Not available.
Liquid.
GHS product identifier
Other means of
identification
Product type
Section 1. Identification
:
:
:
Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
SAFETY DATA SHEET
Identified uses
:
Document product code
:
Conforms to HCS 2012 - United States and Canada WHMIS 2015
Emergency telephone
number (with hours of
operation)
:
:
Supplier/Manufacturer
Section 2. Hazards identification
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 2A
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 1B
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 1B
AQUATIC HAZARD (LONG-TERM) - Category 3
Classification of the
substance or mixture
:
Signal word
:
Danger
Hazard statements
:
H319 - Causes serious eye irritation.
H317 - May cause an allergic skin reaction.
H360 - May damage fertility or the unborn child.
H412 - Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.
Hazard pictograms
:
GHS label elements
OSHA/HCS status
:
This material is considered hazardous by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
(29 CFR 1910.1200).
1/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
CA U DRU SS FS 008
100% solvent-free polyether based sealant.
SOPREMA Inc.
1640 Haggerty Street
Drummondville (Quebec) J2C 5P8
CANADA
SOPREMA Inc. / CANUTEC / CHEMTREC
+1 (800) 567-1492 (SOPREMA Inc.) / +1 (613) 996-6666 (CANUTEC) / +1 (800) 424-9300
(CHEMTREC Acct.# CCN20515)
SOPREMA Inc. (8h00-17h00) / CANUTEC (24h) / CHEMTREC (24h)
Section 2. Hazards identification
Precautionary statements
Prevention
:
P201 - Obtain special instructions before use.
P202 - Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P280 - Wear protective gloves. Wear eye or face protection. Wear protective clothing.
P273 - Avoid release to the environment.
P261 - Avoid breathing vapor.
P264 - Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
P272 (OSHA) - Contaminated work clothing must not be allowed out of the workplace.
Response
:
P308 + P313 - IF exposed or concerned: Get medical attention.
P302 + P352 + P363 - IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of soap and water. Wash
contaminated clothing before reuse.
P333 + P313 - If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical attention.
P305 + P351 + P338 - IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P337 + P313 - If eye irritation persists: Get medical attention.
Storage
:
P405 - Store locked up.
Disposal
:
P501 - Dispose of contents and container in accordance with all local, regional, national
and international regulations.
Hazards not otherwise
classified
:
None known.
Section 3. Composition/information on ingredients
Hydrocarbons, C9-unsatd., polymd.
≥10 - ≤25
71302-83-5
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine
≥1 - ≤2.9
1760-24-3
Dibutyltin oxide
≥0.3 - <1
818-08-6
Ingredient name
CAS number
%
There are no additional ingredients present which, within the current knowledge of the supplier and in the concentrations applicable, are
classified as hazardous to health or the environment and hence require reporting in this section.
Other means of
identification
:
Not available.
Substance/mixture
:
Occupational exposure limits, if available, are listed in Section 8.
Mixture
Any concentration shown as a range is to protect confidentiality or is due to batch variation.
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower
eyelids. Check for and remove any contact lenses. Continue to rinse for at least 20
minutes. Get medical attention.
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. If not
breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial
respiration or oxygen by trained personnel. It may be dangerous to the person providing
aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Get medical attention. If unconscious, place
in recovery position and get medical attention immediately. Maintain an open airway.
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. In case of inhalation of
decomposition products in a fire, symptoms may be delayed. The exposed person may
need to be kept under medical surveillance for 48 hours.
Section 4. First aid measures
Eye contact
Inhalation
:
:
Description of necessary first aid measures
2/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 4. First aid measures
Wash out mouth with water. Remove dentures if any. Remove victim to fresh air and
keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. If material has been swallowed and
the exposed person is conscious, give small quantities of water to drink. Stop if the
exposed person feels sick as vomiting may be dangerous. Do not induce vomiting
unless directed to do so by medical personnel. If vomiting occurs, the head should be
kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs. Get medical attention. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. If unconscious, place in recovery position
and get medical attention immediately. Maintain an open airway. Loosen tight clothing
such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.
Wash with plenty of soap and water. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water
before removing it, or wear gloves. Continue to rinse for at least 20 minutes. Get
medical attention. In the event of any complaints or symptoms, avoid further exposure.
Wash clothing before reuse. Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.
Skin contact
Ingestion
:
:
Protection of first-aiders
:
No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training. If it is
suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or
self-contained breathing apparatus. It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to
give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water
before removing it, or wear gloves.
Notes to physician
:
In case of inhalation of decomposition products in a fire, symptoms may be delayed.
The exposed person may need to be kept under medical surveillance for 48 hours.
Specific treatments
:
No specific treatment.
Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed
Inhalation
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
:
Ingestion
Skin contact
:
May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Causes serious eye irritation.
:
Eye contact
Over-exposure signs/symptoms
Skin contact
Ingestion
Inhalation
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
irritation
redness
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
:
:
:
Eye contact
:
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain or irritation
watering
redness
Potential acute health effects
See toxicological information (Section 11)
Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed, if necessary
3/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 5. Fire-fighting measures
Promptly isolate the scene by removing all persons from the vicinity of the incident if
there is a fire. No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable
training.
Hazardous thermal
decomposition products
Specific hazards arising
from the chemical
Decomposition products may include the following materials:
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrogen oxides
metal oxide/oxides
In a fire or if heated, a pressure increase will occur and the container may burst. This
material is harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. Fire water contaminated with
this material must be contained and prevented from being discharged to any waterway,
sewer or drain.
Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective equipment and self-contained breathing
apparatus (SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in positive pressure mode.
Special protective
equipment for fire-fighters
Use dry chemical, CO
2
, water spray (fog) or foam.
Extinguishing media
:
:
:
None known.
Suitable extinguishing
media
:
Unsuitable extinguishing
media
:
Special protective actions
for fire-fighters
:
Section 6. Accidental release measures
Environmental precautions
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
:
:
No action shall be taken involving any personal risk or without suitable training.
Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary and unprotected personnel from
entering. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Avoid breathing vapor or mist.
Provide adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator when ventilation is
inadequate. Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Avoid dispersal of spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains
and sewers. Inform the relevant authorities if the product has caused environmental
pollution (sewers, waterways, soil or air). Water polluting material. May be harmful to
the environment if released in large quantities.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
For non-emergency
personnel
For emergency responders
:
If specialized clothing is required to deal with the spillage, take note of any information in
Section 8 on suitable and unsuitable materials. See also the information in "For non-
emergency personnel".
Stop leak if without risk. Move containers from spill area. Approach release from
upwind. Prevent entry into sewers, water courses, basements or confined areas. Wash
spillages into an effluent treatment plant or proceed as follows. Contain and collect
spillage with non-combustible, absorbent material e.g. sand, earth, vermiculite or
diatomaceous earth and place in container for disposal according to local regulations
(see Section 13). Dispose of via a licensed waste disposal contractor. Contaminated
absorbent material may pose the same hazard as the spilled product. Note: see Section
1 for emergency contact information and Section 13 for waste disposal.
:
Spill
4/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 7. Handling and storage
Advice on general
occupational hygiene
Conditions for safe storage,
including any
incompatibilities
Eating, drinking and smoking should be prohibited in areas where this material is
handled, stored and processed. Workers should wash hands and face before eating,
drinking and smoking. See also Section 8 for additional information on hygiene
measures.
Store in accordance with local regulations. Store in original container protected from
direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible materials
(see Section 10) and food and drink. Store locked up. Keep container tightly closed
and sealed until ready for use. Containers that have been opened must be carefully
resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Do not store in unlabeled containers.
Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination. See Section 10 for
incompatible materials before handling or use.
:
:
Protective measures
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment (see Section 8). Persons with a
history of skin sensitization problems should not be employed in any process in which
this product is used. Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. Avoid
exposure during pregnancy. Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read
and understood. Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing. Do not ingest. Avoid
breathing vapor or mist. Avoid release to the environment. If during normal use the
material presents a respiratory hazard, use only with adequate ventilation or wear
appropriate respirator. Keep in the original container or an approved alternative made
from a compatible material, kept tightly closed when not in use. Empty containers retain
product residue and can be hazardous. Do not reuse container.
:
Precautions for safe handling
Hydrocarbons, C9-unsatd., polymd.
None.
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine
None.
Dibutyltin oxide
ACGIH TLV (United States, 3/2017). Absorbed through skin.
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
STEL: 0.2 mg/m³, (as Sn) 15 minutes.
NIOSH REL (United States, 10/2016). Absorbed through skin.
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 10 hours.
OSHA PEL (United States, 6/2016).
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection
Ingredient name
Exposure limits
Control parameters
Occupational exposure limits
Canada
Occupational exposure limits
United States
Ingredient name
Dibutyltin oxide
CA Alberta Provincial (Canada, 4/2009). Absorbed through skin.
15 min OEL: 0.2 mg/m³, (as Sn) 15 minutes.
8 hrs OEL: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
CA British Columbia Provincial (Canada, 7/2016). Absorbed through
skin.
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
STEL: 0.2 mg/m³, (as Sn) 15 minutes.
CA Quebec Provincial (Canada, 1/2014). Absorbed through skin.
TWAEV: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
STEV: 0.2 mg/m³, (as Sn) 15 minutes.
CA Ontario Provincial (Canada, 7/2015). Absorbed through skin.
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (as Sn) 8 hours.
CA Saskatchewan Provincial (Canada, 7/2013). Absorbed through
skin.
STEL: 0.2 mg/m³, (measured as Sn) 15 minutes.
TWA: 0.1 mg/m³, (measured as Sn) 8 hours.
Exposure limits
5/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 8. Exposure controls/personal protection
Hand protection
Based on the hazard and potential for exposure, select a respirator that meets the
appropriate standard or certification. Respirators must be used according to a
respiratory protection program to ensure proper fitting, training, and other important
aspects of use.
Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying with an approved standard should be
worn at all times when handling chemical products if a risk assessment indicates this is
necessary. Considering the parameters specified by the glove manufacturer, check
during use that the gloves are still retaining their protective properties. It should be
noted that the time to breakthrough for any glove material may be different for different
glove manufacturers. In the case of mixtures, consisting of several substances, the
protection time of the gloves cannot be accurately estimated.
Safety eyewear complying with an approved standard should be used when a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to liquid splashes, mists,
gases or dusts. If contact is possible, the following protection should be worn, unless
the assessment indicates a higher degree of protection: chemical splash goggles.
Eye/face protection
Respiratory protection
:
:
:
Body protection
Personal protective equipment for the body should be selected based on the task being
performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a specialist before
handling this product.
:
Environmental exposure
controls
:
Emissions from ventilation or work process equipment should be checked to ensure
they comply with the requirements of environmental protection legislation.
Appropriate engineering
controls
:
If user operations generate dust, fumes, gas, vapor or mist, use process enclosures,
local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep worker exposure to
airborne contaminants below any recommended or statutory limits.
Wash hands, forearms and face thoroughly after handling chemical products, before
eating, smoking and using the lavatory and at the end of the working period.
Appropriate techniques should be used to remove potentially contaminated clothing.
Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. Wash
contaminated clothing before reusing. Ensure that eyewash stations and safety
showers are close to the workstation location.
Hygiene measures
:
Individual protection measures
Skin protection
Other skin protection
:
Appropriate footwear and any additional skin protection measures should be selected
based on the task being performed and the risks involved and should be approved by a
specialist before handling this product.
Section 9. Physical and chemical properties
Physical state
Melting point
Liquid. [Pasty]
Not available.
Light mint.
Odor
pH
Not available.
Color
Evaporation rate
<1 (Butyl acetate = 1)
Flash point
Not available.
Not available.
Not available.
Odor threshold
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Appearance
Boiling point
:
Not available.
Flammability (solid, gas)
:
Not flammable.
6/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 9. Physical and chemical properties
Vapor pressure
Relative density
Vapor density
Solubility
1.36
>1 [Air = 1]
Not available.
Insoluble.
Auto-ignition temperature
Not available.
Not available.
Viscosity
Not available.
Partition coefficient: n-
octanol/water
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Lower and upper explosive
(flammable) limits
:
Not available.
Decomposition temperature
:
Not available.
Flow time (ISO 2431)
:
Not available.
VOC = Volatile Organic
Compound
:
Section 10. Stability and reactivity
Hazardous decomposition
products
Conditions to avoid
No specific data.
Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous decomposition products should
not be produced.
The product is stable.
Chemical stability
Reactive or incompatible with the following materials: oxidizing materials.
:
:
:
Incompatible materials
:
Possibility of hazardous
reactions
:
Under normal conditions of storage and use, hazardous reactions will not occur.
Reactivity
:
No specific test data related to reactivity available for this product or its ingredients.
Section 11. Toxicological information
Acute toxicity
Product/ingredient name
Result
Species
Dose
Exposure
Mutagenicity
Irritation/Corrosion
Product/ingredient name
Result
Score
Exposure
Observation
Sensitization
Species
Information on toxicological effects
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)
ethylenediamine
LD50 Oral
Rat
2413 mg/kg
-
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)
ethylenediamine
Eyes - Severe irritant
Rabbit
-
15 mg
-
Skin - Mild irritant
Rabbit
-
500 mg
-
Dibutyltin oxide
Eyes - Severe irritant
Rabbit
-
100 mg
-
Skin - Mild irritant
Rabbit
-
24 hours 500 mg
-
There is no data available.
There is no data available.
7/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
25 g/L
Section 11. Toxicological information
Carcinogenicity
Teratogenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Information on the likely
routes of exposure
Inhalation
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
:
Ingestion
Skin contact
:
May cause an allergic skin reaction.
Causes serious eye irritation.
:
Eye contact
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Skin contact
Ingestion
Inhalation
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
irritation
redness
reduced fetal weight
increase in fetal deaths
skeletal malformations
:
:
:
Eye contact
:
Adverse symptoms may include the following:
pain or irritation
watering
redness
Delayed and immediate effects and also chronic effects from short and long term exposure
Specific target organ toxicity (single exposure)
Specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure)
Name
Category
Name
Category
Aspiration hazard
Target organs
Target organs
:
Dermal contact. Eye contact. Inhalation. Ingestion.
Potential acute health effects
Potential immediate
effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Short term exposure
There is no data available.
There is no data available.
There is no data available.
Dibutyltin oxide
Category 1
Not determined
Dibutyltin oxide
Category 1
Not determined
There is no data available.
8/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 11. Toxicological information
Once sensitized, a severe allergic reaction may occur when subsequently exposed to
very low levels.
General
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Carcinogenicity
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Mutagenicity
:
May damage the unborn child.
Teratogenicity
:
Developmental effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Fertility effects
:
May damage fertility.
Potential chronic health effects
Numerical measures of toxicity
Oral
189461.5 mg/kg
Route
ATE value
Acute toxicity estimates
Potential delayed effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Potential immediate
effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Long term exposure
Potential delayed effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Section 12. Ecological information
LogP
ow
BCF
Potential
Bioaccumulative potential
Other adverse effects
:
No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Product/ingredient name
Toxicity
Product/ingredient name
Species
Result
Exposure
Persistence and degradability
Soil/water partition
coefficient (K
OC
)
:
Not available.
Mobility in soil
Dibutyltin oxide
Acute EC50 0.47 mg/L Fresh water
Algae - Scenedesmus subspicatus
72 hours
Chronic EC10 0.18 mg/L Fresh water
Algae - Scenedesmus subspicatus
72 hours
There is no data available.
Hydrocarbons, C9-unsatd., polymd.
3.627
-
low
9/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 13. Disposal considerations
The generation of waste should be avoided or minimized wherever possible. Disposal
of this product, solutions and any by-products should comply with the requirements of
environmental protection and waste disposal legislation and any regional local authority
requirements. Dispose of surplus and non-recyclable products via a licensed waste
disposal contractor. Waste should not be disposed of untreated to the sewer unless
fully compliant with the requirements of all authorities with jurisdiction. Waste packaging
should be recycled. Incineration or landfill should only be considered when recycling is
not feasible. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way. Care
should be taken when handling empty containers that have not been cleaned or rinsed
out. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. Avoid dispersal of
spilled material and runoff and contact with soil, waterways, drains and sewers.
:
Disposal methods
Section 14. Transport information
Special precautions for user
Transport within user’s premises:
always transport in closed containers that are
upright and secure. Ensure that persons transporting the product know what to do in
the event of an accident or spillage.
:
AERG
:
Not applicable
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Not regulated.
-
-
Not regulated.
Not regulated.
DOT Classification
IMDG
IATA
UN number
UN proper
shipping name
Transport
hazard class(es)
Packing group
Environmental
hazards
No.
No.
No.
-
-
No.
-
Not regulated.
TDG Classification
Section 15. Regulatory information
U.S. Federal regulations
:
Clean Air Act Section 112
(b) Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAPs)
:
Listed
Clean Air Act Section 602
Class I Substances
:
Not listed
Clean Air Act Section 602
Class II Substances
:
Not listed
DEA List I Chemicals
(Precursor Chemicals)
:
Not listed
TSCA 8(a) CDR Exempt/Partial exemption
: Not determined
United States inventory (TSCA 8b)
: Not determined.
10/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 15. Regulatory information
: None of the components are listed.
WARNING
: This product can expose you to Methanol, which is known to the State of California to cause birth
defects or other reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
Massachusetts
SARA 313
California Prop. 65
DEA List II Chemicals
(Essential Chemicals)
:
Not listed
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
: None of the components are listed.
: None of the components are listed.
: None of the components are listed.
State regulations
SARA 302/304
SARA 304 RQ
:
Not applicable.
Composition/information on ingredients
SARA 311/312
Classification
:
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 2A
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 1B
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 1B
Hydrocarbons, C9-unsatd., polymd.
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1A
N-(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl)ethylenediamine
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 1
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1
Dibutyltin oxide
ACUTE TOXICITY (oral) - Category 3
SKIN CORROSION/IRRITATION - Category 2
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 1
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1
GERM CELL MUTAGENICITY - Category 2
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 1B
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 1B
SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (SINGLE EXPOSURE) - Category 1
SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY (REPEATED EXPOSURE) - Category 1
Name
Classification
Composition/information on ingredients
No products were found.
There is no data available.
Canada
Canadian lists
Canadian NPRI
None of the components are listed.
:
:
At least one component is not listed in DSL but all such components are listed in NDSL.
CEPA Toxic substances
:
None of the components are listed.
Canada inventory (DSL
NDSL)
11/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT
Section 16. Other information
Procedure used to derive the classification
Classification
Justification
SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/ EYE IRRITATION - Category 2A
Calculation method
SKIN SENSITIZATION - Category 1
Calculation method
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Fertility) - Category 1B
Calculation method
TOXIC TO REPRODUCTION (Unborn child) - Category 1B
Calculation method
AQUATIC HAZARD (LONG-TERM) - Category 3
Calculation method
History
Date of issue mm/dd/yyyy
Prepared by
:
Date of previous issue
Version
:
:
:
2
05/15/2018
04/30/2018
Notice to reader
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained herein is accurate. However, neither the above-named supplier, nor any of its
subsidiaries, assumes any liability whatsoever for the accuracy or completeness of the information contained herein.
Final determination of suitability of any material is the sole responsibility of the user. All materials may present unknown hazards and should
be used with caution. Although certain hazards are described herein, we cannot guarantee that these are the only hazards that exist.
KMK Regulatory Services Inc.
12/12
SOPRASEAL SEALANT