These resources provoke thinking
and discussion in science lessons
to consolidate and extend core
curriculum knowledge and
understanding. The topics link to
the KS3 National Curriculum.
Questions to provoke thinking and discussion
These resources were
created in a collaborative
project between the
University of Bristol, and
science teachers and
educators in Bristol.
There are resources for:
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Working Scientifically
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For more information about these resources or to keep in
touch with the Thinking Science team, visit our website:
www.bristol.ac.uk/thinkingscience
To help us in the development of future versions of these
resources and to help usnd out how they are being
used in the classroom, we would be really grateful for
your feedback. You can give feedback via the website at
www.bristol.ac.uk/thinkingscience/feedback or by
email at thinking-science@bristol.ac.uk
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How to use
The questions in these resources are designed to provoke thinking and
discussion. They can be used as a stand-alone activity and require no
preparation, although there is Teacher Guidance to accompany each
set of questions.
You can choose to use the questions in different ways in the classroom, for
example as a starter, plenary, introduction to a new topic, for consolidation at
the end of a topic, or as revision. They can be used as a ten-minute activity
or extended to a dedicated lesson. You can choose to work through every
question or just focus on one or two.
Are they suitable for my students?
These resources are designed for KS3 but some questions on some topics
are also suitable for other Key Stages. These resources aim to be as inclusive
as possible, but some questions might be more suitable for some students
than others. The Teacher Guidance will tell you what information the students
need to know before discussing the questions. There are not differentiated
levels for each set of questions because the discussion level will be set by
students. You can however adapt the level of difculty by using the prompt
and challenge questions and by adapting how you use the questions.
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The questions are designed to
get progressively more abstract,
with the Get thinking questions
leading to the most philosophical
Think big question.
1 2
The prompt and challenge questions can be
used to dierentiate and support discussion.
Students require some understanding of the KS3 curriculum
to access the questions. Here you will nd a short overview of
what the questions are about as well as an explanation of what
information pupils need to know before discussing the questions.
Look out for this icon for ideas on how
to use the resource successfully in the
classroom. These ideas are often suitable
for more than one set of questions.
Here you will nd relevant KS3 curriculum links.
Each topic comes with 2 slides:
Questions and Teacher Guidance
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Philosophy and Science
There is no sharp distinction between ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’ and these cards reflect that.
However, generally speaking, philosophy is concerned with questions that are more abstract and
often have no established correct answer. That doesn’t mean anything goes! This resource can be
used to reveal and dispel misconceptions about science, even though many answers dont depend
on scientific facts alone.
Philosophical discussion – getting started
Consider ground rules.
For example: 1. One speaker at a time.
2. Respect and listen to each speaker.
Encourage students to reect on how well
they are doing at following these rules.
Listen to, rather than listening for.
There are many different good answers,
so try to listen to what students are
saying, rather than listening out for the
answers youre expecting.
The following facilitation questions may be
useful to guide and focus discussion:
Can you say why you think that?
What do you mean by?
Can anyone give an example?
Can you think of any exceptions?
What might someone who disagrees with you say?
How does that help us answer the question?
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Contents
Space
Energy
Forces
Atoms
Chemicals
Elements and
Compounds
Physics Chemistry
Genetic Engineering
Ecosystems
Cells and Organs
Health and Disease
Biology
Scientific Attitudes
Scientific Progress
and Applications
Hypotheses
Results and Conclusions
Science and Society
Reliability and Risk
Working
Scientically
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Physics
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Space
Think big
If we were to move to a new planet, what would we have to think about in order to all live well?
Get thinking
When we look through a telescope at stars and other things in space, we
are seeing light from many years ago. Is it worth observing space if we are
actually observing what it was like many years ago?
What knowledge might we gain from observing and investigating other galaxies even
though we can’t visit them?
How much should research to tackle issues on Earth, for example climate change, be
prioritised over space research?
If we found a planet that humans could live on, would we have a right to move there?
Student Questions
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Space
Teacher Guidance
These questions are related to the ethics of
space-exploration and its value compared
to other research areas. For the Think big
question, encourage students to think about
what makes a good society for all, as well as
what we would need to survive.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
This card helps students understand wider issues
around space science which will support them in the
“Space physics” topic.
Prompt: Why, when we look through a
telescope at things in space, are we seeing
light from many years ago?
Challenge: What rights and responsibilities
do we have towards Earth and the rest of
the Universe?
Ask students to feedback to the rest
of the class by sharing one word
that represents their discussion. This
encourages participation of all students.
You could...
Differentiation:
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Energy
Think big
If energy can’t be created or destroyed, why is there an energy crisis?
Get thinking
What is the difference between forms of energy, for example, potential
and kinetic, and sources of energy, for example, tidal and solar?
When a fast-moving car brakes, where does the energy go?
Is it better to describe energy as being consumed or just transferred?
Some of the energy we produce is wasted, for example, heat from a light
bulb. Could we ever make use of all wasted energy?
Student Questions
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Energy
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about energy conservation and transfer.
To access these questions, students will
need to understand that energy cannot
be created or destroyed, but that it can
be stored or transferred.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Energy changes and transfers
Other processes that involve energy transfer:
changing motion, dropping an object, completing
an electrical circuit, stretching a spring, metabolism
of food, burning fuels.
Changes in systems
Energy as a quantity that can be quantied and calculated;
the total energy has the same value before and after a change.
Comparing the starting with the final conditions of a
system and describing increases and decreases in
the amounts of energy associated with movements,
temperatures, changes in positions in a field, in elastic
distortions and in chemical compositions.
Prompt: What’s the difference between a
traditional light bulb and an energy saving one?
Challenge: What can we do to solve the
energy crisis?
Use these questions at the end of the
“Energy” topic to consolidate knowledge
or as a revision tool.
You could...
Differentiation:
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Forces
Think big
Do forces really exist or are they just a way of describing situations?
Get thinking
Think of examples of forces that you know about. What are the similarities and
differences between them?
Choose one of the forces you discussed. What would the world be like without it?
How can we know that non-contact forces, like magnetic forces, exist?
Do forces explain why things happen?
Student Questions
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Forces
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about properties of different forces
and their effect on the world. They also
encourage students to consider whether
forces explain or merely describe
situations and how we can know that
forces exist. To access these questions,
students will need to know about
different forces and what they do.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Forces
Forces as pushes or pulls, arising from the interaction
between 2 objects.
Forces: associated with deforming objects; stretching
and squashing – springs; with rubbing and friction
between surfaces, with pushing things out of the way;
resistance to motion of air and water.
Non-contact forces: gravity forces acting at a distance
on Earth and in space, forces between magnets, and
forces due to static electricity.
Prompt: What forces do you know about and
what do they do?
Challenge: If forces do exist, could we prove
it? If they don’t exist, why are they so good
at describing situations?
Take a class vote on the Think big
question. At the end of the discussion,
ask anyone if they’d like to change their
vote and share why they changed their mind.
You could...
Differentiation:
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Chemistry
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Atoms
Think big
Is everything made of something? What about energy, forces, information?
Get thinking
How can we know that atoms exist and understand them if they are invisible?
Atoms were thought to be indivisible (not able to be broken down). We now
know that they are made of smaller particles. Should we still think of them as
the building blocks of matter?
If scientists found a new particle that they thought was the smallest part of an
atom, how could they be sure that there wasn’t anything smaller?
Can you think of anything that is not made of atoms?
Student Questions
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Atoms
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about atoms and whether everything must
be made up of something smaller. It also
prompts students to think about how we
can understand things we can’t see. These
questions rely on students having a basic
understanding of atomic theory.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Atoms, elements and compounds
A simple (Dalton) atomic model.
Prompt: What do you know about atoms?
Challenge: How does the atomic model
help scientists?
Allow students independent reflection time
before asking for responses. You can do
this by asking students to write their first
thoughts or silently think.
You could...
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Chemicals
Think big
Should we think differently about chemicals that are naturally occurring and those that are not?
Get thinking
What is a chemical?
In the past we have used chemicals that we thought were safe that have
turned out to cause harm, such as lead. How can we be sure that we are not
repeating our mistakes?
Should dangerous chemicals be banned or destroyed completely?
Are all chemicals that are naturally occurring safe?
Student Questions
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Chemicals
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking about
how chemicals can be harmful and useful, and
how we should think about naturally occurring
and non-natural chemicals. You maynd it
useful to encourage students to come up
with examples of chemicals and their uses
and potential dangers, before tackling the
questions. For example: vitamin C is useful,
some pesticides are harmful, and some
chemicals are useful in some circumstances
and dangerous in others, for example CFCs.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
This card helps students understand the definition of
a chemical which will support them in the “Chemical
reactions” topic.
Prompt: What chemicals do you know about?
Challenge: Most of the most toxic chemicals
are naturally occurring. Should this change
what we think about non-natural chemicals?
Use discussion of philosophical
questions to prompt a research task, for
example, into a specic chemical and its
properties, history and uses.
You could...
Differentiation:
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Elements and Compounds
Think big
Could the Periodic Table be arranged differently?
Get thinking
How do we know that air is not a single substance?
Metals have many similar properties, but not all properties are shared by all
metals. Why is it useful to group them as metals?
Why is it important that the Periodic Table is structured as a table, rather than a
list of elements?
How is the Periodic Table important for all of science and not just chemistry?
Student Questions
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Elements and Compounds
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about elements and compounds and
their properties, and the Periodic Table.
To access these questions, students
will need to understand the differences
between atoms, elements and
compounds and how the properties of
elements change through reactions.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Atoms, elements and compounds
Differences between atoms, elements and compounds.
Atoms, elements and compounds
The varying physical and chemical properties of
different elements.
The principles underpinning the Mendeleev periodic table.
How patterns in reactions can be predicted with reference
to the periodic table.
The properties of metals and non-metals.
Prompt: What properties do metals have?
Challenge: How can we know when we’ve
found all of the elements?
Get students into groups and give each group
one of the Get thinking questions. Ask each
group to report back to the class. When time
is limited, this allows students to look at one
question in more depth. You can also use this as a
way of differentiating as the Get thinking questions
generally get progressively more challenging.
You could...
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Biology
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Genetic Engineering
Think big
Is genetic engineering natural?
Get thinking
How, if at all, is genetic engineering different from selective breeding?
Do you own your own genetic information?
Is it ok to put fish genes in a plant or vice versa?
Are there any organisms we shouldnt genetically engineer?
Student Questions
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Genetic Engineering
Teacher Guidance
These questions are focused around the
ethics of genetic engineering. To access
these questions, pupils will need to know
about DNA and inheritance and have a basic
understanding of the concepts of selective
breeding and genetic engineering.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Genetics and evolution - Inheritance, chromosomes,
DNA and genes:
Heredity as the process by which genetic information
is transmitted from one generation to the next.
Differences between species.
The variation between species and between individuals
of the same species meaning some organisms compete
more successfully, which can drive natural selection.
Prompt: Why might farmers want to use
selective breeding methods? Why might
people want to use genetic engineering?
Challenge: If you think genetic engineering
is not natural because it changes the
environment, what about a beaver dam?
Split your class into groups and get each
group to consider the questions from a
different perspective. The groups could
represent scientists working on genetic engineering,
farmers, religious groups, and doctors.
You could...
Differentiation:
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Ecosystems
Think big
Is human society like an ecosystem?
Get thinking
If ecosystems are damaged by human activity should we try and reverse this?
How reliant are you on relationships with other organisms?
Could a human survive without any relationships with other humans after it is
born? If not what does this mean for us?
How is a human being like an ecosystem?
Student Questions
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Ecosystems
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about ecosystems on different levels in
individual humans, in the natural world,
and in human society. To access these
questions, students will need to know the
definitions of ‘society and ‘ecosystem’
and understand the interdependence of
organisms within ecosystems.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Interactions and interdependencies - Relationships
in an ecosystem:
The interdependence of organisms in an ecosystem,
including food webs and insect pollinated crops.
How organisms affect, and are affected by,
their environment, including the accumulation
of toxic materials.
Prompt: Can you think of ways that
humans have affected ecosystems?
Challenge: If human society is like an
ecosystem, what does that mean for
how we try to change it?
Ask students to draw a diagram of one
of the ecosystems’ you have discussed,
adding detail from the discussion and
information about how the organisms rely on their
environment for nutrients, shelter, light, and water.
You could...
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Cells and Organs
Think big
What makes you, you?
Get thinking
Are your organs alive?
Scientists are developing new methods to grow organs from cells in a lab. Is an
organ grown in a lab as alive as one in the body?
You can’t live without the bacteria inside you, so are they part of you as a
living organism?
Cells in the human body are regularly replaced, for example, skin cells only exist for
about two weeks. Does this mean you don’t have the same body throughout your life?
Student Questions
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Cells and Organs
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking about
what beingalive” means and what it is to
be a person. To access these questions,
students will need to know how multicellular
organisms are organised. When discussing
the Think big question, students may
suggest other aspects of who they are, for
example, their personality or memories.
These answers aren’t wrong, but encourage
them to consider biological aspects too.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Structure and function of living organisms - Cells and
organisation:
The hierarchical organisation of multicellular organisms:
from cells to tissues to organs to systems to organisms.
Nutrition and Digestion
The importance of bacteria in the human digestive system.
Prompt: What characteristics does
something have to have for it to be alive?
Challenge: How might a lab-grown
organ change once it is transplanted
into the body?
Ask What would someone who disagreed
with you say?to prompt debate if a class
is unanimous in its answer to a question.
This is particularly likely to happen with questions
that can have a yes/no answer, for example the first
Get thinking question for this topic.
You could...
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Health and Disease
Think big
What does it mean to be healthy?
Get thinking
Why is it so difficult to tell what makes us healthy or unhealthy?
Sometimes doctors can test to see if a person will get a disease in the future.
Some of these diseases can’t be treated. Should we do these tests?
What aspects of your health are you responsible for and what are you not
responsible for?
Why are there often misleading claims about health in the media and online?
Student Questions
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Health and Disease
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about what it means to be healthy and the
reliability of research in this area. It may help
to encourage students to think about how
research in health science infers causation
from correlations that are found between
factors. There are lots of variable factors
that interact in complex ways and as such it
is hard to make simple accurate claims.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Nutrition and digestion
The content of a healthy human diet: carbohydrates,
lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals,
dietary fibre and water, and why each is needed.
The consequences of imbalances in the diet,
including obesity, starvation and deficiency diseases.
Prompt: What can make you unhealthy?
Challenge: Could someone have a
disease and be well?
Get students to choose one of the Get
thinking questions, independently write
a response to it and then share with
someone who chose the same question.
You could...
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Working
Scientically
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Scientific Attitudes
Think big
Should scientists doubt everything?
Get thinking
Why is it important that scientists think about possible errors in their
method or results?
Why is it important for scientists to repeat each other’s experiments?
If scientists kept the results of experiments secret from other scientists, would that
be bad for science?
Are there any results of investigations that scientists shouldnt share? For example, if
an astronomer spotted a comet unavoidably heading to Earth, should they tell people?
Student Questions
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Scientific Attitudes
Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about how scientists work (collaboratively,
questioning and criticising each others
results) and the attitudes that scientists
should have about the accuracy and
likelihood of error of a theory. Encourage
students to think about how collaborative
working allows science to develop but also
allows scientists to be critical of each other.
Prompt: Why do scientists work in teams?
Challenge: Should scientists believe that
their theories are true?
Set homework as follow-up to a discussion.
Homework could be an individual written
response or a response that records a
friend’s views on the Think big question.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Scientific attitudes
Pay attention to objectivity and concern for accuracy,
precision, repeatability and reproducibility.
Understand that scientific methods and theories
develop as earlier explanations are modified to take
account of new evidence and ideas, together with the
importance of publishing results and peer review.
You could...
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Scientic Progress and Applications
Think big
Is there any knowledge that it would be better not to have?
Get thinking
Do we only make scientific progress when the results support the hypothesis?
If a new theory is not exactly right, can it still be useful?
Experiments have sometimes been carried out on people without their consent.
Should we use the results of unethical experiments like these?
Fritz Haber discovered a process that allowed fertilisers to be made, making
farming more efcient. However this process was later used to create explosives.
Is the use of a scientific discovery the responsibility of the scientists?
Student Questions
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Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about how scientists make progress and
the ethical issues around experimentation
and application of results. To access these
questions, it would be useful for students
to have some understanding of ethical
experimental practices and be familiar with
further examples of unethical experiments
either involving humans or other animals.
Prompt: Can you think of some experiments
that have been done in an unethical way?
Challenge: Could we ever have too much
scientific knowledge?
Challenge students to write their own
questions, to conclude a discussion or to
identify a new question that discussion has
raised. Encouraging students to write their questions
in the form of an “I wonder can help draw out
interesting and unresolved questions. A wonder in
response to the Challenge question, for example,
could be,I wonder if scientists could ever find out
everything there is to know about the world?
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Scientific attitudes
Understand that scientific methods and theories
develop as earlier explanations are modified to take
account of new evidence and ideas, together with the
importance of publishing results and peer review.
Scientic Progress and Applications
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Hypotheses
Think big
How does testing a hypothesis rely on other hypotheses being true?
Get thinking
What is the difference between a guess and a hypothesis?
Is a hypothesis always just true or false or are there other possible outcomes?
Do scientists always need a hypothesis?
What might be the problem with expecting your hypothesis to be true?
Student Questions
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Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about several aspects of creating and using
hypotheses. Students will need to know the
definition of a hypothesis and how and why
they are used in scientic experiments.
Prompt: Can you think of a hypothesis you
have tested in an experiment? How did you
decide what the hypothesis should be?
Challenge: Are there any scientific hypotheses
that can’t be tested?
Get students to work in pairs and think
of as many reasons as they can for
both sides of an argument. This works
particularly well for a question with two opposing
answers (such as the Challenge question).
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Scientific attitudes
Pay attention to objectivity and concern for accuracy,
precision, repeatability and reproducibility.
Experimental skills and investigations
Ask questions and develop a line of enquiry based
on observations of the real world, alongside prior
knowledge and experience.
Make predictions using scientific knowledge and
understanding.
Hypotheses
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Results and Conclusions
Think big
How much evidence do we need to conclude that a hypothesis is true? Should it be different
for different situations? For example, compare testing a medicine that could have bad side
effects to working out which of two approved fertilisers most improve crops.
Get thinking
Is one anomaly enough to disprove a hypothesis? If not, how many are?
Why is it important that scientists use all of their results and not just some of them?
If results show that a hypothesis isn’t exactly right, does that mean it’s false?
What should we do if the evidence neither supports nor contradicts the hypothesis?
Student Questions
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Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking
about the relationship between results and
a hypothesis. To access these questions,
students need to understand the following
terms: results, conclusion, hypothesis,
anomaly, evidence, contradict. It may be
helpful to highlight that although results
often support or contradict a hypothesis,
sometimes we can’t be sure.
Prompt: Can you think of a practical
experiment you have done where you got an
anomalous result? What did you conclude?
Challenge: Can we be certain that a hypothesis
that we think is true won’t ever be disproved?
Ask students to come up with their own
examples when discussing the Think big
question and then ask them to rank the
examples according to how much evidence they
require. Asking students why they sorted examples
in a particular way and noticing differences between
responses can be an effective way into discussion.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Analysis and evaluation
Interpret observations and data, including identifying
patterns and using observations, measurements and
data to draw conclusions.
Present reasoned explanations, including explaining
data in relation to predictions and hypotheses.
Evaluate data, showing awareness of potential sources
of random and systematic error.
Identify further questions arising from their results.
Results and Conclusions
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Science and Society
Think big
What would society be like without science?
Get thinking
How is scientific knowledge used in society?
How does society affect science?
Who should get to decide what scientific research is carried out?
Are there any ways that scientic knowledge could harm society?
Student Questions
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Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking about
how science and society are linked. Students
will need to think about what ‘society’ means
before tackling these questions. Encourage
students to think about different areas
of society that interact with science, for
example: health, technology, the environment,
defence. They can also consider who has an
interest in these areas including citizens, the
government and business.
Prompt: What does ‘society’ mean?
Challenge: Are there any scientific
hypotheses that can’t be tested?
Create a panel show to use the resource
as a lesson length activity. Get students
to decide who the characters on the
panel show should be and what their different
viewpoints are. Students can work in groups to build
a characters answers. One student from each group
can then act the character.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
This card allows students to draw on examples from
across the curriculum as they apply their scientific
knowledge to societal needs and challenges. It can
also support the “Scientific attitudes” topic.
Science and Society
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Reliability and Risk
Think big
Of the two ways a test for a disease could be incorrect, which is it more important to avoid?
Get thinking
If the first test of a fertiliser, carried out on a small sample, confirms that
it is safe and effective, should scientists do further tests before it can be used?
Do we need to be 100% sure that a fertiliser is safe and effective before it can be used?
If there was a famine because crops were failing, should we use a fertiliser that has
been confirmed as safe and effective in first rounds of testing, even if it hasn’t been
through all the normal rounds of testing?
If scientists have a test to see whether people have a certain disease, it can give the
correct result in two ways: it can tell someone that they have the disease when they
do and it can tell someone that they don’t have the disease when they don’t. What are
the two ways that the test could give an incorrect result?
Student Questions
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Teacher Guidance
These questions get students thinking about
reliability of scientific tests, using examples
of fertiliser testing and medical tests for
diseases. It encourages students to think
about how products go through stages of
testing, from the lab to the field, and the
interaction between reliability and risk. It also
introduces the idea of false positives and
false negatives: a medical test can be wrong
if it tells someone they don’t have the disease
when they do or if it tells someone they do
have the disease when they don’t.
Prompt: Why do fertilisers need to be tested
before they are sold?
Challenge: How could it be bad for you if a test
says that you have a disease when you don’t?
Get pupils to draw a table to show the
possible outcomes of a medical test to help
them understand the two ways the test
could be right and the two ways it could be wrong.
KS3 Curriculum Links:
Scientific attitudes
Evaluate risks.
This card also encourages students to build on their
understanding of theAnalysis and evaluation” topic.
Reliability and Risk
Test says they
have the disease
Test says they don’t
have the disease
Patient has
the disease
Patient doesn’t
have the disease
You could...
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Acknowledgements
These resources were created by Ellie Cripps (Public
Engagement), Ellie Hart, and Professor James Ladyman
(Department of Philosophy) in a collaborative project with
science teachers and educators in Bristol.
Special thanks to Louisa Aldridge who acted as consultant
teacher on the project.
Many thanks to Jon James (School of Education) for his
advice and support throughout the project.
Thanks to science teachers from the Cabot Learning
Federation, the University of Bristol Secondary Science PGCE
Cohort of 2016-17, and to the other teachers and all the pupils
who helped with the development of these resources.
These resources are free to download to be used in the
classroom as you like. If you want to adapt or reproduce
them in any way, or if you require an ocial license, please
contact us.
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