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Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,

™

Lexile,

and Reading Recovery

™

are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Colonialism and

Native Peoples

Genre

Comprehension

Skills and Strategy

Text Features

Expository

nonﬁ ction

• Draw Conclusions

• Compare and

Contrast

• Answer Questions

• Headings

• Map

• Sidebars

Scott Foresman Reading Street 6.6.4

ISBN 0-328-13678-6

ì<(sk$m)=bdghia< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

by J. Matteson Claus

13678_CVR_FSD A-B13678_CVR_FSD A-B 11/22/05 11:40:31 AM11/22/05 11:40:31 AM

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA,

™

Lexile,

and Reading Recovery

™

are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Colonialism and

Native Peoples

Genre

Comprehension

Skills and Strategy

Text Features

Expository

nonﬁ ction

• Draw Conclusions

• Compare and

Contrast

• Answer Questions

• Headings

• Map

• Sidebars

Scott Foresman Reading Street 6.6.4

ISBN 0-328-13678-6

ì<(sk$m)=bdghia< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

by J. Matteson Claus

13678_CVR_FSD A-B13678_CVR_FSD A-B 11/22/05 11:40:31 AM11/22/05 11:40:31 AM

Date

Event

Vocabulary

advantageous

conquests

counterparts

devastating

immunity

indigenous

massacred

penal

Word count: 2,595

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only.

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included.

Reader Response

1. Based on what you have read, what do you think will

happen to modern indigenous people, such as the

Yanomami, who are coming into contact with modern

settlers?

2. Who were the first English settlers to arrive in Australia?

What was Australia originally used for? After writing your

answers, tell where in the book you found them.

3. Use a thesaurus to find as many synonyms for indigenous

as you can. Also find at least one antonym. Write a

sentence of your own using one synonym and one

antonym.

4. Using dates from the text, design a time line.

13678_CVR_FSD C-D13678_CVR_FSD C-D 1/25/06 6:41:26 PM1/25/06 6:41:26 PM

by J. Matteson Claus

Colonialism and

Native Peoples

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York

Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois

Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California • Mesa, Arizona

13678_001-024_FSD 113678_001-024_FSD 1 11/22/05 11:35:16 AM11/22/05 11:35:16 AM

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for

photographic material. The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to

correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman,

a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R),

Background (Bkgd)

Opener: ©CORBIS; 1 ©MPI/Getty Images; 4 ©Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS;

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©Werner Forman/CORBIS

ISBN: 0-328-13678-6

and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information

regarding permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East

Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0H3 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06

13678_001-024_FSD 213678_001-024_FSD 2 4/6/06 3:08:36 PM4/6/06 3:08:36 PM

The Aztec Empire at its height

Introduction

The history of human exploration and colonization is

both stunning and disturbing. The spread of European

civilization brought innumerable benefits for many

European people; the impact on the indigenous, or

native, people, however, has been staggering.

The Age of Discovery in the fifteenth century marked

the beginning of European colonization of the “New

World”—the Americas. The pattern of destruction

established by the earliest military conquests would be

repeated for centuries. One of these first conquests was

the Spanish victory over the Aztecs.

13678_001-024_FSD 313678_001-024_FSD 3 11/22/05 11:35:23 AM11/22/05 11:35:23 AM

The Aztecs

Aztec is a term that can refer to both the people

who lived in the city of Tenochtitlán and, more

generally, the native people living in central Mexico.

The Aztec tribes migrated to central Mexico from the

north. In 1325 one tribe of Aztecs, called the Mexica,

built the city of Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico

City) on an island in the center of a lake.

War was an important part of Aztec culture for

several reasons. Being a soldier meant that one was

part of a privileged upper class. The Aztecs gained

more wealth with each conquest, and they also took

prisoners-of-war to use in human sacrifices that were

part of Aztec religious rituals.

Religion and the Aztecs

The Aztecs were a religious people who held

complex rituals involving drama, dance, and elaborate

costumes. Senior priests were made up of nobles,

and the chief priest was the emperor. The Aztecs

worshipped approximately 1,600 gods—one for every

aspect of life. They believed that the gods demanded

human sacrifices.

Feeding the Population

The Aztecs were excellent farmers, whose farming

methods were, in fact, more advanced than those of

the Spaniards who would conquer them. In order to

feed their large population, the Aztecs cultivated all

available land as well as reclaimed land from the lake

for crops. They even terraced the hillsides by cutting

steplike levels into them on which they could plant.

13678_001-024_FSD 413678_001-024_FSD 4 11/22/05 11:35:25 AM11/22/05 11:35:25 AM

By 1428, the city of Tenochtitlán

formed a triple alliance with the

nearby states of Texcoco and

Tlacopan. By the 1500s, the warlike

Aztecs were able to control a

kingdom of millions of people.

13678_001-024_FSD 513678_001-024_FSD 5 11/22/05 11:35:48 AM11/22/05 11:35:48 AM

When Cortés and his men were brought to the

city of Tenochtitlán, its beauty and riches stunned

them. The city held towering pyramids and exotic

palaces. The city was huge—about 200,000

people lived there—yet it was spotlessly clean.

13678_001-024_FSD 613678_001-024_FSD 6 11/22/05 11:35:58 AM11/22/05 11:35:58 AM

The Arrival of the Spanish

The Aztec priests warned the emperor,

Montezuma, that they had seen portents that

something was coming. In 1519, that something

arrived in the form of Hernando Cortés and

500 Spanish soldiers. When the Aztecs saw the

Spaniards, they thought the foreigners were gods.

Conquering the Aztecs

The Spanish conquistadors—or conquerors—

came to enrich themselves. They wanted gold and

glory. They saw the Aztecs had much gold and

wealth, and the Spanish set out to conquer them.

The Aztec warriors, who greatly outnumbered

the Spanish invaders, fought with darts, bows,

spears, slings, and stone-edged swords. These

weapons were easily repelled, however, by

the conquistadors’ metal armor. In addition to

the armor, the Spanish had superior weapons:

cannons, muskets, and crossbows. They also rode

horses. The Aztecs had never seen horses before

and were terrified by the beasts.

Still, the Spanish would never have been able

to defeat the Aztecs, who vastly outnumbered

them, if they had not found eager comrades

among the local tribes. These natives hated the

Aztecs who had conquered them, and they were

eager to fight back. Their numbers swelled the

Spanish force to more than 15,000. It took months

of hard fighting, street to street, but eventually

the Spanish defeated the Aztecs at Tenochtitlán.

More than 100,000 Aztecs died defending their

city.

13678_001-024_FSD 713678_001-024_FSD 7 11/22/05 11:36:08 AM11/22/05 11:36:08 AM

The Aftermath

With the Aztecs defeated, the Spaniards took control

of the empire. They destroyed the city of Tenochtitlán

and built a new, Spanish-style city on its ruins. The new

city was named Mexico City. The Spaniards dominated

the conquered Aztecs.

From Warrior to Slave

During the fighting, much of the Aztec gold

mysteriously disappeared. Cortés was unable to give

his soldiers the gold he had promised them, but he did

reward his comrades with Aztec warriors as slaves. Cortés

punished the once proud warriors for defending their

city by branding them and condemning them to lives of

servitude.

An example of Aztec pictorial writing

13678_001-024_FSD 813678_001-024_FSD 8 11/22/05 11:36:10 AM11/22/05 11:36:10 AM

The Land

Cortés also rewarded his soldiers

by giving them land. The slaves

were forced to work the land while

the masters reaped the benefits.

Furthermore, much of what the slaves

produced was sent back to Spain—and

so, with all the food being shipped

abroad or consumed by their masters,

many Aztecs died from starvation.

Slaves also died from mistreatment.

Alongside the conquistadors,

missionaries arrived with Cortés. With

the Aztec defeat, Aztec temples and

idols were destroyed and human

sacrifice was banned. Hundreds of

thousands of natives were baptized

in an attempt to convert them to

Christianity.

Friars and priests began educating Aztec nobles. The

nobles learned about Christianity and also how to read in

Latin. They began writing in Latin and abandoned their

own pictorial written language.

Disease

In addition to Christianity, the Spaniards brought new

diseases with them. The Aztecs had never been exposed

to European sicknesses and, therefore, had no immunity

to them. Smallpox alone wiped out nearly half of the

Aztec population. Measles, mumps, and the plague also

obliterated entire villages.

By 1580, just 60 years after the Spaniards’ arrival,

between 80 and 95 percent of the indigenous

population was dead from war, disease, starvation, and

maltreatment. The population of Mexico continued to

decline for another century.

13678_001-024_FSD 913678_001-024_FSD 9 11/22/05 11:36:14 AM11/22/05 11:36:14 AM

The Native Americans

Nearly a century after Cortés landed in Mexico, the

English started the first permanent English colony in

North America. In many ways, they followed a pattern

of conquest similar to the Spanish.

Who Were the Native People of Virginia?

The native people who lived in what is now

Virginia did not live under a single rule. In fact, there

were several Native American tribes in the area. The

Powhatan and the Susquehannock lived near the

coast; the Monacan and Manahoac lived in the area

around what is now Richmond; the Cherokee lived in

the area of the Great Smoky Mountains.

Life among the Native Americans

of Virginia

The indigenous people of Virginia lived in wooden

houses—either in dome-shaped wigwams or in oblong

longhouses with roofs made of bark. The houses

were grouped

together in

villages containing

as many as a

thousand people.

13678_001-024_FSD 1013678_001-024_FSD 10 11/22/05 11:36:16 AM11/22/05 11:36:16 AM

Food for the Villages

Each village cultivated its own farmland.

Women and children did the farming, planting

corn, beans, pumpkins, melons, and tobacco.

The men hunted the native animals, which

included turkeys, bison, and deer. The Indians

used almost every part of the animals they

killed. The skins were used to make clothing,

and the bones were honed into tools. Deer

horns were even used to make glue.

13678_001-024_FSD 1113678_001-024_FSD 11 11/22/05 11:36:41 AM11/22/05 11:36:41 AM

Religion and the Native Americans

Like the Aztecs, Native Americans worshipped many

gods including gods of the sun and moon. Similarly,

Native American religion was rooted in nature. Prayer

was an important part of Native American festivals, and

rituals included games, music, singing, dancing, and

storytelling.

War and the Native Americans

The indigenous people of Virginia were experienced

fighters who had clear rules about war. They treated war

like hunting: they would lie in wait for their prey, then

attack their opponents unexpectedly. This was different

from the European idea of warfare—an out-in-the-open

fighting style.

The Arrival of the English

The English founded Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.

They planned their colony as a business investment. Many

of the settlers were businessmen accustomed to having

servants do all the work and were unprepared for the

hardships of colonial life. They did not know how to farm,

nor, except for their leader, John Smith, did they know

how to hunt and fish. Also, they didn’t know how to use

the native plants of the new land. By the summer of 1607,

they were running out of food.

13678_001-024_FSD 1213678_001-024_FSD 12 11/22/05 11:36:59 AM11/22/05 11:36:59 AM

To further complicate matters, the colonists had

trouble with the native peoples who sporadically

attacked their settlements.

Occasionally, the English convinced the Native

Americans to trade with them. The early trading was

advantageous to both groups. The English received

desperately needed food, and the indigenous people

were able to obtain goods like knives and cooking

utensils. When they asked the English to trade “thunder

sticks” (guns), however, the English refused.

Wahunsunacock, the paramount chief, called

Powhatan, of some thirty tribes, knew the English had

come to take the land. He captured John Smith, but

Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, intervened and saved

Smith’s life. Powhatan and Smith forged a friendship, and

for a while, the Powhatan people and the colonists lived

in peace, with the native people teaching the colonists

how to plant corn and trap fish.

The peace didn’t last, however. John Smith had to

return to England for health reasons and Pocahontas and

Powhatan both died. Then, in 1622, Powhatan warriors

attacked and massacred over 400 colonists. Fighting

ensued for the next several decades, with extensive

casualties on both sides. Still, English colonists kept

arriving. The indigenous people were pushed back, and

eventually most fled the area or were killed.

13678_001-024_FSD 1313678_001-024_FSD 13 11/22/05 11:37:03 AM11/22/05 11:37:03 AM

From a German print “People of Australia

and Oceania,” circa 1900

The Aftermath

Disease

Just like the Aztecs, the indigenous people of North

America had never been exposed to the diseases brought

by Europeans, and, again like the Aztecs, the native

people of Virginia succumbed by the thousands to

smallpox and other illnesses.

Land

Individual ownership of land was a concept foreign

to Native Americans. They saw how English colonists

came and claimed the land on which the native people

had lived and hunted for generations. Some of the tribes

fought for their lands. Sometimes the colonists were able

to buy land from the Native Americans, but sometimes

the colonists tricked the chiefs into signing treaties giving

up their land. The colonists did not try to force the Native

Americans into slavery, however, as the Spanish did with

the Aztec.

Religion

In some cases, the English tried to convert Native

Americans to Christianity. Pocahontas was baptized and

became a Christian. Mostly, however, English settlers

wished to displace the native peoples and take their land.

War

To a large extent, Native Americans of North Virginia

suffered the same fate as the Aztecs: they were overcome

by superior firepower and disease. Unlike the Aztecs,

however, the native peoples of Virginia were also

outnumbered. No matter how many English settlers they

fought off, more arrived. A century after the Europeans’

arrival, the Native American population was greatly

reduced.

13678_001-024_FSD 1413678_001-024_FSD 14 11/22/05 11:37:05 AM11/22/05 11:37:05 AM

The Australian Aborigines

Nearly two hundred years after the English founded

Jamestown in Virginia, they colonized Australia. Like

the Americas, Australia had a native population.

Unfortunately, the Aborigines, the name used collectively

to describe many distinct groups of the native people of

Australia, fared little better under colonization than their

counterparts in Mexico and Virginia.

The most common theory is that the Aborigines began

inhabiting Australia between 40,000 and 50,000 years

ago. When the English arrived, there were approximately

200 separate Aborigine groups with many different

languages and cultures.

Aborigine groups inhabited many different parts of

the Australian continent. As a result, their way of life

varied from place to place. In general, they were hunter-

gatherers, hunting native animals such as kangaroos

and lizards. Some Aborigine were fishermen. They also

gathered and ate roots, fruits, and other plants.

13678_001-024_FSD 1513678_001-024_FSD 15 11/22/05 11:37:06 AM11/22/05 11:37:06 AM

Totems were symbols of the

powerful aspects of a thing

or place. For example, an

animal totem represented

the strengths of that animal.

13678_001-024_FSD 1613678_001-024_FSD 16 11/22/05 11:37:08 AM11/22/05 11:37:08 AM

The Dreamtime

Similar to the

religions of the native

people of the Americas,

the Aborigine religion

was rooted in nature.

According to Aborigine

beliefs, the time before the world was created was

known as the Dreamtime. The mythical beings who

lived during the Dreamtime created the world—the

land, the plants, the animals, and the people. Then

these beings were absorbed into the landscape so

that their energies lived in the land. For this reason,

the Aborigines felt connected to their land.

Their daily activities were also connected with

spiritual life. Rituals and ceremonies kept the

Aborigine people in touch with the Dreamtime,

providing wisdom and strength. Tribes sometimes

spent weeks preparing dances, music, chants, body

painting, bark paintings, and wood totems.

Australia the Penal Colony

In 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip arrived from

England with a fleet of ships with 730 prisoners and

200 British soldiers to keep them in line. Thus began

Australian colonization—with a penal colony. Over

the next 80 years, approximately 160,000 convicts

were transported to Australia.

In addition to the convicts, settlers flowed

into Australia. By the 1850s, Australia’s European

population had nearly tripled, from around 400,000

people to 1.1 million.

13678_001-024_FSD 1713678_001-024_FSD 17 11/22/05 11:37:25 AM11/22/05 11:37:25 AM

Effects on the Aborigines

As in the Americas, the influx of

colonists had devastating effects on the

native population. European settlers took

lands that were vital to the Aborigines

and also took water sources for their

own exclusive use. In many areas, they

destroyed previously fertile lands by

turning loose their herds of sheep and

cattle to graze. The loss of land was a

harsh blow to the Aborigine way of life.

Religion

The English made little effort to

convert the Aborigines to Christianity. Like

the English settlers in Virginia, Australian

colonizers really just wanted the land. To

the Aborigines, their land was part of their

identity. Their culture was deeply affected

when they were displaced.

Displacing the Aborigines

At first, the Aborigines welcomed

early colonists. When colonists claimed

their lands, however, they fought back by

stealing sheep. For the native people, loss

of land meant loss of hunting grounds

and, thus, loss of food.

The colonists responded with violence.

Like the Native Americans, the Aborigines

were no match for the Europeans and

their guns. The Aborigine people tried

to fight back with spears, but many were

massacred. As recently as 1928, Australian

settlers were still killing Aborigine people.

13678_001-024_FSD 1813678_001-024_FSD 18 11/22/05 11:37:41 AM11/22/05 11:37:41 AM

In addition, as

with other native

peoples, Aborigines

were devastated by

the diseases brought

by Europeans. Entire

villages were destroyed.

On the island of

Tasmania, off Australia’s

southern coast, the entire Aborigine population was

obliterated in the 1800s from a combination of disease,

displacement, and murder.

The Results

By the early twentieth century, the Australian

Aborigine population had been reduced by 90 percent. As

in Mexico and Virginia, the arrival of colonists in Australia

proved to be deadly to the indigenous population.

13678_001-024_FSD 1913678_001-024_FSD 19 11/22/05 11:37:55 AM11/22/05 11:37:55 AM

Aztecs, Native Americans,

and Aborigines Today

The indigenous populations never really

recovered from colonization. However, each

population continued on in its own way.

When Mexico declared independence

from Spain in 1822, it embraced its Aztec

past. Some of the Aztec religion survived

as well—for example, the Mexican holiday

known as The Day of the Dead comes from

ancient Aztec practices.

In the United States, the Native

American struggle didn’t end in Virginia.

Eventually, settlers in the United States

displaced or conquered all the Native

Americans. Those who survived were forced

to live on reservations. Today, Native

Americans battle difficulties from

unemployment to alcoholism. Popular

attitudes are changing, however, and

Native American culture is now viewed

with more respect. Modern tribes are

creating more opportunities for themselves

while retaining or re-establishing their

identities.

In Australia, Aborigine people were also

sent to reservations. However, in 1976 they

were awarded one-fourth of the Northern

Territories in Australia. It wasn’t until 1993,

though, that they won the right to make

territorial claims in court. Like the Native

Americans, the Australian Aborigines

remain one of the most disadvantaged

groups in their nation. In 1988, Australia

celebrated its 200th anniversary, but the

Aborigines declared it a year of mourning.

13678_001-024_FSD 2013678_001-024_FSD 20 11/22/05 11:38:06 AM11/22/05 11:38:06 AM

Native Americans dance at a powwow

in Montana, 1994. (Inset) A Yanomami

woman of Brazil, dressed for a

ceremony

Conclusion

The history of human colonization is both inspiring

and sobering. On the one hand, it is a huge achievement

to have successfully colonized so many of the varied lands

and environments of our planet. On the other hand, the

wake of destruction left behind by this colonization is

cause for serious thought.

Almost 270 years separated the colonization of

Mexico and Australia, but in both cases, the effects were

the same. Sadly, the same mistakes are made today.

Modern indigenous populations such as the Yanomami in

Brazil are being destroyed as outsiders attempt to claim

their land.

Once destroyed, the culture and knowledge of native

peoples are lost forever.

13678_001-024_FSD 2113678_001-024_FSD 21 11/22/05 11:38:20 AM11/22/05 11:38:20 AM

Now Try This

One of the challenges faced by explorers

confronting native people was the language barrier.

When settlers reached Mexico, Virginia, and Australia,

they had to learn how to communicate with the

indigenous tribes.

One way to communicate is through pictures. The

Aztec scribes used picture writing that was bound

in books called codices. These books were a bit like

modern comic books—the pictures told the story.

Unlike modern books, however, Aztec books were

bound on both sides.

When pictures are used in writing, they are often

used as symbols. For example, an eye might not only

represent an eye but might also represent vision or

seeing.

13678_001-024_FSD 2213678_001-024_FSD 22 11/22/05 11:38:35 AM11/22/05 11:38:35 AM

Create your own codex. See if you can effectively

convey a story using pictures. You can either draw your

own symbols and pictures or cut pictures from other

sources. Make sure your story has a beginning, middle,

and end.

1. Write a story outline.

• Make an outline of actions or images that

complete a story sequence.

• Make sure your story has a beginning, middle,

and end.

2. Decide on symbols that stand for people or events.

• Draw pictures that tell your story

• Or, cut out pictures from other sources.

• Create some order to your pictures so that your

readers can follow your story.

3. Include a legend to explain your codex symbols

to your readers.

• For example,

= water, and so on.

Have fun and good luck!

’

13678_001-024_FSD 2313678_001-024_FSD 23 11/22/05 11:38:38 AM11/22/05 11:38:38 AM

Glossary

advantageous adj. giving a

benefit; favorable

conquests n. acts of winning

in war; taking by force

counterparts n. people or

things that closely resemble

other people or things

devastating adj. causing

destruction

immunity n. resistance to

disease, poison, etc.

indigenous adj. originating

in a particular country

massacred v. killed

needlessly or cruelly

penal adj. of, about, or

given as punishment

portents n. warnings,

usually of coming evil;

omens

13678_001-024_FSD 2413678_001-024_FSD 24 11/22/05 11:38:38 AM11/22/05 11:38:38 AM

Date

Event

Vocabulary

advantageous

conquests

counterparts

devastating

immunity

indigenous

massacred

penal

Word count: 2,595

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only.

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included.

Reader Response

1. Based on what you have read, what do you think will

happen to modern indigenous people, such as the

Yanomami, who are coming into contact with modern

settlers?

2. Who were the first English settlers to arrive in Australia?

What was Australia originally used for? After writing your

answers, tell where in the book you found them.

3. Use a thesaurus to find as many synonyms for indigenous

as you can. Also find at least one antonym. Write a

sentence of your own using one synonym and one

antonym.

4. Using dates from the text, design a time line.

13678_CVR_FSD C-D13678_CVR_FSD C-D 1/25/06 6:41:26 PM1/25/06 6:41:26 PM

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