Better Driving
Economy Driving
If you habitually use the Collisionfree!
™
Approach you will
automatically be driving economically. You will save
fuel and wear-and-tear on your brakes and tires by
driving proactively.
But even a defensive driver will sometimes “stomp” on
the accelerator to execute a fast start. In normal driving
situations this is a tremendous waste of fuel.
If it is necessary to accelerate - to pass, or to enter the
freeway - squeeze, don’t stomp, the accelerator pedal.
With a standard transmission, move through the gears
quickly, without “lugging” the engine. If the vehicle has a
tachometer, use it to help you decide when to shift. With
an automatic transmission, you can fool it into shifting to
a higher gear by easing off the accelerator slightly.
In either case, accelerate quickly and smoothly to
cruising speed. Although it seems to contradict common
sense, prolonged, gentle acceleration actually increases
fuel consumption.
If you are idling, turn off the engine if you have to wait for
more than ten seconds, unless you are at risk of
collision.
Which of the Sub-Habits will contribute the most to fuel conservation?
Take a few minutes to answer the quiz. If you are not sure whether something is TRUE or FALSE, take your best
guess. We’ll talk about the answers later.
TRUE or FALSE
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
1. The average light-duty vehicle produces roughly 3 times its weight in CO
2
every year.
2. In general, vehicles consume more fuel in summer than in winter.
3. Using air conditioning in hot weather decreases your vehicle’s fuel efciency.
4. The faster you drive, the less time you spend on the road which helps reduce harmful emissions.
5. Using cruise control on dry, at wide-open highways helps improve fuel efciency.
6. Idling your engine for more than 10 seconds wastes fuel.
7. In winter, you should let your vehicle engine idle for 5 minutes to warm it up before driving.
8. Using a block heater to warm your engine in cold weather uses up too much electricity to be worthwhile.
9. You should check your tires with a pressure gauge once a month to make sure they’re properly inated.
10. Safe driving is fuel-efcient driving.
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
□
29
Keys to Better Driving
Handling Adverse Conditions
“Ideal”driving conditions exist when you are driving
in daylight, on a dry, straight, level, smooth road
with light trafc. You have unrestricted visibility
and excellent traction. In other words, most of
the time, we drive in conditions that are “adverse”
to some degree.
The weather is certainly a factor, especially in winter.
Rain and snow reduce traction and can affect visibility.
Ice becomes a problem when the temperature drops
below freezing.
Darkness is another major issue. We see much less
at night and even though headlights have become
increasingly effective, they do not fully compensate for
the lack of daylight.
Driving on a gravel road
- or any other loose surface - is
just as difcult as driving on snow. Some gravel roads
become worn into a washboard-like surface which
may cause your wheels to “skip” and your vehicle may
dance sideways. On a gravel road, reduce speed and
drive smoothly, just as you would on ice or snow.
30
Keys to Better Driving
Impairment
According to a standard dictionary: to impair - to
make worse by lessening strength, value, quantity or
quality; to damage.
According to federal law in Canada: It is an offence
to operate, or have control of, a motorized vehicle,
vessel or aircraft, while impaired.
Most jurisdictions have laws that specify the
concentration of alcohol in a person’s blood that
constitutes impairment. In Canada driving with a
Blood Alcohol Concentration [BAC] of 80 milligrams of
alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood (0.08%) constitutes
legal impairment. Some provinces and territories use
a lower BAC (typically 0.05% to 0.06%) as a threshold
for imposing immediate roadside “administrative”
suspensions.
In jurisdictions with forms of “Graduated” or restricted
licensing, a BAC of zero is usually required.
Alcohol is a depressant drug and its action is very similar
to that of the barbiturates, a group of drugs used to induce
sleep. Alcohol often appears to be a stimulant, since
people who drink alcohol sometimes become boisterous
and outgoing. This is because alcohol has depressed their
inhibitions and their behaviour is less tightly controlled.
A great deal of public attention has been centred on
impairment due to alcohol. However, it would be
misleading, and irresponsible, to focus on alcohol
exclusively. There are many other ways that one’s ability to
drive can be made worse, lessened in strength, quantity or
quality, or damaged.
The number of fatally injured drivers in Canada found with tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly referred to as THC,
in their blood reached the 20% level in recent years. THC is the main psychoactive component in marijuana. In
2018, at the same time the federal government legalized the simple possession of marijuana for those 19 and
over, it passed legislation that toughened the law against marijuana -impaired driving. It passed regulations at
two levels, specically prohibiting driving with just 2 and 5 nanograms (a nanogram is one billionth of a gram)
of THC is a driver’s blood. Any consumption of marijuana will cause a person’s THC level to surpass these levels
and take up to 6 hours to dissipate. Penalties are severe and, in most cases, will include a one year suspension
of a driver’s licence.
Most provincial governments went further, adopting actual zero tolerance regulations for drivers in the graduated
licencing process and for all drivers aged 21 and over.
31
Keys to Better Driving
Handling Emergencies
Into every life a little rain must fall - and into every
driving career a heart-thumping emergency will
eventually appear. It isn’t a question of if something
will go wrong while your driving. It’s more a question
of when will it go wrong? Knowing what to do
- and
if possible, rehearsing it in advance - can make the
difference between a nasty scare and a fatal crash.
It isn’t always practical to rehearse the responses to
some driving emergencies
- steering failure and tire
blow outs are good examples
- but many others can
easily be simulated, and practiced safely.
By the end of this session you’ll have a list of the
steps you’ll need to take in eight of the most common
emergencies. If you can think of emergencies that
aren’t covered below, ask your classroom Teacher to
suggest ways in which you might deal with them.
Brakes Fail
How you will know:
Tires Blow Out
How you will know:
Steering Fails
How you will know:
Headlights Fail
How you will know:
Engine Stalls
How you will know:
Bee/Bird/Bat Attack
How you will know:
Hood Flies Open
How you will know:
Accelerator Sticks
How you will know:
Emergency Vehicles
How you will know:
Solution:
32
Keys to Better Driving
At the Scene of a Crash
As a YD trained driver it is unlikely that you will be involved
in a collision, which puts you in an excellent position to
assist someone else. If you are involved it is
imperative that you stop and remain at the scene of the
crash. Failure to stop is the equivalent to “hit and run” in
most jurisdictions and is a very serious offence.
You, and others, may be quite emotional at the time of the
collision. This heightened emotional state can
sometimes mask the pain and discomfort from an injury.
It is best not to make any statements, nor any admissions
of responsibility, unless you are requested to make a
statement by the local police.
It is also better to respond to inquiries about your
possible injuries by saying “Right now I can’t say if I’m
hurt or not. If I start to feel any ill-effects later I’ll go
to my family doctor”.
Since you will probably have to report this collision
to your insurance company, you should make a few
notes for yourself and include a sketch.
What to do:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
4.3.
33
Keys to Better Driving
Risk Perception
Drivers must deal with risks each time they drive.
Learning how to avoid risks will take time, but having
a basic understanding of risk perception will help to
speed up the process. We’ll take a look at a variety of
risk scenarios in this topic to help you understand risk
perception and avoidance. Take the time to identify the
risks and then decide which Sub-Habits will reduce the
risks and allow you to drive collision-free!
34
Keys to Better Driving
Traffic Psychology
By necessity a vehicle’s engine is so powerful that its
use is restricted to adults. But some people are
overcome by the power they control from behind the
wheel, and they sometimes behave like a child with a
new toy.
Some use their vehicle to express anger or hostility.
They take corners too fast, squeal their tires pulling
away from green lights and make erratic lane changes
- just like a child who desperately wants attention.
While this type of behaviour might be considered
normal from children in a playground, it is completely
inappropriate from adults on a public road.
A person’s tendency to display childlike behaviour can
quickly come to the surface when he or she gets behind
the wheel of a vehicle. In the wrong hands that vehicle
can become a lethal weapon, because of the powerful
emotions it helps unleash.
There is a time and a place for everything. The place for
high speed, competitive driving, is the race track, not
public roads. If you are interested in competitive driving,
contact a local motor sport club. They’re bound to have
members with interests similar to yours who’ll help you
get started in this challenging and exacting eld.
1.
E
C
G
A
D
B
F
2.
G
E
B
C
F
D
A
3.
C
A
F
E
G
B
D
4.
D
A
B
C
Personal Psychological Inventory
35
Keys to Better Driving
Running Commentary
For many new drivers, the need for constant
decision-making means that our brain has to process
information very quickly on a regular basis. If you
can learn to do this at an early stage, your driving can
improve greatly. Running Commentary allows drivers to
think more like a driver. When you’re driving, you will
learn how to “think out loud”, which will also allow you to
hear your thoughts. This process will help improve your
ability to make driver decisions and may also help your
co-driver understand what you’ve seen as a driver and
how you’re responding to it.
36
Keys to Better Driving
Occupant Restraint Systems
The manufacturer of every vehicle sold in Canada
is required by law to provide a seat belt for every
passener space and seat belt use is mandatory in
all jurisdictions. Virtually all new vehicles are also
equipped with a “Supplementary Restraint System”
(air bags).
Many studies have been made by several different
researchers. Statistics have been gathered both
from real collisions and from tests. All the statistics
support only one conclusion: in the vast majority of
cases seat belts and air bags, when used together,
reduce injuries and save lives. (The National Highway
Transportation Safety Administration and the
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety - both in the
U.S.A - report that air bags improve the odds of
survival for a driver wearing a seat belt by 51%)
Seat belts act as a brake for the wearer. If the
forward motion of your vehicle is stopped by a collision,
your forward motion within the vehicle must also be
stopped. A properly adjusted shoulder harness does
this quite well. Without a seat belt your forward motion
within the vehicle would be stopped by the steering
wheel, the dashboard, or the windshield and you would
be left unconscious. You would be helpless, and if the
vehicle was under water, or on re, you would die.
Air bags supplement protection given by seat belts.
The sudden and forceful deployment of an air bag can
cause injuries to children and to adults who are sitting
too close. Children under twelve should not be in a
seat with an air bag and adults should sit as far back
as practical.
37
Keys to Better Driving
Driver Licensing
Each province and territory has its own specic licensing
process. Once we learn how our local system works, it’s
important to continue to abide by these laws. As our
law enforcers say, “ignorance of the law is no excuse”.
to break the laws. Please take the time to learn how the
licensing laws work in your region and review these laws
regularily.
38
Keys to Better Driving
Driver Responsibility
The responsibility of driving a vehicle is a big step for
most people. As the driver, you have to take in a lot of
information all at the same time, so keeping a clear
mind will help you to do so. Reducing distractions will
play a huge role here, so take the time to think things
through before taking the family vehicle out for a drive.
This topic will help you realize what responsibility really
means to you.
39
Keys to Better Driving
Classroom Worksheet
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
40
Collisionfree!
™
Approach - Intermediate Level
In-Vehicle Worksheet
41
In-Vehicle Worksheet
42
In-Vehicle Worksheet
43
In-Vehicle Worksheet
(with curb)
(with curb)
(without curb)
44
In-Vehicle Worksheet
45
In-Vehicle Worksheet
46
Driver Competency Evaluation (DCE-4)
R.
up to the limit
47
Appointment Record
48
CogniFit
®
Assessment:
1
st
Office Contact:
Instructor:
Email:
2
nd
Scheduling Telephone:
Road Test Date:
Time:
Learning Style:
Instructor’s Final Comments:
Score Divided
Attention
Estimation Hand-Eye
Coordination
Focus
Attention
Inhibition Obedience
to Rules
Response
Time
Risk
Avoidance
Shifting Visual
Scanning
Visual Short-
Term Memory
Width of Field
of View
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The skill was taught (introduced).
The skill was re-taught.
The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or constant physical help.
The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or minimum physical help.
The skill was performed with only moderate verbal but no physical help.
The skill was performed with only moderate verbal help and/or with four or
less errors in accuracy or smoothness.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The skill was performed with minimal verbal help and/or three or less errors
in accuracy or smoothness.
The skill was performed without any help but with two errors.
The skill was performed without any help but with a single error.
The skill was performed flawlessly without any help.
“Constant” means more than half the time.
“Moderate” means between one third and half the time.
“Minimal” means virtually none.
YD’s 10-Point Evaluation Scale:
1817 2019
1817 2019
1817 2019
1 Demonstrations
2 Pre-driving Exercises
5 Smooth Hands and Feet
6 Curb Judgement
7A Right Turns
7B Left Turns
8 Plan
9 Minimum Eye Lead Time
10 Maintain
11 Respond
12 Lane Changes
13 Move
14 Mirrors
15 Scan
16 Ground View
17 Left, Centre, Right
18 React Exercise
19 Steering Exercises 2
20 Stall Parking
21 Three Point Turn
22 Park On a Hill
23 Parallel Parking
24 Stagger
25 Clear Blind Spots
26 Communicate
27 Control
28 Spot
29 Avoid
30 Point
31 Position
32 Intersections -
Right of Way
33 Right Turn at Lights
34 Left Turn at Large*
35 Left Turn at Lights - Small
36 One-Way Streets*
37 Complex Traffic Lights*
38 Running Commentary
39 Heavy Traffic
40 Freeway Entrance
41 Freeway Driving
42 Freeway Exit
43 Highway -
Oncoming Traffic
44 Highway - Passing
45 Emergency Braking
46 Gravel Shoulder Recovery
47 Head-on Avoidance
48 Gravel/Slippery Surfaces*
49 Re-start Stalled Engine
50 Brake Failure
51 Rear Crash Avoidance
52 Avoidance Swerve
53 Emergency Braking
54 Brake and Avoid
55 Night Driving
†
56 Collisonfree!
TM
Evaluation
57 Final Driving Evaluation
Standard Shift Only
S1 Clutch
S2 Gearshift
S3 Starts/Quick Starts
S4 Shifting Up and Down
S5 Starting on a Hill
*Where available
†
Optional except in New Brunswick
1
16
15
1413
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
43
2
1
16
15
1413
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
43
2
1
16
15
1413
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
43
2
49
Evasive Maneuvers
©1998 through 2020 Young Drivers of Canada Corporation
Performance Evaluation
Lights On
3
4
Circle Check
Appointment Record
48
CogniFit
®
Assessment:
1
st
Office Contact:
Instructor:
Email:
2
nd
Scheduling Telephone:
Road Test Date:
Time: Learning Style:
Instructor’s Final Comments:
Score Divided
Attention
Estimation Hand-Eye
Coordination
Focus
Attention
Inhibition Obedience
to Rules
Response
Time
Risk
Avoidance
Shifting Visual
Scanning
Visual Short-
Term Memory
Width of Field
of View
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The skill was taught (introduced).
The skill was re-taught.
The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or constant physical help.
The skill was performed with constant verbal and/or minimum physical help.
The skill was performed with only moderate verbal but no physical help.
The skill was performed with only moderate verbal help and/or with four or
less errors in accuracy or smoothness.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The skill was performed with minimal verbal help and/or three or less errors
in accuracy or smoothness.
The skill was performed without any help but with two errors.
The skill was performed without any help but with a single error.
The skill was performed flawlessly without any help.
“Constant” means more than half the time.
“Moderate” means between one third and half the time.
“Minimal” means virtually none.
YD’s 10-Point Evaluation Scale:
Prepare for the road ahead.
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