Fill has a huge library of thousands of forms all set up to be filled in easily and signed.
Fill in your chosen form
Sign the form using our drawing tool
Send to someone else to fill in and sign.
!"
#
$
%
&
'
!(
)
*
#
+
'
ﺧ
َ
ﻴ
ْ
ﺮ
ُ
ﻛ
ُ
ﻢ
ْ
ﻣ
َ
ﻦ
ْ
ﺗ
َ
ﻌ
َ
ﻠ
ﱠ
ﻢ
َ
اﻟﻘ
ُ
ﺮ
ْ
آن
َ
و
َ
ﻋ
َ
ﻠ
ﱠ
ﻤ
َ
ﻪ
ُ
The best of you are those who learn the Qur’ān and teach it.
~ Prophet Muḥammad
ﷺ
(Bukhārī)
19
LESSON 1 | VOCABULARY LIST
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
lord
!
"
#
$
%
"
&'
(
#
"
'
)
messenger
#
*
+
*
,
(
#
"
+
*
-.
(
person; human being
(rare)
/
0
1
$
2
"
&3
(
house
4
*
5
*
-6
(
4
"
5
$
7
(
thing
!
"
8
$
5
"
&9
*
:
"
$
9
(
believer
;
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
;
*
<
$
=
0
?
(
from
=
0
?
$
to
/
0
@
"
in
A
with by;
'
0
to write
B
0
C&D
"
E
(
writing (n.)
F
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
writes he
B
"
C
"
H
"
wrote he
Memrise – All vocabulary provided at the beginning of each lesson are available as a
“vocabulary lesson” within the Memrise, Fawakih Level 1 Deck.
20
LESSON 1 | GRAMMAR | ARABIC WORDS ( !"#
$
%
&'( )
Grammar and Morphology
Knowledge of grammar is essential to understanding any language. At Fawakih, grammar will
generally involve the study of rules that explain how words function in a sentence. Morphology,
on the other hand, will involve the study of how individual words are formed.
Classification of Words
Every word in Arabic can be classified into exactly one of three categories:
INDEPENDENT
MEANING
TIME
ENGLISH
EQUIVALENT
TYPE OF WORD
NOUN
pronoun,
adjective
I
0
+
$
J
(
(pl. !
"
+
$
K&9
(
)
VERB
L
0
M
$
,
(
(pl.
!
"
L
$
M&.
(
)
PARTICLE
N
"
O
$
P
(
(pl. N
*
O
*
QP
(
)
I
0
+
$
J
(
An ism is a word ( R
"
0
K
"
E
(
) that conveys meaning without the need for other words, e.g.
=
*
ST
"
K
U
V
(
= Muhammad
#
"
+
*
-.
(
= messenger
W
"
0
5
$
,
(
= beautiful
L
0
M
$
,
(
A fi‘l is a R
"
0
K
"
E
(
that conveys meaning, yet is restricted to a given time (e.g. past or present), e.g.
B
"
C
"
H
"
= he wrote
F
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
= he writes
I
*
X
$
C
*
H
$
= write!
O
$
P
(
N
"
A harf is a R
"
0
K
"
E
(
that is dependent on either an ism or a fi‘l to convey meaning. Any word that is
not an ism or a fi’l must be a harf. This is a broad category, and includes words such as:
Q
"
= and
/
0
@ = to
/
0
3
U
= indeed
21
Recognition
Even without knowing the meaning of a word, it is often possible to determine which one of
the three categories it belongs to. The table below presents some of these recognition tips.
RECOGNITION TIPS
ENDING VOWEL
TYPE OF
MEANING
ENGLISH
EQUIVALENT
TYPE OF
WORD
Can be preceded by
S IY
NOT:
,,
%
,
SS
Z
SS
[
SS
(
entity or attribute
no time
noun,
pronoun,
adjective
I
0
+
$
J
(
present tense verbs are
preceded by one of:
! 3 \ 6
NOT: S SS
[
SS
(
S
Z
occurrence
in time
(past / present/ future)
verb
L
0
M
$
,
(
• Often only 1-2 letters
long
• Single letter hurūf are
connected to
following word
-
no independent
meaning without an
J+
$
I
0
or ,M
$
L
0
particle
(including:
conjunctions,
some prepositions)
N
"
O
$
P
(
Most Arabic nouns and verbs have 3 root letters. So, a word that seems to have more than
three letters probably has a prefix and/or suffix and/or inserted letters.
Activity: Look at Sūrat al-Fātiḥa below, and classify each word as an either an ism, fi`l or harf.
(Answers given in Lesson 1 | Grammar | Answer Key).
- ./0
#
1
2
34
2
./0
#
5 .6
#
2
7
8 ."
9
2:;
2
:
)
<
=
>
2
?
2
@
)
A
B
2
C ./0
#
1
2
34
2
./0
#
5 D .E
=
F
)
A
B
)
G
2
H
)
$
)
I
9
2
62
#
2
.J
=
)
G
=
K
'
L
)
B
)
3
=
M
2
4
=
N
)
O
=
P
)
G
=
Q
)
.R
#
2:;
)
S
2
T
)
A
U
)
V ./
=
G
'
W
=
X
)
Y
2
34
)
./Z
9
2
T
)
A
U
)
.[
=
K
2
\
)
] ^ _
)
W
=
X
)
P
2
H
'
`:
#
]a
)
O
)
P
=
b
'
K
'
c
2
:
#
]a
)
d ./e
#
fE
9
2H
)
*
)
g
)
L
)
B
)
3
=
M
2
4
=
./
=
G
)
h
=
e
'
<I
2
i
)
j
=
2
Notice that the first half of the sūra contains only nouns. Think about what this conveys, given
what you have learned about the difference between an 4
k
l
%
!2 and a m
k
P
%
n2 .
22
Fātiḥa Takeaways
At this beginner stage, the following takeaways can give an appreciation as to how the
language adds value to understanding the sūra.
1) Breaking down a word into its parts
]
"
S2
$
C
"
M
0
^
$
"
]
"
S
+
S2
$
C
"
S
+
_
0
^
$
"
WE
SEEK
HELP
It takes three English words to break down this one word in al-Fātiḥa.
2) What’s Not There
Question: How does the omission of /
0
@ (“to”) from the verse affect the meaning?
V ./
=
G
'
W
=
X
)
Y
2
34
)
./Z
9
2
T
)
A
U
)
{ /
0
@ } .[
=
K
2
\
)
]
I
0
`
$
V
0
]& + /
0
@ = ”)path the on not“ (implies “to” us guide
I
0
`
$
V
0
]& = ”)path the on“ (implies ”on“ us guide
See the following verses that demonstrate how /
0
@ is generally used following the
verb “to guide”: 3:101, 5:17, 6:87, 6:161, 10:25, 16:121, 42:52.
23
Introduction to Noun Case
Arabic has a grammatical case system, which means that nouns have variable endings
depending on their grammatical function in a sentence.
In English, only traces of such a system can be found, e.g.
• “Me ate an apple” is incorrect, because the subject form of the pronoun is “I”
• “He saw I” is incorrect, because the direct object form of the pronoun is “me”
In Arabic, nouns typically change their ending based on their grammatical function within the
sentence.
There are three noun cases in Arabic, each of which is associated with a specific default vowel
on the end of the noun. This concept is introduced gradually throughout these lessons.
DEFAULT
VOWEL
A WORD IN THIS CASE
IS DESCRIBED AS
MEANING
ARABIC CASE
NAME
SS
(
S
*
S
;
"
O
$
L
*
-a
(
nominative
e.g. subject of sentence
#
U
b
$
c
(
SS
Z
S
"
S
=
"
>
$
d
*
-'
(
accusative
e.g. direct object of sentence
]
"
d
$
H
(
SS
[
S
0
S
=S
"
e
$
O
*
Q#
(
genitive
e.g. after a preposition
f
"
SSO
)
DID YOU
KNOW
Caliph `Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, motivated by the spread of ungrammatical speech, was
the first to put Arabic grammar down in writing. He started by presenting the
three categories of words, and definitions of each.
24
LESSON 1 | GRAMMAR | EXERCISES
1A
: Word Classification
Classify each of the following words as ism, fi`l or harf by placing a check in the appropriate
box, as the example shows. Use Lesson 1 Vocabulary List or the recognition tips to help.
N
"
O
$
P
L
0
M
$
,
I
0
+
$
J
N
"
O
$
P
L
0
M
$
,
I
0
+
$
J
;
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
6
✓
/
0
@
1
/
0
1
$
2
"
&3
(
7
#
"
'
)
2
g
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
8
Ih
*
5-
*
6
*
3
D
0
&ij
0
C&D
"
E
0
9
B
"
C
"
H
"
4
#
*
+
*
,
[
10
A
5
1B: Qur’ānic Application
For each āya below, classify each word in the āya as ism (I), fi`l (F) or harf (H). If only specific
words are underlined, then classify only those words.
Ik
U
*
Iid
U
K
"
V
*
112:2
1
Q
"
Ik
U
*
l
"
V
0
FO
(
Q
"
Ik
U
*
m
"
n
*
-#
(
#
U
N
0
5J
(
7:60
2
/
0
]
U
& o
"
$
?
*
o
*
$
p
0
Ii
$
K
"
-
$
q
"
r
Q
"
]
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
=
"
& l
"
V
U
;
*
-I Q
"
st
"
&#
"
`
*
J
$
36
:
12
3
l
*
,
$
i
0
u
K
"
? =
U
& A
0
Ii2
U
K
"
&Q
"
I6
0
Q
"
Iv
$
"
#
$
w
0
l
*
,
$
k
0
u
U
0
B
"
C
"
H
"
x
"
"
r
y
"
n
$
2
0
z
0
IiO
U
{
$
"
E
"
6:12
4
l
*
,
$
!
"
_
*
-|
*
D
0
O
"
'
0
u
IY
$
n
"
}
"
~
0
113:1
5
25
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type
LESSON 1 | GRAMMAR | ANSWER KEY
- ./0
#
1
2
34
2
./0
#
5 .6
#
2
7
8 ."
9
2:;
2
:
)
<
=
>
2
@
)
A
B
2
?
2
C ./0
#
1
2
34
2
./0
#
5 D B
)
G
2
H
)
.E
=
F
)
A
$
)
I
9
2
62
#
2
G
=
K
'
.J
=
)
c
2
:
#
]a
)
O
)
P
=
b
'
K
'
`:
#
]a
)
_
)
W
=
X
)
P
2
H
'
^.[
=
K
2
\
)
] ./Z
9
2
T
)
A
U
)
./
=
G
'
W
=
X
)
Y
2
34
)
V S
2
T
)
A
U
)
.R
#
2:;
)
N
)
O
=
P
)
G
=
Q
)
L
)
B
)
3
=
M
2
4
=
i
)
j
=
2
./
=
G
)
h
=
e
'
<I
2
L
)
B
)
3
=
M
2
4
=
*
)
g
)
./e
#
fE
9
2H
)
1A: Word Classification
Classify each of the following words as ism, fi`l or harf by placing a check in the appropriate
box. Use Lesson 1 Vocabulary List or the recognition tips to help.
N
"
O
$
P
L
0
M
$
,
I
0
+
$
J
N
"
O
$
P
L
0
M
$
,
I
0
+
$
J
✓
;
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
6
✓
/
0
@
1
✓
/
0
1
$
2
"
&3
(
7
✓
#
"
'
)
2
✓
g
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
8
✓
Ih
*
5-
*
6
*
3
✓
✓
D
0
&ij
0
C&D
"
E
0
9
✓
B
"
C
"
H
"
4
✓
#
*
+
*
,
[
10
✓
A
5
H
I
I
I
I
I
H
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
F
F
I
H
F
I
I
I
I
I
F
H
I
I
I
H
I
H
H
I
26
1B: Qur’ānic Application
For each āya below, classify each word in the āya as ism (I), fi`l (F) or harf (H). If only specific
words are underlined, then classify only those words.
Ik
U
*
Iid
U
K
"
V
*
112:2
1
I I
Q
"
Ik
U
*
l
"
V
0
FO
(
Q
"
Ik
U
*
m
"
n
*
-#
(
#
U
N
0
5J
(
7
:
60
2
H I I H I I I
/
0
]
U
& o
"
$
?
*
o
*
$
p
0
Ii
$
K
"
-
$
q
"
r
Q
"
]
"
G
$
C
*
H
*
=
"
& l
"
V
U
;
*
-I Q
"
st
"
&#
"
`
*
J
$
36:12
3
F
l
*
,
$
i
0
u
K
"
? =
U
& A
0
Ii2
U
K
"
&Q
"
I6
0
Q
"
Iv
$
"
#
$
w
0
l
*
,
$
k
0
u
U
0
B
"
C
"
H
"
x
"
"
r
y
"
n
$
2
0
z
0
IiO
U
{
$
"
E
"
6:12
4
H I H I H I F H I
l
*
,
$
!
"
_
*
-|
*
D
0
O
"
'
0
u
IY
$
n
"
}
"
~
0
113:1
5
F
27
LESSON 1 | MORPHOLOGY | DETACHED PRONOUNS ( !")
*
&'+
%
,
-
!"&
-
.
/
0
$
1
%
2
$
3
-
)
Pronouns
A pronoun ( •
"
K
0
€
$
(
) is a word that refers to some entity (person, place or thing) previously
mentioned in speech. In Arabic, pronouns can be divided into two categories: detached and
attached. Attached pronouns will be discussed in Lesson 10.
Detached Pronouns
The detached pronouns ( •
"
K&•
0
O
*
=
*
>
$
n
"
d
0
}
"
E
(
) are definite ( =
"
M
$
O
0
L
"
E
(
– more about this in Lesson 2). They
are generally used as the subject pronouns in a given sentence. Verbs can be conjugated for
each of these pronouns.
Examples of Usage
The following examples demonstrate how detached pronouns are used in the Qur’ān.
TRANSLATION
ĀYA
Say, He is Allah, One. (111:1)
l
*
,
$
4
-
5
$
Ik
U
*
!
"
N
"
V
(
Peace, it is until the emergence of dawn. (97:5)
+
"
‚
"
ƒ
(
6%
$
N
"
„
U
r
=
"
…
$
}
"
c
0
IY
$
n
"
e
$
O
0
They, in it, will abide eternally. (2:39)
4
-
7
/
b
0
5†
"
& ‡
"
&ˆ
0
*
Q3
"
You [O Muḥammad], are not but a warner. (35:23)
/
0
3
$
8
$
9:
$
/
0
‰
U
]
"
Š
0
FO
(
Nor are you worshippers of what I worship. (109:3)
Q
"
‰
"
8
$
9;
-
7
/
‹
"
D
0
V
*
Q3
"
=
"
& !
"
Œ
$
•
*
V
*
I am Allah. There is no god but I. (20:14)
8
$
9
$
' Ik
U
*
‰
"
/
0
Y
"
S
r
z
"
/
0
‰
U
8
$
9
$
'
We are more knowledgeable of what they say. (50:45)
9
$
<=
/
>
-
!
"
_
$
}
"
J
*
D
0
K
"
& Ž
"
•
*
-i
*
-3
"
“W
e” for Allah
Throughout the Qur’ān, Allah is sometimes referred to with the pronoun ]
"
ST
$
?
*
, “We,” known as
the “royal” we or the “majestic plural.” This linguistic device is used to refer to a single entity
holding a high position. Though rarely used in today’s speech, many of the āyā t in the Qur’ān
that employ the majestic plural speak about Allah’s great power and majesty.
28
LESSON 1 | MORPHOLOGY | EXERCISES
1C: Meaning
Write the meaning of each pronoun, as shown in the example below.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
(3)
`
*
J
$
________________
(2)
`
*
K&
________________
(1)
`
*
-
"
_____he_____
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
(6)
`
*
?
U
________________
(5)
`
*
K&
________________
(4)
”
0
"
________________
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(9)
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
________________
(8)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K&
________________
(7)
!
"
]
$
7
"
________________
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IiK
*
S–
"
&—
"
H
*
Second
person
(12)
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
________________
(11)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K&
________________
(10)
!
"
]
$
7
0
________________
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(14)
o
"
$
?
*
_______________
_
(13)
!
"
]&
_______________
_
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
!
"
Q
$
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Masculine or
Feminine
IiK
*
C
"
™
"
š
J
*
First person
29
1D: Copy the Chart
Copy the pronoun chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
(3)
(2)
(1)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
(6)
(5)
(4)
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(9)
(8)
(7)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IiK
*
S–
"
&—
"
H
*
Second person
(12)
(11)
(10)
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(14)
(13)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
!
"
Q
$
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Masculine or
Feminine
IiK
*
C
"
™
"
š
J
*
First person
30
Note: switch your keyboard layout to Arabic for
typing the pronouns
1E: Translate
In each of the āyāt, circle the detached pronoun(s) and translate them by filling in the
blank(s).
1.
o
'
m
%
[
'
<
)
!6
#
'
p
)
1
)
K
k
-
(111:1) One.” the Allah, is ______ “Say:
2. *
)
q
2
]r
%
s
2
0
)
t
2
[
'
4
%
:
'
<o2u
'
<v
)
8
(2:4) certain.” are ______ hereafter, the about “…and
3. :
)
] wx
)
>
'
!l
%
y
'
;
%
p
)
\Q
)
*
)
z
)
*
%
{
'
?
)
!|
%
)
u
#
}
)
(2:35) paradise” in spouse your and _______ live, Adam, “…O
4. N
)
\
)
] !6
#
'
$
)
I
~
!E
%
P
)
]/
)
G
2
H
)
“_______ am Allah, Lord of the Worlds.” (28:30)
5. c
2
\
#
] •
)
%
;
'
\
)
€
#
•
%
)
] L
)
B
)
3
%
?
)
!E
%
Y
'
0
%
wv
)
‚
)
ƒ
2
„…
†
‡
“Indeed ________ have revealed the Qur’ān upon you progressively.” (76:23)
6.*
)
!6
#
'
!E
%
h
)
ˆ
2
~
*
)
p
)
\X
'
4
'
!E
%
‰
'
Y
)
0
)
!Š
'
“…and Allah is free of need, while _________ are poor.” (47:38)
7. [
'
<
)
!R
#
2‹ p
)
\€
)
+
)
L
)
B
)
3
%
?
)
!E
%
Œ
2
X
)
]I
)
•2u
%
Ž
'
w:
)
]•
k
•
~
%
Œ
)
G
)
]•
k
[
'
;
#
p
'
>
~
!E
%
Œ
2
X
)
]I
2
foundation the are _______ precise. are that verses are it In Book. the you unto revealed who one the is “______
(3:7) book.” the of )umm(
8. ‘
2
f:
)
]‚2u
)
] p
)
\X
'
G
)
] *
)
•
)
;
2
!’
#
b
)
P
)
Œ
'
G
)
] !E
%
h
)
]“2
'
<v
)
(28:35) victorious.” be will (both) you follow who those and _______ signs, our “…with
9. c
2
”
%
[
'
G
)
] •
2
!E
%
h
)
]$
2
c
2
”
%
–
)
Y
'
<+
'
/2Z
)
]1
2
b
2
Ž2 g
)
—
)
%
€
)
v
%
(9:40) grieve’….” otn ‘Do companion: his to said he and cave the in were ________ “When
10. *
)
p
)
\] !˜
#
<
#
!I
'
!/0
#
1
2
3
%
4
'
(2:160) Merciful.” the repentance, of Acceptor the am ______ “and
31
LESSON 1 | MORPHOLOGY | ANSWER KEY
1D: Copy the Chart
Copy the pronoun chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
(3)
`
*
J
$
They
(3+, m or mix)
(2)
`
*
K&
They
(2, m or mix)
(1)
`
*
-
"
He
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
(6)
`
*
?
U
They
(3+, f)
(5)
`
*
K&
They
(2, f)
(4)
”
0
"
She
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(9)
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
You
(3+, m or mix)
(8)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K&
You
(2, m or mix)
(7)
!
"
]
$
7
"
You
(m)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IiK
*
S–
"
&—
"
H
*
Second person
(12)
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
You
(3+, f)
(11)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K&
You
(2, f)
(10)
!
"
]
$
7
0
You
(f)
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
(14)
o
"
$
?
*
We
(13)
!
"
]&
I
IiK
*
C
"
™
"
š
J
*
First person
32
1E: Translate
In each of the āyāt, circle the detached pronoun(s) and translate them by filling in the blank(s).
11. o
'
m
%
[
'
<
)
!6
#
'
p
)
1
)
K
k
-
(111:1) .”One the Allah, is __He__ “Say:
12. *
)
q
2
]r
%
s
2
0
)
t
2
[
'
4
%
:
'
<o2u
'
<v
)
8
(2:4) certain.” are __They__ hereafter, the about “…and
13. :
)
] wx
)
>
'
!l
%
y
'
;
%
p
)
\Q
)
*
)
z
)
*
%
{
'
?
)
!|
%
)
u
#
}
)
(2:35) paradise” in spouse your and __You__ live, Adam, “…O
14. N
)
\
)
] !6
#
'
$
)
I
~
!E
%
P
)
]/
)
G
2
H
)
“__I__ am Allah, Lord of the Worlds.” (28:30)
15. c
2
\
#
] •
)
%
;
'
\
)
€
#
•
%
)
] L
)
B
)
3
%
?
)
!E
%
Y
'
0
%
wv
)
‚
)
ƒ
2
„…
†
‡
“Indeed __We__ have revealed the Qur’ān upon you progressively.” (76:23)
16. *
)
!6
#
'
!E
%
h
)
ˆ
2
~
*
)
p
)
\X
'
4
'
!E
%
‰
'
Y
)
0
)
!Š
'
“…and Allah is free of need, while __you (3+)__ are poor.” (47:38)
17. [
'
<
)
!R
#
2‹ p
)
\€
)
+
)
L
)
B
)
3
%
?
)
!E
%
Œ
2
X
)
]I
)
•2u
%
Ž
'
w:
)
]•
k
•
~
%
Œ
)
G
)
]•
k
[
'
;
#
p
'
>
~
!E
%
Œ
2
X
)
]I
2
__They__ precise. are that verses are it In Book. the you unto revealed who one the is _He“__
(3:7) book.” the fo )umm( foundation the are
18. ‘
2
f:
)
]‚2u
)
] p
)
\X
'
G
)
] *
)
•
)
;
2
!’
#
b
)
P
)
Œ
'
G
)
] !E
%
h
)
]“2
'
<v
)
(28:35) victorious.” be will (both) you follow who those and _(2) you__ signs, our “…with
19. c
2
”
%
[
'
G
)
] •
2
!E
%
h
)
]$
2
c
2
”
%
–
)
Y
'
<+
'
/2Z
)
]1
2
b
2
Ž2 g
)
—
)
%
€
)
v
%
(9:40) ….”grieve’ not ‘Do companion: his to said he and cave the in were _(2)_ they__ “When
20. *
)
p
)
\] !˜
#
<
#
!I
'
!/0
#
1
2
3
%
4
'
(2:160) Merciful.” the repentance, of Acceptor the am __I__ “and
33
LESSON 1 | TEXT ANALYSIS
READING COMPREHENSION 3-STEP METHODOLOGY
The process by which we will approach reading content in this course is trifold and should be
adhered to closely to progress through the stages of comprehension.
1 Skim for Word Recognition
Circle (or otherwise identify) words you know, and use these as 'pegs' to try to figure out the
general gist or theme of the reading passage.
2 Educated Guessing
Look more closely at words you did not recognize, and try to guess their meaning (even if only
partially) based on:
• Context: If you know most of the words in a sentence, you can often take an educated
guess at the meaning of the one or two words that you did not recognize.
• Root letters: Even if you do not know the meaning of a word, you might get some sense
of its meaning if you recognize the root letters. For example, you can guess that the
word /
0
B
š
5
$
,
(
probably has something to do with eating.
• Morphological patterns: You may recognize a specific pattern of a word (e.g.
ا
ِ
ﺳْﻢ
ُ
اﻟﻔﺎﻋ
ِ
ﻞ )
and, similarly the tense and mood of verbs (even if you don't know the meaning of the
verb, you can recognize its 'shape' as !
"
;
$
O
/ ;
*
›&#
0
a / =&œ 0 ).
3 Translation
Based on stages 1 and 2, figure out the structure and syntax of sentences, and utilize the
accompanying vocabulary list to confirm or change your educated guesses from Step 2.
Note about Vocabulary
The accompanying vocabulary lists for each text are given to aid in comprehension of the text
being studied. Students are not responsible for committing these words to memory each
week. However, students will naturally pick up these words through context and repetition
throughout the story.
34
LESSON 1 | TEXT ANALYSIS
!?
*
@
A
!B
$
C
*
D
-
- E
-
5
/
F
$
G
-
!H0'I
%
<=
$
3
%
™
2
W
%
4
2
!6
#
2
!/0
#
š
%
)
,
A
;
2
!/0
#
1
2
34
2
-
!J
%
)
G
%
K
'
62
#
2
$
)
I
2
9
!E
%
P
)
]/
)
G
2
H
)
D !/0
#
š
%
)
,
A
;
2
!/0
#
1
2
34
2
C •
)
]/2?
2
:
)
<
%
>
2
!"2
9
:;
2
8
c
2
:
#
]a
)
O
)
P
%
b
'
K
'
`:
#
]a
)
_
)
W
%
X
)
P
2
H
'
^ ![
%
K
2
\
)
] !/›
2
9
)
!U
)
!/
%
G
'
W
%
X
)
Y
2
34
)
V
œ
2
)
!U
)
!R
#
2:;
)
N
)
O
%
P
)
G
%
Q
)
L
)
B
)
3
%
M
2
4
%
i
)
j
%
2
!/
%
G
)
h
%
e
'
<I
2
L
)
B
)
3
%
M
2
4
%
*
)
g
)
!/e
#
]E2
9
H
)
d
35
LESSON 1 | TEXT ANALYSIS | VOCABULARY LIST
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
world
_
"
-Ii
0
J
*
\ ‹i
"
K
*
-3
"
‹i
"
J
(
start, beginning, opening
L
"
-Ig
0
•
L&ž
0
"
E
(
TRANSLATION
VERB
he blessed, granted
!
"
y
$
M
"
J
"
we seek help
1
"
2
$
C
"
M
0
^
$
*
guide (command/request)
I
0
`
$
V
0
36
LESSON 1 | TEXT ANALYSIS | TRANSLATION
!?
*
@
A
!B
$
C
*
D
-
- E
-
5
/
F
$
G
-
!H0'I
%
<=
$
3
%
The First Text – The Chapter of the Opening
™
2
W
%
4
2
!6
#
2
!/0
#
š
%
)
,
A
;
2
!/0
#
1
2
34
2
-
Merciful.-In the name of Allah, the Source of Mercy, the All
1
!J
%
)
G
%
K
'
62
#
2
$
)
I
2
9
!E
%
P
)
]/
)
G
2
H
)
D
All praise and thanks are for Allah, the Lord of the Worlds,
2
!/0
#
š
%
)
,
A
;
2
!/0
#
1
2
34
2
C
,Merciful-the Source of Mercy, the All
3
•
)
]/2?
2
:
)
<
%
>
2
!"2
9
:;
2
8
Owner of the day of Recompense.
4
c
2
:
#
]a
)
O
)
P
%
b
'
K
'
`:
#
]a
)
_
)
W
%
X
)
P
2
H
'
^
You [alone] we worship and You [alone] we ask for help.
5
![
%
K
2
\
)
] !/›
2
9
)
!U
)
!/
%
G
'
W
%
X
)
Y
2
34
)
V
Guide us [upon] the straight path,
6
œ
2
)
!U
)
!R
#
2:;
)
N
)
O
%
P
)
G
%
Q
)
L
)
B
)
3
%
M
2
4
%
i
)
j
%
2
!/
%
G
)
h
%
e
'
<I
2
L
)
B
)
3
%
M
2
4
%
*
)
g
)
!/e
#
]E2
9
H
)
d
the path of those whom you have blessed, not those who have earned your anger,
7
nor those who are astray.
Quiz Reminder – Make sure to take any quizzes assigned for Lesson 1. Quiz links
are listed in the student resource portal on the Fawakih website and also sent
directly via email.
37
38
SCAN TO ACCESS LESSON 1 QUIZ
Iˆ
U
#
$
Ÿ
*
I
U
&¡
0
ﻣ
َ
ﻦ
ْ
ﺟ
َ
ﺪ
ﱠ
و
َ
ﺟ
َ
ﺪ
َ
Whoever is serious shall find.
~ Arab Proverb
39
LESSON 2 | VOCABULARY LIST
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
truth
-
N
"
~
)
hour; time
+
"
&‹
"
6
(
+&_
"
E
(
day (24 hours)
!
"
F
U
&ƒ
(
F
"
-
$
ƒ
(
month
8
*
†-#
(
| !
"
8
$
†
*
O
(
8
"
†
$
O
(
night
¢
"
"
&.
[
| Ii}
U
5&£
¢
"
$
}
"
E
(
daytime (from dawn to
dusk)
-
y
"
†
"
&#
(
mountain
f
0
•
"
&.
(
f
"
•
"
,
(
river
!
"
]
$
S†&#
(
y
"
†
$
O
(
affair; matter
!
*
;
*
-#
(
!
"
;
$
O
(
command
!
"
Q
"
I;
0
O
*
!
"
;
$
O
(
Subtleties of Arabic Vocabulary
The words for daytime ( ]
"
†&# ) and river ( y
"
†
$
O ) share the same three letter roots: 3 – ¤- # . Classical
Arabic dictionaries suggest the roots indicate the opening or emergence of a thing, e.g.
]
"
†&#
(
= emergence of light from darkness y
"
†
$
O
(
= flow causes an opening in the earth
40
LESSON 2 | GRAMMAR | DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE ( !?
*
J
%
,
$
G C!"&
$
K
/
,
%
L
$
3 )
Definite or Indefinite
Nouns can be either definite ( =
"
M
$
O
0
L
"
E
(
) or indefinite ( ]
"
G
0
O
"
¥
(
). This is the difference between “the”
and “a.” In Arabic, definite nouns are usually recognized by the presence of the definite article
( IYS ) at the beginning of the word. If a noun does not have S IY at the beginning, it will usually
end with a doubled vowel known as a tanwīn ( ¦
"
>
$
-
0
§
$
?
(
).
TERM
MEANING
DEFAULT
MARKER
EXAMPLES
definite
•
)
P
%
0
2
n
)
}
k
“the...”
a specific person / thing
2
, !E
!/0
#
{
'
m
'
man” “the
indefinite
\
)
y
2
0
)
t
k
“a... / “some...”
non-specific
,,
k
,
$
)
{
'
m
k
$
)
{
'
…
†
$
)
{
'
m
•
“a man”
,,
†
,
,,
•
,
Points to Consider
1) A noun cannot be both definite and indefinite at the same time. Therefore, a word
cannot have both the prefix S IY and a ¦
"
>
$
-
0
§
$
? ending at the same time.
2) Some definite nouns do not take the prefix S IY , such as:
a. Proper name ( IYM
"
}
"
J I
0
+
$
J
*
) e.g.
T
"
K
U
V
(
S=
*
, V
(
§
$
¨
"
These examples have ;
k
„
%
<
2
u
%
’
)
, but refer to a specific entity and are definite.
b. Personal pronoun ( •
"
K
0
€
$
) e.g.
`
*
-
"
, !
"
]&
Th
ese examples have no S IY or ¦
"
>
$
-
0
§
$
? , but refer to a specific entity and are definite.
2
The meaning of S IY is not restricted to the English use of “the.” Another common usage of S IY is the “generic.” For example, the
religion of Islam is referred to as I©
0
+
$
‚ƒ instead of simply /
0
+
$
‚ƒ
(
. Different meanings of IYS are discussed in Level 3.
41
3) When a word has a ¦
"
>
$
-
0
§
$
? and a b
"
C
$
T
"
E , then an !
"
Y
0
ª is usually added, e.g. #
"
f
*
‚
Z
compared to
#
"
f
*
,
(
. If the word ends in a tā’ marbūṭah (¥) then an !
"
Y
0
ª will not be added, e.g. I
0
;
$
O
"
!
"
¥
Z
.
DID YOU
KNOW
Sibawayh, the Persian scholar known as the “father of Arabic grammar”, said
the word !6 is the most definite word in Arabic. It is unlike any other word
and is linguistically impossible to make dual or plural.
DEFINITE-INDEFINITE SPECTRUM
I«
GOD
pronouns (
•
"
K&•
0
O
)
IYS +
noun
word with tanwīn ( SS
(
S )
:
"
$
9
THING
Pronunciation
1) Sun and Moon Letters
The lām ( YS ) of the definite article IYS assimilates to the following letter, which is
pronounced with a shadda (S
u
), in the case of the following letters:
6 ¬ ’ | # ¨ Ÿ - ® w ¯ ° . 3
The “Sun” Letters !M
-
,
-
CN
-
!"O
*
&
/
P
%
Q
*
3
]
"
†&#
(
¬
I±
U
†&#
*
+&_
"
E
(
¬
Ii2
U
&_
"
E
*
8
"
†
$
O
(
¬
Ii²
U
†
$
O
*
pronounced: an-nahāru
pronounced: as-sā‘atu
pronounced: ash-shahru
T
he remaining letters of the alphabet do not assimilate to the following letter when IYS
is added (can hear the lām being pronounced):
! ' ³ ´ µ a ¶ P · ¸ ƒ ¤Q \
Th
e “Moon” Letters !M
-
,
-
CN
-
!HR
$
&
$
,
%
S
*
3
!
"
;
$
O
(
¬
Iv
"
;
$
O
*
F
"
-ƒ
(
¬
I¢
"
-
$
ƒ
*
f
"
•
"
,
(
¬
IYSe
"
•
"
,
*
pronounced: al-’amru
pronounced: al-yawmu
pronounced: al-jabalu
42
DID YOU
KNOW
The word for “sun”, Ii²
U
K
$
¹
*
(ash-shams), embodies the rule for “sun” letters. The word for
“moon”, IY•
"
K
"
O
*
(al-qamar), embodies the rule for “moon” letters.
If you consider the . like stars, it disappears with the “sun” but shines through with the
“moon!”
2) Rules of alif
The alif of IYS is not pronounced when there is a word before it, e.g. º
"
‚¥
*
IYM
"
»
$
0
is
pronounced ṣalātul-`asr (not ṣalātu al-`asr). If the preceding word ends with a sukūn
( +
*
j
*
-3 ) then a temporary “helper” vowel is put on it, to allow joining it to the following
w
ord.
• The helper vowel is usually a B
"
¼
$
"
¥ ( SS
0
S )
e.g. Œ
"
?
$
IY•
"
K
"
O becomes _
"
?
0
IY•
"
K
"
O (pronounced: `anil-qamar
)
• Fo
r =
0
?
$
(meaning 'from'), when followed by IYS , however, the helper vowel is a
b
"
C
$
T
"
E ,
e.g. =
0
?
$
IY•
"
K
"
O becomes =
0
?
"
IY•
"
K
"
O (minal-qamar)
• For the pronoun `
*
J
$
and the attached pronouns S†
*
J SG
*
J SC
*
J (discussed further in
lesson 8), however, the helper vowel is a •
"
K
U
E ( SS
*
S ),
e.g. `
*
J
$
IiK
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
becomes `
*
J
*
IiK
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
(humul-mu’minūn)
43
LESSON 2 | GRAMMAR | EXERCISES
2A
: Arabic to English
Translate each word or phrase below into English.
TRANSLATION
ARABIC
TRANSLATION
ARABIC
A I±
U
†&#
0
11
Ii2
U
&_E
"
1
A ¢
"
$
}
"
E
[
12
+&_E
[
2
N
"
•
u
&
Z
13
4
"
5
$
7
[
3
#'
)
D
0
&½
"
~
š
14
Ih
"
5
$
7
4
!
"
Q
"
I;
0
O
*
A I±
U
†&#
0
15
D
*
5-6
[
5
¾
0
¿
"
9
[
16
!
"
8
$
†
*
O
[
6
Ii²
U
K
$
¹
*
Q
"
IY•
"
K
"
O
*
17
=
0
?
$
8
"
†
$
O
[
/
0
@ F
"
-
$
ƒ[
7
À
"
K
"
O
(
A ]
"
S†&#
[
18
/
0
1
$
2&3
(
A Ih
$
"
5
$
7
0
8
Ii}
U
5&£
$
Q
"
Iv
"
F
u
&ƒ
*
19
D
0
&iO
Á
+
*
,
0
9
!
*
;-#
(
Q
"
!
"
8
$
5&9
*
20
!
"
#
$
%&'
(
10
2B:
English to Arabic
Translate each word or phrase into Arabic.
ENGLISH
ARABIC
ENGLISH
ARABIC
1
the mountain and
the river
6
messengers to the
human being
2
a mountain and a
river
7
(some) hours
3
Zayd from the
mountain
8
with the things
4
Muhammad from
Makkah
9
the believers in
the night
5
from a believer
10
in a house
44
Note: switch your keyboard layout to Arabic for this exercise
LESSON 2 | GRAMMAR | ANSWER KEY
2A
: Arabic to English
Translate each word or phrase below.
TRANSLATION
ARABIC
TRANSLATION
ARABIC
in the daytime
A I±
U
†&#
0
11
the hour/the time
Ii2
U
&_E
"
1
in a night
A ¢
"
$
}
"
E
[
12
an hour/ a time
+&_E
[
2
truth
N
"
•
u
&
Z
13
a house
4
"
5
$
7
[
3
a lord with the truth
#'
)
D&½
"
~
š
14
the house
Ih
"
5
$
7
4
commands in the
daytime
!
"
Q
"
I;
0
O
*
A I±
U
†&#
0
15
[some] houses
D
*
5-6
[
5
with a thing
¾
0
¿
"
9
[
16
[some] months
!
"
8
$
†
*
O
[
6
the sun and the
moon
Ii²
U
K
$
¹
*
Q
"
IY•
"
K
"
O
*
17
from a month to a
day
=
0
?
$
8
"
†
$
O
[
/
0
@ F
"
-
$
ƒ[
7
a moon in daytime
À
"
K
"
O
(
A ]
"
S†&#
[
18
a person in the
house
/
0
1
$
2&3
(
A Ih
$
"
5
$
7
0
8
the nights and the
days
Ii}
U
5&£
$
Q
"
Iv
"
F
u
&ƒ
*
19
with the messengers
D
0
&iO
Á
+
*
,
0
9
affairs and things
!
*
;-#
(
Q
"
!
"
8
$
5&9
*
20
lords
!
"
#
$
%&'
(
10
2B:
English to Arabic
Translate each word or phrase into Arabic.
ENGLISH
ARABIC
ENGLISH
ARABIC
1
the mountain and
the river
IÂ
"
•
"
,
*
QI±
U
†
$
O
*
6
messengers to the
human being
#
*
+
*
,
(
/
0
@ I©
0
1
$
2&3
2
a mountain and a
river
f
"
•
"
,
(
Q
"
y
"
†
$
O
(
7
(some) hours
+&‹6
(
3
Zayd from the
mountain
¨
"
§
$
V
(
=
0
?
"
IYSe
"
•
"
,
0
8
with the things
D
0
&v
"
8
$
5&9
4
Muhammad from
Makkah
Ã
*
"
K
U
V
(
=
0
?
$
=
"
j
U
E
"
9
the believers in
the night
IiK
*
<
$
=
0
>
*
-3
"
A
0
Ii}
U
5
$
}
"
E
5
from a believer
=
0
?
$
;
*
<
$
=
0
?
[
10
in a house
A 4
"
5
$
7
[
45
46
LESSON 2 | MORPHOLOGY | PAST TENSE VERB ( !H0
%
K
/
T
-
!"&
$
'U
%
)
Types of Verbs
According to tense, verbs can be divided into past tense (the action has already taken place)
and the present tense (the action is being done or will be done). Verbs, like nouns, trace their
meaning to three original root letters. Extra letters are added to indicate more information
(i.e. who is doing the action). This lesson will focus on past tense verbs.
Past Tense ( !H<&'U
%
)
Past tense verbs are generally learned before the present tense because they are simpler in
form. The `
*
-
"
form of a verb is the simplest of all, generally consisting of only three letters, e.g.
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
= “he studied”
All other past tense forms will add additional letters to the end of the word.
Often, the `
*
-
"
form of a verb is given as the equivalent of the English infinitive meaning, i.e. “to
study,” instead of the past tense, i.e. “he studied.” This is merely a convention to facilitate
memorization of verbs and their meaning. Always remember that a verb in the `
*
-
"
form, is
technically translated as “he.”
Conjugation
Every conjugated form of a verb corresponds to a given pronoun. Therefore, explicitly stating
pronouns is not needed. When it is used, it generally conveys the meaning of emphasis, e.g.
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
= “he studied” 4
-
5
$
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
= “he studied,” with emphasis on “he”
Th
e past tense will be covered as follows:
• Lesson 2 – 3
rd
Person
• Lesson 3 – 2
nd
Person
• Lesson 4 – 1
st
Person & Comprehensive Review
Mastering verb conjugation is essential for success in Arabic. Make sure to
allot a few minutes a day to reviewing the conjugation for ’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
. Your
confidence as a student of Arabic will increase when you are able to
conjugate a verb correctly and quickly.
47
LESSON 2 | MORPHOLOGY | EXERCISES
3
RD
PERSON ( !HV'+
%
W
-
)
2C: Fill in the Chart - X
$
F
$
Y
$
Write the translation for each word given in the chart, as shown below.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
`
*
J
$
(3)
’
"
#
"
+
*
-
$
I
_________________
`
*
K
"
&
(2)
’
"
#
"
+
"
&
_________________
`
*
-
"
(1)
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
___h
e studied__
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
`
*
?
U
(6)
’
"
#
"
+
$
?
"
_________________
`
*
K
"
&
(5)
’
"
#
"
+
"
C&
_________________
”
0
"
(4)
’
"
#
"
+7
$
_________________
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
2D:
Copy the Chart
Copy the above chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
`
*
J
$
(3)
`
*
K
"
&
(2)
`
*
-
"
(1)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
`
*
?
U
(6)
`
*
K
"
&
(5)
”
0
"
(4)
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
48
select
select
select
select
select
select
2E: Translate
Translate the conjugation of ’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
as presented below.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he studied
x
)
$
)
&
)
4
-
5
$
x
)
$
)
l]
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
x
)
$
)
l<!
4
-
7
/
x
)
$
)
l
)
Q
%
6%
$
x
)
$
)
l
)
X]
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
x
)
$
)
l
%
;
)
4
-
>
*
2F: Conjugate - ]
$
;
$
W
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he wrote
4
-
5
$
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
B
"
C
"
•
*
-I
4
-
7
/
6%
$
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
4
-
>
*
49
select
select
select
select
select
2G: Conjugate - E
$
&
%
a
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he heard
4
-
5
$
+
"
K
0
M
"
&
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
4
-
7
/
6%
$
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
4
-
>
*
2H:
Conjugate -
b
$
;
$
c
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he opened
b
"
C
"
•
"
4
-
5
$
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
4
-
7
/
6%
$
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
4
-
>
*
50
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
LESSON 2 | MORPHOLOGY | ANSWER KEY
2C:
Fill in the Chart - X
$
F
$
Y
$
Write the appropriate translation for each word given in the chart below as directed.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
`
*
J
$
(3)
’
"
#
"
+
*
-
$
I
they
(3+)
studied
`
*
K
"
&
(2)
’
"
#
"
+
"
&
they (2) studied
`
*
-
"
(1)
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
he
studied
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
`
*
?
U
(6)
’
"
#
"
+
$
?
"
they (3+, f)
studied
`
*
K
"
&
(5)
’
"
#
"
+
"
C&
they
(2, f)
studied
”
0
"
(4)
’
"
#
"
+7
$
sh
e studied
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
2D:
Copy the Chart
Copy the above chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
`
*
J
$
(3)
’
"
#
"
+
*
-
$
I
they
(3+)
studied
`
*
K
"
&
(2)
’
"
#
"
+
"
&
they (2) studied
`
*
-
"
(1)
’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
he
studied
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
`
*
?
U
(6)
’
"
#
"
+
$
?
"
they (3+, f)
studied
`
*
K
"
&
(5)
’
"
#
"
+
"
C&
they
(2, f)
studied
”
0
"
(4)
’
"
#
"
+7
$
sh
e studied
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
51
2E: Translate
Translate the conjugation of ’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
as presented below.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he studied
x
)
$
)
&
)
4
-
5
$
they (2) studied
x
)
$
)
l]
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
they (3+) studied
x
)
$
)
l
'
<
%
!
4
-
7
/
she studied
x
)
$
)
l
)
Q
%
6%
$
they (2, f) studied
x
)
$
)
l
)
X]
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
they (3+, f) studied
x
)
$
)
l
%
;
)
4
-
>
*
2F: Conjugate - ]
$
;
$
W
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he wrote
B
"
C
"
H
"
4
-
5
$
they (2) wrote
B
"
C
"
•&
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
they (3+) wrote
B
"
C
"
•
*
-
$
I
4
-
7
/
she wrote
B
"
C
"
•
"
7
$
6%
$
they (2, f) wrote
B
"
C
"
Ä
"
C&
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
they (3+, f) wrote
B
"
C
"
Å
$
"
4
-
>
*
52
2G: Conjugate - E
$
&
%
a
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he heard
+
"
K
0
c
"
4
-
5
$
they (2) heard
+
"
K
0
M
"
&
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
they (3+) heard
+
"
K
0
M
*
-
$
I
4
-
7
/
she heard
+
"
K
0
M
"
7
$
6%
$
they (2, f) heard
+
"
K
0
M
"
C&
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
they (3+, f) heard
+
"
K
0
M
$
?
"
4
-
>
*
2H: C
onjugate -
b
$
;
$
c
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
he opened
b
"
C
"
•
"
4
-
5
$
they (2) opened
b
"
C
"
T&
4
-
&
$
'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
they (3+) opened
b
"
C
"
T
*
-
$
I
4
-
7
/
she opened
b
"
C
"
T
"
7
$
6%
$
they (2, f) opened
b
"
C
"
T
"
C&
4
-
&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
they (3+, f) opened
b
"
C
"
T
$
?
"
4
-
>
*
53
LESSON 2 | TEXT ANALYSIS
!?
*
@
A
!d
*
'e
%
– !f
A
gh
-
i
$
K
/
j
$
!"1
*
2
$
5!(
%
!k
%
l
/
,!4
%
Q
/
&
%
Q
*
3
%
Q
"
l
*
,
$
4
"
M
$
V
"
Iid
U
}
"
-I6
0
I©
0
D
$
OI`
0
5K
0
5
U
E
0
:
#
"
%
U
>
"
& sg
0
>
"
& A
0
Iˆ
Á
y
$
5
"
& N
"
2
"
>
"
E
Z
Q
"
Æ
0
ILJ
0
O
"
¥
0
N
"
2
"
>
"
E
Z
Q
"
l
0
>
"
& _
"
Š
"
I'
"
I±
U
&#
0
Q
"
l
0
>& _
"
ŠI'
"
IY•
"
È
$
0
Q
"
l
0
>&
_
"
ŠI'
"
IYST
"
É
$
0
Q
"
l
0
>& _
"
ŠI'
"
IiK
0
Ê
$
I3
0
.
!
"
Q
$
Ž
"
•
*
-.
*
:
Ii}†
*
J
U
/
0
¡
š
!
"
_
*
-|
*
D
0
Ë
"
=
0
?
$
_
"
ŠI'
0
f
"
†
"
>
U
J
"
Q
"
=
0
?
$
_
"
ŠI'
0
IY•
"
È
$
0
Q
"
=
0
?
$
L
0
C
$
>
"
E
0
IiK
"
T
$
5& Q
"
IiK
"
K&6
0
Q
"
=
0
?
$
Ì
"
š
L
0
C
$
>
"
E
0
IiK
"
2
0
5•
0
Iˆ
U
f
U
&.
0
54
LESSON 2 | TEXT ANALYSIS | VOCABULARY LIST
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
gathering, resurrection
-
N
"
É
$
(
grave
À
*
•
*
-#
(
l
"
È
"
(
trial, tribulation
L
0
˜
"
(
L
0
C
$
>
"
E
(
scale
;
"
-I¨
0
§?
*
;
0
Ê
$
I3
(
TRANSLATION
VERB
grant us
sg
0
>&
protect us
l
0
>&
55
LESSON 2 | TEXT ANALYSIS | ANSWER KEY
!kl
/
,!4
%
Q
/
&
%
Q
*
3
%
!"1
*
25!(
%
i
$
K
/
j
$
!f
A
gh - !d
*
'e
%
!?
*
@
“The Second Text – The Supplication after the Abrahamic Prayers”
Q
"
l
*
,
$
4
"
M
$
V
"
Iid
U
}-I6
0
I©
0
D
$
OI`
0
5
$
K
0
5
U
E
0
:
And say after the Abrahamic Prayers:
#
"
%
U
>
"
&
sg
0
>
"
& A
0
Iˆ
Á
y
$
5
"
& N
"
2
"
>
"
E
Z
Q
"
Æ
0
ILJ
0
O
"
¥
0
N
"
2
"
>
"
E
Z
“O Our Lord, grant us in [this] world good, and in the hereafter good,
Q
"
l
0
>
"
&
_
"
Š
"
I'
"
I±
U
&#
0
Q
"
l
0
>& _
"
ŠI'
"
IY•
"
È
$
0
and protect us [from] the punishment of the fire, protect us [from] the punishment of the
grave
Q
"
l
0
>&
_
"
ŠI'
"
IYST
"
É
$
0
Q
"
l
0
>& _
"
ŠI'
"
IiK
0
Ê
$
I3
0
and protect us [from] the punishment of the gathering, and protect us [from] the
punishment of the scale.”
!
"
Q
$
Ž
"
•
*
-.
*
:
Ii}†
*
J
U
/
0
¡
š
!
"
_
*
-|
*
D
0
Ë
"
=
0
?
$
_
"
ŠI'
0
f
"
†
"
>
U
J
"
Or [one can] say: “O Allah, indeed I seek refuge in You from the punishment of Hell-Fire,
Q
"
=
0
?
$
_
"
ŠI'
0
IY•
"
È
$
0
Q
"
=
0
?
$
L
0
C
$
>
"
E
0
IiK
"
T
$
5& Q
"
IiK
"
K&6
and from the punishment of the grave, and from the trial of life and death,
Q
"
=
0
?
$
Ì
"
š
L
0
C
$
>
"
E
0
IiK
"
2
0
5•
0
Iˆ
U
f
U
&.
0
and from the evil of the trial of the Anti-Christ.”
Quiz Reminder – Make sure to take any quizzes assigned for Lesson 2. Quiz links
are listed in the student resource portal on the Fawakih website and also sent
directly via email.
56
SCAN TO ACCESS LESSON 2 QUIZ
Iˆ
U
#
$
Ÿ
*
!ž
#
]E
2
Ÿ
'
ﻣ
َ
ﻦ
ْ
ﻃ
َ
ﻠ
َ
ﺐ
َ
اﻟﻌ
ُ
ﻼ ﺳ
َ
ﻬ
ِ
ﺮ
َ
اﻟﻠ
ﱠ
ﻴﺎﻟ
ِ
ﻲ
Whoever seeks loftiness will stay up at night.
~ Imām al-Shāfi‘ī
#
"
{
0
"
z
*
I«
*
57
LESSON 3 | VOCABULARY LIST
TRANSLATION
PLURAL
SINGULAR
sky; heavens (f.)
+
"
K
"
&QI6
(
+
"
K
"
&9
(
earth, land (f.)
!
"
#Iw
[
| Iv
"
#Iœ0
!
"
#
$
w
(
wind (f.)
#
0
§
"
&´
(
#
0
§
$
•
(
water
=
0
5
"
&Í
(
=
"
&9
(
fire (f.)
]
0
€I3
(
]&#
(
garden
f
"
>
U
&6
(
f
"
>
U
E
(
self, soul, person (f.)
y
*
n
*
-Ÿ
(
| !
"
y
$
n
*
¹
(
y
"
n
$
¹
(
heart
l
*
}-'
(
l
"
}
$
H
(
Subtleties of Arabic Vocabulary
Below are 3 words for garden with subtle differences.
LUSH
LARGE
GARDEN TYPE
f
"
>
U
&6
f
"
>
U
E
(rare)
¾
*
2
$
C&3
N
"
VI•~
N
"
V
0
Ž
$
•
"
E
58
LESSON 3 | GRAMMAR | GENDER ( !"&
-
\
$
]
*
, C
$
!"&
-
_
$
9
*
` )
Gender of Words
All nouns and adjectives ( !
"
+
$
K&9 ) in Arabic are either masculine ( =
*
Š
"
B
U
O ) or feminine ( ;
*
<
"
]
U
• ).
There is no neuter category, which corresponds to the English “it”, in Arabic. Every word is
assigned a gender. The “default” gender of a word is masculine. A word will usually be
considered feminine if it has a feminine ending.
DID YOU
KNOW
In Muslim belief, Allah is neither male nor female. Due to the limitations of
language, however, the word I« is treated as grammatically masculine. This
is also how He chose to refer to Himself in the Qur’ān.
Feminine Word Endings
Feminine words are normally recognized by their ending:
FEMININE ENDINGS
EXAMPLES
Ending in G (ta marbūṭa)
Note: Some words end in ¥ but are m
asculine.
This can be realized by looking at the meaning,
e.g.
;
*
2
$
}
0
K
"
E
(
= female Muslim
I
0
4
$
>
"
E
(
= daughter
B
"
•
0
€
$
"
¥
(
= big / great (f.)
N
"
2
"
>
"
E
(
= good / beautiful (f.)
‡
"
}
0
5
$
n
"
E
(
= caliph
{
"
$
Î
"
¥
*
= male name
_
"
‚=
"
E
(
= learned male scholar
Ending in m (alif maqṣūra)
3
= most beautiful (f.) N
*
2
$
Ï
Ð
B
*
È
$
"
Ñ = greatest (f.)
Ending in !h (alif mamdūda)
¨
"
`
$
OI9
*
= radiant (f.)
º
"
T
$
OI9
*
= desert
3
This is true when the alif maqsūra is additional to the three root letters.
4
Sometimes, a small alif will be written above the alif maqṣūra. Whether or not it is written, it is still pronounced.
59
Feminine by Convention (“because the Arabs said so!”): E
$
&'n
%
^
-
_
$
9
*
`
Some words are feminine without showing any obvious external sign of it. Sometimes, the
gender is clear from the meaning (e.g. !
*
ƒ
)
= mother), while other words must be learned via
category, or on a case-by-case basis.
CATEGORIES
EXAMPLES
A. Feminine-specific words
!
*
ƒ
)
= mother
_
"
O
*
QŸ
(
= bride
B. Names of most countries
;
0
»
$
*
= Egypt
IiO
Á
Qƒ = Roman Empire
IY•
*
V
$
Ÿ = Jerusalem
C. Some common body parts that
occur in pairs
F
"
V
(
= hand
_
"
^
$
(
= eye
D. Some specific words that are
treated as feminine
O
)
‰
%
k
= soul
p
)
$
%
¡
k
= earth
¢
)
G
%
k
= sun
\]$
k
= fire
$
2
„
%
£
k
= wind
x!$
k
= home
60
LESSON 3 | GRAMMAR | EXERCISES
3A
: Classify and Translate
Identify the gender of each word by placing a check in the appropriate column and write the
translation of each word below Arabic term, as shown below.
^
-
_9
*
`
[
-
\
$
]
*
,
^
-
_9
*
`
[
-
\
$
]
*
,
!(
)
$
%
¡
'
11
✓
o
)
B
%
¤
k
a heart
1
!/Z
#
¥
%
0!Š
'
12
!/Œ
'
¦§
2
¨
'
©
%
•2u
)
}
k
13
\]$
k
3
l
)
G]Š
k
14
l]L
)
}
k
4
¢
)
M
%
0
k
15
$
2
„
%
£
k
5
ª
)
3
%
Q
k
16
{
)
b
)
m
k
6
¨2›
%
k
17
O
)
M
%
0
k
7
¢
)
G
%
k
18
!/€
#
[
%
0!Š
'
8
«
)
G
)
0
k
19
¨
'
W
%
B
2
G
)
}
k
9
{
)
u
#
}
k
20
1
)
¬
-
10
61
LESSON 3 | GRAMMAR | ANSWER KEY
3A
: Classify and Translate
Identify the gender of each word by placing a check in the appropriate column, and write the
translation of each word next to the Arabic term.
^
-
_9
*
`
[\]
*
,
^
-
_9
*
`
[\]
*
,
✓
!(
)
$
%
¡
'
th
e earth
11
✓
o
)
B
%
¤
k
a
heart
1
✓
!/Z
#
¥
%
0!Š
'
th
e desert
12
✓
!/Œ
'
¦§
th
e greatest (f)
2
✓
¨
'
©
%
•2u
)
}
k
a believer (f)
13
✓
\]$
k
a fire
3
✓
l
)
G]Š
k
a sky
14
✓
l]L
)
}
k
an
hour
4
✓
¢
)
M
%
0
k
a
month
15
✓
$
2
„
%
£
k
a
wind
5
✓
ª
)
3
%
Q
k
a
house
16
✓
{
)
b
)
m
k
a
mountain
6
✓
¨2›
%
'
Egypt
17
✓
O
)
M
%
0
k
a
river
7
✓
¢
)
G
%
k
a
sun
18
✓
!/€
#
[
%
0!Š
'
th
e radiant (f)
8
✓
«
)
G
)
0
k
a
moon
19
✓
¨
'
W
%
B
2
G
)
}
k
th
e Muslim (f)
9
✓
{
)
u
#
}
k
a
garden
20
✓
1
)
¬
-
a
truth
10
62
LESSON 3 | MORPHOLOGY | EXERCISES
2
ND
PERSON ( !"&
-
o'p
$
W )
3C
: Fill in the Chart - X
$
F
$
Y
$
Write the translation for each word given in the chart.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
(9)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
J
$
_________________
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(8)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
_______________
__
!
"
]
$
7
"
(7)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
"
_______________
__
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IiK
*
S–
"
&—
"
H
*
Second person
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
(12)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
S?
U
_________________
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(11)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
_________________
!
"
]
$
7
0
(10)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
0
_______________
__
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
3D
: Copy the Chart
Copy the above chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
(9)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(8)
!
"
]
$
7
"
(7)
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
(12)
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(11)
!
"
]
$
7
0
(10)
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
63
select
select
select
select
select
select
3E: Translate
Translate the conjugation of ’
"
#
"
Ÿ
"
as presented below.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
x
)
$
)
l
%
Q
)
8
$
9
/
:
$
x
)
$
)
l
%
X
'
G]
8
$
q
/
;
-
&'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
x
)
$
)
l
%
X
'
4
8
$
q
/
;
-
7
x
)
$
)
l
%
Q
2
8
$
9
/
:
%
x
)
$
)
l
%
X
'
G]
89;&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
x
)
$
)
l
%
X
'
,;
#
8
$
9
/
r
-
*
3F: Conjugate - ]
$
;
$
W
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
B
"
C
"
•
$
7
"
8
$
9
/
:
$
8
$
q
/
;
-
&'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
8
$
q
/
;
-
7
8
$
9
/
:
%
89;&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
8
$
9
/
r
-
*
64
select
select
select
select
select
3G: Conjugate - E
$
&
%
a
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
8
$
9
/
:
$
8
$
q
/
;
-
&'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
+
"
K
0
M
$
C
*
J
$
8
$
q
/
;
-
7
8
$
9
/
:
%
89;&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
8
$
9
/
r
-
*
3H: Conjugate - b
$
;
$
c
$
Fill out the chart below by conjugating the verb and providing its translation.
TRANSLATION
!"&
$
'U
Z
/
&
%
!")
*
8
$
9
/
:
$
8
$
q
/
;
-
&'
)[
-
\
$
]
*
,(
8
$
q
/
;
-
7
8
$
9
/
:
%
b
"
C
"
T
$
C
*
K&
89;&'
)^
-
_
$
9
*
`(
8
$
9
/
r
-
*
65
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
select
LESSON 3 | MORPHOLOGY | ANSWER KEY
3C: Fill in the Chart - X
$
F
$
Y
$
Write the appropriate translation for each word given in the chart below.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
(9)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
J
$
you (3+, m)
studied
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(8)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
you (2, m)
studied
!
"
]
$
7
"
(7)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
"
yo
u studied
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IiK
*
S–
"
&—
"
H
*
Second person
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
(12)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
S?
U
you (3+, f)
studied
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(11)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
you (2, f)
studied
!
"
]
$
7
0
(10)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
0
yo
u (f) studied
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
3D:
Copy the Chart
Copy the above chart for practice.
W
"
$
c
(
Plural
=
*
•
"
>
u
S‘
Z
Dual
=
*
n
$
O
"
’
(
Singular
!
"
y
$
C
*
J
$
(9)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
J
$
you (3+, m)
studied
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(8)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
you (2, m)
studied
!
"
]
$
7
"
(7)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
"
yo
u studied
=
*
Š
"
B
U
O
(
Masculine
IY“&•
0
H
*
Third person
!
"
]
$
˜
*
U
(12)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
S?
U
you (3+, f)
studied
!
"
y
$
C
*
K
"
&
(11)
’
"
#
"
+
$
C
*
K&
you (2, f)
studied
!
"
]
$
7
0
(10)
’
"
#
"
+
$
7
0
yo
u (f) studied
;
*
<
"
]
U
•
(
Feminine
66