Fillable Lab Manual Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Atlas-1

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Lab Manual Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Atlas-1

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PRELAB EXERCISES
Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views and scroll down to Nervous System
Views.
You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms.
A. Nervous System Overview
In the Nervous System Views section, select View 1. Nervous System. Use the systems icon to open
the systems tray and deselect the two skeletal system icons to remove the bones, tendons, and
ligaments from the view. Rotate the view as needed to examine the nervous system structures and
answer the following questions.
Brain
Spinal nerves
Spinal cord (dura mater)
3
1. The nervous system is anatomically separated into two parts: the central nervous system and
the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the _________________________
inside the cranium, and the _________________________________ inside the spinal column.
2. Examine the view from either side and use it to answer the following questions.
a. Select any part of the outer protective connective tissue layer surrounding the spinal cord.
This layer is called the _____________________________. This tough structure also protects the brain.
b. Use the Hide tool to remove the outer protective layer from the view, and then select the
spinal cord. Use the book icon to read its definition. The spinal cord extends from the upper
border of the spinal column (atlas) to the lower border of the first, or upper border of the
second, ______________________________ vertebra.
c. What part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?
3. Paired spinal nerves exit the spinal cord along its length, forming the peripheral nervous system.
Select any part of a spinal nerve, and then use the arrow in the content box to choose Peripheral from
the selected structures list. Use the book icon to read a description of the peripheral nervous system.
a. How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
b. Why are spinal nerves called mixed nerves?
4
IN-LAB EXERCISES
Open the Atlas app. From the Views menu, go to System Views and scroll down to Nervous System
Views.
You are responsible for the identification of all bold terms and the answers to all questions. You should be
able to locate all the structures discussed below.
A. The Spinal Cord
In the Nervous System Views section, select View 1. Nervous System. Use the systems icon to open
the systems tray and deselect the two skeletal system icons to remove the bones, tendons, and
ligaments from the view. Rotate the view as needed to examine the nervous system structures and
answer the following questions.
Cauda equina
Sacral dura (spinal cord)
Lumbar dura (spinal cord)
Cervical dura (spinal cord)
Thoracic dura (spinal cord)
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1. Rotate the view to examine the posterior portion and select the dura mater—the protective layer
that covers the spinal cord. What are the four regions of the spinal dura mater?
2. View the spinal cord from either side. The lowest segment of the dura mater bends posteriorly, and a
nerve bundle extends beyond the dura mater.
a. What is the name of this group of nerves? (Hint: It means “horse tail.”)
b. Select the cauda equina to view its length. Which two regions of the dura mater protect the
cauda equina?
c. Use the Hide tool to remove the bottom two dura mater regions from the view. Select the
cauda equina again and use the book icon to read its definition. Then, select the region of the
spine where it originates, which is the ______________________________, found in the _________________
region of the spinal column.
d. The cauda equina innervates the _______________________ and ______________________.
Brain
Dura mater
Spinal cord
Conus
Cauda equina
6
B. The Cervical Plexus
Go back to the Nervous System Views section and select View 8. Phrenic Nerves. In the systems
tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the two skeletal system icons to remove the bones,
tendons, and ligaments from the view. Use this view to answer the following questions.
1. Rotate the view to examine the dorsal portion and use the Hide tool to remove the cervical region of
the dura mater from the view. Observe the four pairs of spinal nerves that are attached to the back of
the spinal cord and select any of the finger-like segments that attach them to the spinal cord on either
side. These segments are the ____________________________________ of the cervical spinal nerves.
2. Rotate the view to examine the spinal nerves from the side.
a. The spinal nerve segments that connect to the front of the spinal cord are the
________________________________________ of the cervical spinal nerves.
Dorsal roots of the
cervical spinal nerves
C04 Dorsal ramus
Ventral (anterior)
roots of the cervical
spinal nerves
C04 Spinal nerve
(ventral ramus)
7
3. Select any ventral ramus, and then use the arrow in the content box to choose Cervical plexus
from the selected structures list. Use the book icon to read a description of this nerve network, which
is formed by the ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves. Note its many anastomoses.
b. Locate the point where the two roots of a spinal nerve meet after they exit the spinal column.
This short section soon branches into a ____________________________ and a ________________________.
a. Which cervical spinal nerves contribute to the cervical plexus?
b. The part of the cervical plexus that extends into the shoulder is the
______________________________________.
Pericardium
Aortic arch
Right
phrenic nerve
Right
supraclavicular nerve
Spinal cord
Left phrenic nerve
Thoracic dura mater
8
c. With the cervical plexus highlighted, rotate the view to examine the anterior portion and locate
the paired nerves that extend into the thorax. What are these nerves called?
d. This pair of nerves innervates the ________________________________________________.
e. What is unique about this pair of nerves?
9
1. Select any of the nerves traveling under the clavicle, and then use the arrow in the content box to
choose Brachial plexus and Upper Limb from the selected structures list. Use the book icon to read a
description of the brachial plexus.
a. The brachial plexus innervates the ___________________________ and ____________________________.
b. Which spinal nerves contribute to the brachial plexus?
C. The Brachial Plexus
Go back to the Nervous System Views section and select View 9. Brachial Plexus. Use this view to
answer the following questions.
Anterior divisions of
brachial plexus
Posterior division of
brachial plexus
Spinal nerves
contributing to
brachial plexus
(C05-C08, T01)
10
2. Select any branch of the brachial plexus that runs directly under the clavicle.
a. These segments are the ______________________________ and ______________________________
divisions of the brachial plexus.
b. The divisions arise from the upper, middle, and lower ______________________________.
c. The divisions unite to form three ______________________________. What are they called?
Lateral cord
(C05-C07)
Posterior cord
(C05-T01)
Medial cord
(C08-T01)
Lower trunk
(C08, T01)
Middle trunk
(C07)
Upper trunk
(C05, C06)
Posterior division
Anterior divisions
11
D. The Lumbosacral Plexus
Go back to the Nervous System Views section and select View 10. Lumbosacral Plexus. Select any
of the large nerves passing over the hip bone on either side, and then use the arrow in the content
box to choose Lumbosacral plexus and lower limb from the selected structures list. Use the book
icon to read a description of the lumbosacral plexus and answer the following questions.
1. Which spinal nerves contribute to the lumbosacral plexus?
2. This large plexus can be divided into two smaller ones. The ______________________________ plexus
derives from the spinal nerves ______________________________ and the ______________________________
plexus derives from spinal nerves
______________________________.
3. Select any nerve of the lumbar plexus and use the arrow in the content box to choose Lumbar
plexus (R or L) from the selected structures list, highlighting all the right or left lumbar spinal nerves.
What are the three major nerves of the lumbar plexus?
4. Select any nerve of the sacral plexus and use the arrow in the content box to choose Sacral plexus
(R or L) from the selected structures list, highlighting all the right or left sacral spinal nerves. The two
major nerves of the sacral plexus are the __________________________ and the _____________________________.
Lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve
Sciatic nerve
Genitofemoral
nerve
Femoral nerve
Left
pudendal nerve
12
E. The Sciatic Nerve
Go back to the Nervous System Views section and select View 11. Sciatic Nerve. Select the large
right sciatic nerve and follow its course down the back of the right leg. Use the book icon to read its
definition and answer the following questions.
1. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body. Its two main branches are the _____________________
and the ______________________.
2. Where does it split into these two branches?
3. Describe the route taken by the sciatic nerve.
4. List the structures innervated by the sciatic nerve and its branches.
Right sciatic nerve
13
F. Autonomic Nerves
Go back to the Nervous System Views section and select View 12. Autonomic Nerves.
1. Zoom in and select the superior hypogastric plexus—the set of nerves that travels in front of
the descending aorta and into the pelvis. Use the arrow in the content box to choose Autonomic
from the selected structures list, highlighting all the abdominal and pelvic autonomic nerves. Then,
use the book icon to read a description of the autonomic nervous system and answer the following
questions.
a. The autonomic nervous system is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates
__________________________________________.
b. The autonomic nervous system is composed of two sets of fibers connected by
ganglia. The ______________________________ arise from the central nervous system, and the
______________________________ extend from the ganglia to the visceral organs.
c. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
d. Which central nervous system nerves supply these divisions?
Descending
aorta
Superior
hypogastric
plexus
14
e. Which division increases heart rate and other body functions in response to an emergency?
f. Which division is responsible for rest functions such as digestion?
g. The sympathetic nerves form which three major plexuses?
2. In the systems tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the two skeletal system icons to remove
the bones, tendons, and ligaments from the view. Rotate the view to one side to examine the autonomic
nerve fibers that innervate the colon and the urinary system. The paired sympathetic chain ganglia—a
series of swellings in the nerves—are visible.
Ganglion impar
Sigmoid colon
Sacral dura mater
Sympathetic
chain ganglia
Cauda equina
15
a. Select one of the ganglia near the sigmoid colon. They originate from the
______________________________spinal nerves.
b. The nerves connecting the ganglia make up the ______________________________.
c. With a ganglion selected, use the arrow in the content box to choose Sympathetic chain
from the selected structures list. In the systems tray on the left side of the screen, deselect the
respiratory and digestive system icons to get a better view of the sympathetic chain. What is the
highest (most superior) of the chain ganglia?
d. What is the lowest of the chain ganglia?
e. Each sympathetic chain extends from the ________________________ to the ______________________.
16
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
1. What are the two main parts of the nervous system and where are they found?
2. Describe how the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is further divided in terms of function.
3. Which nerves give rise to the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
4. List the major plexuses and state which spinal nerves give rise to them.
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5. In the following image, label all the following:
Cauda equina
Conus medullaris
Any dorsal root
Any ventral root
Either phrenic nerve
Any part of the cervical plexus
Sciatic nerve
Sympathetic trunk
(lumbar version)
Sympathetic
trunk ganglion
Ventral root
Left phrenic nerve
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Dorsal root
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
Lumbosacral
plexus
Any part of the brachial plexus
Any part of the lumbosacral plexus
Either sciatic nerve
Any ganglion of the sympathetic chain
Any sympathetic trunk
TIME TO PRACTICE!
GO TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM QUIZZES AND TAKE QUIZ 3 CERVICAL PLEXUS,
QUIZ 4 BRACHIAL PLEXUS, QUIZ 5 LUMBAR PLEXUS, QUIZ 6 SACRAL PLEXUS, QUIZ 7 LOWER LEG,
AND QUIZ 14 THORACIC NERVES.
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 1. Nervous System
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 1. Nervous System
21
Source: Nervous System Views: View 1. Nervous System
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 8. Phrenic Nerves
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 8. Phrenic Nerves
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 9. Brachial Plexus
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 9. Brachial Plexus
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 10. Lumbosacral Plexus
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 11. Sciatic Nerve
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 12. Autonomic Nerves
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 12. Autonomic Nerves
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Source: Nervous System Views: View 1. Nervous System
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Completed 27 January 2021

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