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The Seven Cities of Gold

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Discovery Education Techbook Discovery Communications, LLC 1
The Seven Cities of Gold
Fascinating Place
During the 1500s the Spanish set out to explore new lands with three major
goals in mind. They wished to spread Christianity to new places, to find gold
and riches, and to win glory for themselves and their country. The Seven Cities
of Gold, or Seven Cities of Cibola, are legendary cities that were rumored to
exist somewhere in North America. The legend was born in 1536. For the next
six years, Spanish explorers roamed the continent searching for these golden
cities filled with riches.
One of these explorers, Álvar
Núñez Cabeza de Vaca,
shipwrecked off the coast of
Florida in 1528. For the next
eight years, he wandered
throughout Texas and
northern Mexico. When he
finally returned to Mexico
City, he told tales of a
fabulous and group of seven
cities. The cities, he said,
were called “Cibola.”
The story spread like wildfire. Many who heard of it desperately wanted to find
the Seven Cities of Cibola. One of these people was the leader of New Spain,
which is present-day Mexico. His name was Antonio de Mendoza. In 1539 he
sent an expedition out to search for Cibola. The expedition was led by Marcos
de Niza, a priest, and Estéban, an enslaved African who had been shipwrecked
with Cabeza de Vaca. Estéban was killed on the trip, but Marcos de Niza
returned to Mexico City within a year. He, too, claimed to have seen the cities,
though only at a distance.
The news inspired Mendoza to plan yet another expedition to find the seven
cities. This time, the trip would be led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado.
Mendoza appointed Coronado leader of the expedition and captain-general of
all the lands he could claim for Spain.
In February 1540 Coronado led a group of 300 Spaniards and hundreds of
others, as well as 1,500 horses and other animals. The priest Marcos de Niza
accompanied him as well. It was a huge expedition, and the men were no doubt
full of energy and excitement at the thought of being the first Europeans to see
the Seven Cities of Cibola. The group spent four months marching north and
east. Their long, difficult journey finally brought them within sight of a
settlement in the distance. Their hopes rose, only to plummet upon drawing
This illustration shows Spanish explorer Francisco
Vásquez de Coronado (1510–1554) leading an
expedition to find the Seven Cities of Cibola.
Discovery Education Techbook © Discovery Communications, LLC 2
The Seven Cities of Gold
Fascinating Place
within sight of the city. It was not a city of gold at all, but only one of adobe, or
brick, buildings. The city was called Hawikuh, and it was a Zuni Native
American settlement. Coronado quickly discovered that the Zuni had no gold.
Sorely disappointed, he drove the Zuni from their town and set up camp there
for the next several months. Marcos de Niza was sent back to Mexico City, no
doubt feeling the pain of failure.
Coronado spent the following months
planning his next move. While at
Hawikuh, he sent some of his men out to
explore the region. It was during one of
those expeditions that the Grand Canyon
was first seen by a European. Another of
Coronado’s captains marched to what is
now modern-day Santa Fe, New Mexico.
There, he encountered a Plains Native
American who renewed the captain’s
hopes of finding the fabled seven cities
with tales of such a place to the east,
called Quivira.
Coronado lost a great deal of money on
the failed expedition, as did those who
had su
pported the journey.
Coronado and his men had to wait until spring to seek out Quivira. They left the
Zuni village in April 1541. Once again, they believed the wealth of their dreams
was within reach. This time, the expedition traveled across the Great Plains all
the way to Kansas. The Spaniards were amazed at the size of the immense “sea
of grass.” They spent months traveling across this seemingly endless grassland,
using a compass to keep their bearings. Upon reaching Quivira, however, they
realized to their anger and dismay that they had been tricked. There was no
gold anywhere. In fact, the buildings of Quivira were nothing more than grass
huts. Coronado finally admitted defeat and turned his weary team back toward
Mexico City. His journey had taken him through parts of Arizona, New Mexico,
Colorado, and Kansas.
Today, our imaginations can still be captivated by the thought of a city of gold
that exists in some secret place. The idea has reemerged throughout the
centuries in popular culture. Cartoons, movies, novels, and video games have
been based on the theme of seven cities of gold. One example is the 2007 movie
National Treasure: Book of Secrets. In this film, actor Nicholas Cage plays a
character who discovers that Cibola, the Native American city of gold, actually
lies beneath Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. Perhaps Coronado and his men
simply did not travel far enough north in their quest 470 years ago!
Discovery Education Techbook © Discovery Communications, LLC 3
The Seven Cities of Gold
Fascinating Place
After reading the passage, answer the following questions:
1. The Seven Cities of Gold were also known as
A. Cibola.
B. Florida.
C. Coronado.
D. Mexico City.
2. After four months of searching, Coronado and his team found
A. a Zuni Indian village.
B. Santa Fe, New Mexico.
C. the Seven Cities of Gold.
D. Mount Rushmore.
3. What did Coronado and his men find at Quivira?
A. gold
B. grass huts
C. silver
D. rock formations
4. In their search for gold, Coronado and his men came across different
groups of Native Americans. How did Coronado treat the Zuni? How
do you think he and his men treated other Native American groups
once they realized these groups had no gold? Use details from the
passage to explain your answer.
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Completed 13 October 2021

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