138 C
HAPTER 5
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The Land Ordinance
of 1785
When states ceded, or gave up, their western lands to the United States, the new
nation became “land rich” even though it was “money poor.” Government leaders
searched for a way to use the land to fund such services as public education.
The fastest and easiest way to raise money would have been to sell the land in
huge parcels. However, only the rich would have been able to purchase land. The
Land Ordinance of 1785 made the parcels small and affordable.
The Land Ordinance established a plan for dividing the land. The government
would first survey the land, dividing it into townships of 36 square miles, as shown
on the map below. Then each township would be divided into 36 sections of 1
square mile, or about 640 acres, each. An individual or a family could purchase a sec-
tion and divide it into farms or smaller units. A typical farm of the period was equal
to one-quarter section, or 160 acres. The minimum price per acre was one dollar.
Government leaders hoped the buyers would develop farms and establish com-
munities. In this way settlements would spread across the western territories in an
orderly way. Government surveyors repeated the process thousands of times, impos-
ing frontier geometry on the land.
In 1787, the Congress further provided for the orderly development of the
Northwest Territory by passing the Northwest Ordinance, which established how
states would be created out of the territory.
Aerial photograph showing how
the Land Ordinance trans-
formed the landscape into a
patchwork of farms.
The map below shows how an eastern section of Ohio has been subdivided
into townships and sections, according to the Land Ordinance of 1785.
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S.C.
GEORGIA
TENNESSEE
(1796)
OHIO
(1803)
INDIANA
(1816)
MICHIGAN
(1837)
ILLINOIS
(1818)
WISCONSIN
(1848)
DELAWARE
NEW YORK
PENN.
VIRGINIA
N.C.
NEW JERSEY
MD.
N.H.
MASS.
CONN.
R.I.
VT.
BRITISH TERRITORY
NORTHWEST TERRITORY
SPANISH
TERRITORY
N
S
E
W
Established state
U.S. territory
0 100 200 kilometers
0 100 200 miles
01836 kilometers
01836 miles
1
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4
5
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10
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12
13
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15
16
17
18
19
20
21
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
6
miles
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Shaping a New Nation 139
RELIGION
To encourage
the growth of religion within
the township, the surveyors
set aside a full section of
land. Most of the land with-
in the section was sold to
provide funds for a church
and a minister’s salary.
This practice was dropped
after a few years because
of concern about the sepa-
ration of church and state.
EDUCATION The ordi-
nance encouraged public
education by setting aside
section 16 of every town-
ship for school buildings.
Local people used the
money raised by the sale of
land within this section to
build a school and hire a
teacher. This section was
centrally located so that
students could reach it with-
out traveling too far.
This map shows how a township,
now in Meigs County, Ohio, was
divided in 1787 into parcels of
full square-mile sections and
smaller, more affordable plots.
The names of the original buyers
are written on the full sections.
THINKING CRITICALLY
THINKING CRITICALLY
1. Analyzing Distributions How did the Land Ordinance
of 1785 provide for the orderly development of the
Northwest Territory? How did it make land affordable?
2. Creating a Chart Create a table that organizes and
summarizes the information in the map above. To help
you organize your thoughts, pose questions that the
map suggests and that a table could help answer.
SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R30.
IRESEARCH LINKS
CLASSZONE.COM
REVENUE Congress
reserved two or three sec-
tions of each township for
sale at a later date. Congress
planned to sell the sections
then at a tidy profit. The gov-
ernment soon abandoned
this practice because of criticism that it
should not be involved in land speculation.
WATER Rivers and streams were ver y
important to early settlers, who used them for
transportation. Of most interest, however, was
a meandering stream, which indicated flat bot-
tomland that was highly prized for its fertility.
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