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244 THE LIVING CONSTITUTION
Seven Principles of the Constitution
The Framers of the Constitution constructed a new system of government.
Seven principles supported their efforts. To picture how these principles
work, imagine seven building blocks. Together they form the foundation
of the United States Constitution. In the pages that follow, you will find
the definitions and main ideas of the principles shown in the graphic
below.
1
1
Popular Sovereignty
Who Gives the
Government Its Power?
“We the people of the United States . . .
establish this Constitution for the United States
of America.” These words from the Preamble,
or introduction, to the Constitution clearly spell
out the source of the government’s power. The
American form of government comes from a school
of political thought called classical liberalism, which
emphasizes freedom, democracy, and the importance
of the individual. The Constitution rests on the idea
of popular so
vereignty—a government in which the
people rule. As the nation changed and grew, popu-
lar sovereignty took on new meaning. A broader
range of Americans shared in the power to
govern themselves.
In 1987, Americans gathered in Washington, D.C.,
to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the
Constitution. The banner proudly displays that
the power to govern belongs to the people.
Popular
Sovereignty
Federalism
Checks and
Balances
Republicanism
Separation
of Powers
Limited
Government
UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION
Individual
Rights
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
8.1.4 Describe the nation's blend
of civic republicanism, classical lib-
eral principles, and English parlia-
mentary traditions.
8.2.7 Describe the principles of
federalism, dual sovereignty, sepa-
ration of powers, checks and bal-
ances, the nature and purpose of
majority rule, and the ways in
which the American idea of con-
stitutionalism preserves individual
rights.
Page 1 of 4
Constitution Handbook 245
2
2
Republicanism
How Are People’s Views
Represented in Government?
The Framers of the Constitution wanted the people to
have a voice in government. Yet the Framers also feared
that public opinion might stand in the way of sound
decision making. To solve this problem, they looked to
republicanism as a model of government.
Republic
anism is based on this belief: The people exer-
cise their power by voting for their political representatives.
According to the Framers, these lawmakers played the key
role in making a republican government work. Article 4,
Section 4, of the Constitution also calls for every state to
have a “republican form of government.” Civic
Republicanism is the idea that citizens stay informed
about politics and participate in the process.
In a republican government, voting
citizens make their voices heard at the
polls. The power of the ballot prompts
candidates to listen to people’s concerns.
3
3
Federalism
How Is Power Shared?
The Framers wanted the states and the nation
to become partners in governing. To build
cooperation, the Framers turned to federalism.
F
ederalism is a system of government in which
power is divided between a central government
and smaller political units, such as states. In the
early years of the United States, federalism was
closely related to dual sovereignty, the idea that the
powers of the federal government and the states
were clearly defined, and each had exclusive power
over their own spheres with little overlap. This
view of federalism led to states’ rights conflicts,
which were contributing factors in the Civil War.
The Framers used federalism to structure
the Constitution. The Constitution assigns
certain powers to the national government.
These are delegated powers.Powers kept by the
states are reserved powers.Powers shared or
exercised by national and state governments
are known as concurrent powers.
The overlapping spheres of power
bind the American people together.
Federalism
Powers
Reserved
for the
State
Governments
Powers
Delegated
to the
National
Government
Shared
(Concurrent)
Powers
Constitution HANDBOOK
Page 2 of 4
246 THE LIVING CONSTITUTION
4
4
5
5
Checks and Balances
How Is Power Evenly Distributed?
Baron de Montesquieu, an 18th-century French
thinker, wrote, “Power should be a check to power.”
His comment refers to the principle of c
hecks and
balances. Each branch of government can exercise
checks, or controls, over the other branches. Though
the branches of government are separate, they rely on
one another to perform the work of government.
The Framers included a system of checks and
balances in the Constitution to help make sure that
the branches work together fairly. For example, only
Congress can pass laws. Yet the president can check
this power by refusing to sign a law into action. In
turn, the Supreme Court can declare that a law,
passed by Congress and signed by the president,
violates the Constitution.
Separation of Powers
UNITED STATES
CONSTITUTION
Article 1
Legislative Branch
Congress makes
the laws.
Article 2
Executive Branch
President enforces
the laws.
Article 3
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
interprets the law.
Separation of Powers
How Is Power Divided?
The Framers were concerned that too much power might fall into the
hands of a single group. To avoid this problem, they built the idea of
separ
ation of powers into the Constitution. This principle means the
division of basic government roles into branches. No one branch is
given all the power. Articles 1, 2, and 3 of the Constitution detail how
powers are split among the three branches.
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Legislative Branch
(Congress)
Judicial Branch
(Supreme Court)
Executive Branch
(President)
Checks
and
Balances
8.2.7 Describe the principles of
federalism, dual sovereignty, sepa-
ration of powers, checks and bal-
ances, the nature and purpose of
majority rule, and the ways in
which the American idea of con-
stitutionalism preserves individual
rights.
CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
Page 3 of 4
6
6
7
7
Individual Rights
How Are Personal Freedoms Protected?
The first ten amendments to the Constitution shield
people from an overly powerful government. These
amendments are called the Bill of Rights. The Bill of
Rights guarantees certain individual r
ights, or personal
liberties and privileges. For example, government cannot
control what people write or say. People also have the
right to meet peacefully and to ask the government to
correct a problem. Later amendments to the Constitution
also advanced the cause of individual rights.
Limited Government
How Is Abuse of Power Prevented?
The Framers restricted the power of government.
Article 1, Section 9, of the Constitution lists the
powers denied to the Congress. Article 1, Section 10,
forbids the states to take certain actions.
The principle of limited go
vernment is also
closely related to the “rule of law”: In the American
government everyone, citizens and powerful leaders
alike, must obey the law. Individuals or groups
cannot twist or bypass the law to serve their
own interests.
Students exercise their right to protest.
They urge the community to protect the
environment.
Constitution Handbook 247
1. Main Ideas
a. What are the seven principles of government?
(8.2.7)
b. How does the Constitution reflect the principle of
separation of powers? (8.2.7)
c. Why did the Framers include a system of checks and
balances in the Constitution? (8.2.7)
2. Critical Thinking
Forming Opinions How do the rights and responsi-
bilities of U.S. citizenship reflect American national
identity? (8.2.7)
THINK ABOUT
• what it means to be an American
• the rights and responsibilities of U.S. citizens
Assessment: Principles of the Constitution
In this political cartoon, President Richard
Nixon shakes his fist as he defies the “rule
of law.” Faced with charges of violating
the Constitution, Nixon resigned as
president in 1974.
Constitution HANDBOOK
Page 4 of 4
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