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The American Revolution 195
4
4
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The Legacy
of the War
The Legacy
of the War
TERMS & NAMES
Treaty of Paris
of 1783
republicanism
Elizabeth Freeman
Richard Allen
Why the Americans Won
In November 1783, the last British ships and troops left New York City,
and American troops marched in. As Washington said good-bye to his
officers in a New York tavern, he hugged each one. Tears ran down his
face. He became so upset that he had to leave the room.
Earlier in the fall, Washington had written a farewell letter to his
armies. In it, he praised them by saying that their endurance “through
almost every possible suffering and discouragement for the space of eight
long years, was little short of a standing miracle.”
By their persistence, the Americans won independence even though
they faced many obstacles. As you have read, they lacked training and
experience. They were often short of supplies and weapons. By contrast,
the British forces ranked among the best trained in the world. They were
ONE AMERICAN’S STORY
In 1776, 15-year-old Joseph Plumb Martin of Connecticut signed up to
fight for the Americans. He stayed with the army until the war ended
and rose in rank from private to sergeant. Among his experiences were
the terrible winter at Valley Forge and the winning battle at Yorktown.
One of the hardest things Martin faced was leaving the army after
the war was over. Many years later, he wrote about that day.
A VOICE FROM THE PAST
There was as much sorrow as joy. . . . We had lived together as a family of
brothers for several years, setting aside some little family squabbles, like
most other families, had shared with each other the hardships, dangers,
and sufferings incident to a soldier’s life; had sympathized with each other
in trouble and sickness; had assisted in bearing each other’s burdens. . . .
And now we were to be . . . parted forever.
Joseph Plumb Martin, quoted in The Revolutionaries
At war’s end, Martin and his country faced an uncertain future. How
would the United States recover from the war? What issues would
confront the new nation? Section 4 discusses those questions.
Although this painting is not of
Joseph Plumb Martin himself,
he may have dressed like this
American soldier.
After the war, the new nation faced
issues such as a high national debt
and calls for equality.
To promote liberty, some states
passed laws outlawing slavery and
protecting religious freedom.
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Page 1 of 5
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experienced and well-supplied professional soldiers. Yet the Americans
had certain advantages that enabled them to win.
1. Better leadership. British generals were overconfident and made
poor decisions. By contrast, Washington learned from his mistakes.
After early defeats, he developed the strategy of dragging out the
war to wear down the British. Despite difficulties, he never gave up.
2. Foreign aid. Britain’s rivals, especially France, helped America.
Foreign loans and military aid were essential to America’s victory.
3. Knowledge of the land. The Americans knew the land where the
war took place and used that knowledge well. The British could con-
trol coastal cities but could not extend their control to the interior.
4. Motivation. The Americans had more reason to fight. At stake were
not only their lives but also their property and their dream of liberty.
The Treaty of Paris
As the winners, the Americans won favorable terms in the Treaty of
Par
is of 1783, which ended the Revolutionary War. The treaty included
the following six conditions:
1. The United States was independent.
2. Its boundaries would be the Mississippi River on the west, Canada
on the north, and Spanish Florida on the south.
3. The United States would receive the right to fish off Canada’s
Atlantic Coast, near Newfoundland and Nova Scotia.
4. Each side would repay debts it owed the other.
5. The British would return any enslaved persons they had captured.
6. Congress would recommend that the states return any property
they had seized from Loyalists.
Neither Britain nor the United States fully lived up to the treaty’s
terms. Americans did not repay the prewar debts they owed British mer-
chants or return Loyalist property. For their part, the British did not return
196
The American painter Benjamin
West began a portrait of the
men who negotiated the Treaty
of Paris. But the British officials
refused to pose, so West never
finished the painting. From left
to right are the American offi-
cials John Jay, John Adams,
Benjamin Franklin, and two
others.
What does this painting
reveal about the British
response to losing the war?
A. Evaluating
What do you
think was
Washington’s
best characteristic
as a leader?
A. Possible
Responses His
courage, his strat-
egy of wearing
down the British,
his perseverance,
his willingness to
suffer for his
cause, his ability
to inspire his men
195-199US8P R U2C07S4 11/26/02 12:19 PM Page 196
Page 2 of 5
runaway slaves. They also refused to
give up military outposts in the Great
Lakes area, such as Fort Detroit.
Costs of the War
No one knows exactly how many people
died in the war, but eight years of fight-
ing took a terrible toll. An estimated
25,700 Americans died in the war, and
1,400 remained missing. About 8,200
Americans were wounded. Some were
left with permanent disabilities, such as
amputated limbs. The British suffered
about 10,000 military deaths.
Many soldiers who survived the war
left the army with no money. They had
received little or no pay for their service.
Instead of back pay, the government
gave some soldiers certificates for land in the West. Many men sold that
land to get money for food and other basic needs.
Both the Congress and the states had borrowed money to finance the
conflict. The war left the nation with a debt of about $27 million—a
debt that would prove difficult to pay off.
The losers of the war also suffered. Thousands of Loyalists lost their
property. Between 60,000 and 100,000 Loyalists left the United States
during and after the war. Among them were several thousand African
Americans and Native Americans, including Joseph Brant. Most of the
Loyalists went to Canada. There they settled new towns and provinces.
They also brought English traditions to areas that the French had settled.
Even today, Canada has both French and English as official languages.
The American Revolution 197
120
°W
40°W
80°W
40°N
60°W
100°W
140°W
20°N
60°N
Claimed by
U.S. and Spain
Claimed by U.S
and Great Britain
Claimed by
U.S and
Great Britain
Claimed by
Great Britain,
Spain, and Russia
SPANISH
TERRITORY
BRITISH
TERRITORY
RUSSIAN
TERRITORY
UNITED
STATES
FRENCH
TERRITORY
MEXICO
QUEBEC
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Hudson
Bay
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Gulf of Mexico
0
0
500 Miles
1,000 Kilometers
Postwar Boundaries, 1783
Background
Even after
George Rogers
Clark’s Western
victories, the
British stayed at
Fort Detroit.
B. Possible
Responses They
were afraid of
reprisals; they
wanted to remain
under British rule.
B. Analyzing
Causes Why do
you think the
Loyalists left the
United States?
Skillbuilder
Answers
1. about 15,700
2. about 28 percent
CONNECTIONS TO MATH
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
AmericansHessiansBritish
Number of deaths*
Military Deaths in the American Revolution
American Deaths
Sources: World Book Encyclopedia; An Outline History of the American Revolution
* These figures are estimates.
No figures available for French deaths.
10,000 died in camp
(of starvation,
exposure, or disease)
8,500 died in British
prisons
7,200 died in battle
SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts
1. How many more deaths did the Americans suffer than the British?
2. What percentage of American deaths occurred in battle?
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Page 3 of 5
Issues After the War
The American Revolution was not just a war, but a change in ideas
about government. Before the war, Americans had demanded their
rights as English citizens. But after declaring their independence, they
replaced that goal with the idea of r
epublicanism. This idea stated that
instead of a king, the people would rule. The government would obtain
its authority from the citizens and be responsible to them.
For this system to work, individuals would have to place the good of
the country above their own interests. At first, only men were allowed to
take part in governing by voting or holding public office—and not even
all men. However, women could help the nation by teaching their chil-
dren the virtues that benefited public life. Such virtues included honesty,
duty, and the willingness to make sacrifices.
Free Enterprise
One cause of the Revolution was the colonists’ resentment of
British mercantilism. Parliament passed laws to discourage the
colonists from developing their own manufacturing and to force
them to buy British goods. During the war, British economic con-
trol weakened. British exports of woolens to the colonies dropped
from £645,900 in 1774 to only £2,540 in 1776. As a result, the
colonists were able to make more economic choices—for example,
they could choose to manufacture wool clothing.
The end of Britain’s mercantilist control allowed free enterprise
to begin to develop in the United States. In a free-enterprise sys-
tem, business can be conducted freely based on the choices of
individuals. The government does not control the system, but only
protects and regulates it.
CONNECT TO HISTORY
1. Analyzing Causes Why do
you think the colonists were
able to manufacture their own
wool clothing during the war?
See Skillbuilder
Handbook, page R11.
CONNECT TO TODAY
2. Comparing Think about a mall
where you shop. Name
examples of businesses that
compete with each other.
Compare the methods they
use to attract customers.
For more about free enterprise . . .
RESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
Competition encourages
businesses to improve goods and
services and to keep prices down.
Property is owned by individuals
and businesses.
The desire to make a profit
motivates businesspeople.
Individuals, not the government,
decide what to buy and what to
manufacture and sell.
The government protects
private property and makes
sure businesses operate fairly.
A
B
C
D
E
A
A
B
C
D
E
198 CHAPTER 7
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As part of their liberty, Americans called for more religious freedom.
Before the war, some laws discriminated against certain religions. Some
states had not allowed Jews or Catholics to hold public office. After the
war, states began to abolish those laws. They also ended the practice of
using tax money to support churches.
Many people began to see a conflict between slavery and the ideal of
liberty. Vermont outlawed slavery, and Pennsylvania passed a law to free
slaves gradually. Individual African Americans also tried to end slav-
ery. For example, Eliz
abeth Freeman
sued for her freedom in a
Massachusetts court and won. Her victory in 1781 and other sim-
ilar cases ended slavery in that state. Freeman later described her
desire for freedom.
A VOICE FROM THE PAST
Anytime while I was a slave, if one minute’s freedom had been
offered to me, and I had been told I must die at the end of that
minute, I would have taken it—just to stand one minute on God’s
earth a free woman.
Elizabeth Freeman, quoted in Notable Black American Women
With freedom, African Americans began to form their own institu-
tions. For example, the preacher Ric
hard Allen helped start the Free
African Society. That society encouraged African Americans to help
each other. Allen also founded the African Methodist Episcopal
Church, the first African-American church in the United States.
Perhaps the main issue facing Americans after the war was how to
shape their national government. American anger over British taxes,
violation of rights, and control of trade had caused the war. Now the
United States needed a government that would protect citizens’ rights
and economic freedom. In Chapter 8, you will read how U.S. leaders
worked to create such a government.
The American Revolution 199
2. Taking Notes
Use a chart like the one
below to classify the terms of
the Treaty of Paris according
to which side they favored.
(Do not list terms that don’t
favor either side.)
3. Main Ideas
a. What advantages helped
the Americans win the
Revolutionary War?
b. How did the end of the
war affect Loyalists?
c. What were the economic
costs of the war to individu-
als and to the government?
4. Critical Thinking
Recognizing Effects How
did republicanism shape the
United States after the war?
THINK ABOUT
• American ideas about
government
• the roles men and women
could play in public life
• religious freedom
• the antislavery movement
1. Terms & Names
Explain the
significance of:
• Treaty of Paris
of 1783
• republicanism
• Elizabeth Freeman
• Richard Allen
Section Assessment
ACTIVITY OPTIONS
SPEECH
MATH
Look up the U.S. population in 1780. Calculate what percentage of American
people died in the war. Report your findings in a speech or a pie graph.
Terms of the Treaty of Paris
Favorable to Favorable to
America Britain
4
Background
Only Northern
states ended slav-
ery after the war.
In the North, slav-
ery was not as
important a part
of the economy
as in the South.
C. Solving
Problems How
did free African
Americans take
on the responsi-
bility of trying to
improve their
lives?
C. Possible
Response They
began self-help
organizations and
African-American
churches.
Elizabeth Freeman
fought a court
case that helped
end slavery in
Massachusetts.
195-199US8P R U2C07S4 11/26/02 12:19 PM Page 199
Page 5 of 5
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