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Each civilization that you will study in this unit made
important contributions to history.
•
The Romans invented concrete and used the arch in building.
•
The Christians helped shape the West’s religious beliefs.
•
The Muslims spread the religion of Islam and invented algebra.
Ancient
Rome
Ancient
Rome
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
8
&
9
500 B.C. 100 B.C.
500 B.C. 100 B.C.
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
1
0
Islamic
Civilization
Islamic
Civilization
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
1
1
254
St. Matthew
509 B.C.
Rome
becomes a
republic
Islamic
prayer rug
Wall painting of a
young couple of
ancient Rome
New Empires
New Faiths
and
c.
A.D. 100
Churches founded
throughout Roman
world
312 B.C.
Romans
build
the
Appian
Way
146 B.C.
Rome
destroys
Carthage
44 B.C.
Julius Caesar
is killed
c.
A.D.30
Jesus preaches
in Galilee and
Judaea
Rise of
Christianity
Rise of
Christianity
(l)Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
254-257 UO3-824133 4/3/04 4:07 PM Page 254
30°N
0°N
60°N
0°
30°E
Red
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
N
i
l
e
R
.
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
T
i
g
r
i
s
R
.
AFRICA
EUROPE
N
S
W E
1,000 km
0
Mercator projection
1,000 mi.
0
30°E
60°E
0°
30°N
0°N
60°N
Red
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Black Sea
Caspian
Sea
N
i
l
e
R
.
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
T
i
g
r
i
s
R
.
I
n
d
u
s
R
.
AFRICA
EUROPE
A.D. 300 A.D.700 A.D. 1100
A.D. 300 A.D.700 A.D. 1100
N
S
W E
30°E0°
30°N
0°
60°N
Red
Sea
Persian
Gulf
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
N
i
l
e
R
.
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
T
i
g
r
i
s
R
.
AFRICA
EUROPE
Mosque in
Baghdad
Gladiators
in battle
A.D.476
Western
Roman
Empire
ends
Church of Hagia Sophia
(“Holy Wisdom”)
A
.D.392
Christianity
becomes Rome’s
official religion
A
.D. 1054
Eastern Orthodox
and Roman
Catholic Churches
separate
A.D.534
Justinian
reforms
Roman law
Chapter
10
Chapter
10
Chapter
11
Chapter
11
Chapters 8 & 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
c. A.D.1200
Muslim rule
reaches to
northern India
c. A.D.830
Baghdad reaches its
height as center of
Islamic learning
A.D.624
Muhammad
founds Islamic
state in Arabia
Chapters
8 & 9
Chapters
8 & 9
(t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler
254-257 UO3-824133 8/3/04 5:29 PM Page 255
256
1
Roman aqueduct
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 8 & 9
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 8 & 9
2
Roman Pantheon
AFRICA
AFRICA
EUROPE
EUROPE
Mediterranean Sea
1
2
3
4
63 B.C.–A.D.14
Roman emperor
Chapter 8, page 289
c. 6
B.C.–A.D.30
Crucifixion led to rise of
Christianity
Chapter 10, page 346
c. A.D. 10–65
Christian thinker
Chapter 10, page 349
c. A.D. 280–337
Roman emperor
Chapter 9, page 321
256–257 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Ric Ergenbright, (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)Danita
Delimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY
254-257 UO3-824133 3/29/04 6:39 PM Page 256
A
.D. 354–430
Christian
philosopher
Chapter 10, page 357
C. A.D. 500–548
Byzantine empress
Chapter 9, page 331
c. A.D. 570–632
Muslims believe Allah
dictated the Quran to
Muhammad
Chapter 11, page 376
A
.D. 1048–1131
Islamic poet
and philosopher
Chapter 11, page 392
ASIA
ASIA
3
Hagia Sophia
See Ancient Rome
Chapters 8 & 9
4
Mount of the Beatitudes
See Rise of Christianity
Chapter 10
5
Kaaba
See Islamic Civilization
Chapter 11
Arabian
Sea
257
5
(t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS, Bettmann/CORBIS
254-257 UO3-824133 3/29/04 6:59 PM Page 257
Ruins of the Forum in Rome, Italy
R
ise
R
ome
The
of
451 B.C.
Romans
adopt the
Twelve Tables
267 B.C.
Rome controls
most of Italy
27 B.C.
Octavian
becomes Rome’s
first emperor
A.D. 96
Rule of the
Good Emperors
begins
500
B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100
500 B.C. 300 B.C. 100 B.C. A.D. 100
258–259 Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/22/04 1:58 PM Page 258
Chapter Preview
While the Chinese civilization arose in East Asia, the
Romans created an empire that covered much of the
Mediterranean world. Read this chapter to discover how
the Romans were able to win control of such a large area.
View the Chapter 8 video in the World History:
Journey Across Time Video Program.
Rome’s Beginnings
The civilization of Rome began in Italy. Rome grew from a small city
into an economic and military power.
The Roman Republic
Rome was a republic for almost 500 years. During this time, it
gradually expanded the right to vote. After many years of war and
following the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire, Rome took
control of the Mediterranean region.
The Fall of the Republic
As Rome’s territory grew, the army gained political power. The Roman
Republic, weakened by civil wars, gave way to the Roman Empire.
The Early Empire
Augustus and many of his successors governed well. Rome’s empire
grew larger and wealthier.
Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
of Chapter 8.
Know-Want-Learn Make this foldable to help you organize what you know, what
you want to know, and what you learn about the rise of Rome.
Reading and Writing
Before reading the
chapter, write what you
already know about the
beginning of Rome, the
rise and fall of its
republic, and the early
Roman Empire under the
tabs of your foldable.
Also write one question
you have on each tab.As
you read, summarize
what you learn under
each tab.
Step 1 Fold four sheets of paper
in half from top to bottom.
Step 2 On each folded paper, make a
cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap.
Step 3 Place the folded papers one
on top of the other. Staple the four
sections together and label the top
four tabs: Rome’s Beginnings,The
Roman Republic, The Fall of the
Republic, and The Early Empire.
259
Cut 1 inch from
the edge through the
top flap only.
Rome’s
Beginnings
Staple here.
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/22/04 2:01 PM Page 259
260
Taking Notes
Note Taking
Did you know that when you take notes, you remember more
than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why it
is important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading.
Read this paragraph from Section 3.
Here is one method of note taking for the
above paragraph.
Main Topic
Republic’s Problems
Important Details
1. dishonest officials
2. gap between rich
and poor
3. farmers faced ruin
4. cities overcrowded
Trouble in the Republic
Rome’s armies were victorious wher-
ever they went. Yet problems were build-
ing at home. Dishonest officials stole
money, and the gap between rich and poor
was growing. Thousands of farmers faced
ruin, and the cities were becoming over-
crowded and dangerous.
—from page 278
Authors of textbooks
help with note taking
by giving you headings
and subheadings. If you
are not sure of the main
topic, it is a safe bet
that headings in bold
are important.
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/22/04 2:03 PM Page 260
Make a T-Chart
Read the first few pages of Section 2 and
use this T-chart as a guide to help you practice
taking notes.
On page 273, read about
Rome’s first code of
laws, the Twelve Tables.
Come up with your
own 12 Tables of School
Law, and explain why
each one should be
used to govern the
students in your school.
Read to Write
Main Topic
Rome’s government
Social groups in Rome
Roman law
Important Details
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
261
As you read Section 1, write the
names of important people or places
on the left column of your note-taking
paper. On the right side, list details
from your reading.
Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/24/04 1:47 AM Page 261
R
ome’s
c. 650 B.C.
Etruscans rule
Rome
509 B.C.
Rome becomes
a republic
267 B.C.
Rome controls
most of Italy
ITALY
AFRICA
Sicily
Rome
650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.
650 B.C. 450 B.C. 250 B.C.
262 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
B
eginnings
What’s the Connection?
In previous chapters, you learned
about the civilization of ancient
Greece. Greek ways did not die with
the end of Greece’s freedom. They
were adopted and spread widely by
another civilization, Rome.
Focusing on the
• Geography played an important role
in the rise of Roman civilization.
(page 263)
• The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small
city into a great power.
(page 265)
Locating Places
Sicily (SIH•suh•lee)
Apennines (A•puh•NYNZ)
Latium (LAY•shee•uhm)
Tiber River (TY•buhr)
Etruria (ih•TRUR•ee•uh)
Meeting People
Romulus (RAHM•yuh•luhs)
and Remus (REE•muhs)
Aeneas (ih•NEE•uhs)
Latins (LA•tuhnz)
Etruscans (ih•TRUHS•kuhnz)
Tarquins (TAHR•kwihnz)
Building Your Vocabulary
republic (rih•PUH•blihk)
legion (LEE•juhn)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Use a
diagram like the one below to show
how the Etruscans affected the
development of Rome.
Etruscans
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 3/22/04 2:14 PM Page 262
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 263
The Origins of Rome
Geography played an important role in
the rise of Roman civilization.
Reading Focus If you were founding a new city, what
natural features would influence your choice of a build-
ing site? As you read this section, think about the
choices that the early Romans made.
Italy is in an important location in the
middle of the Mediterranean region. It is a
long, narrow peninsula with a distinctive
shape: it looks like a high-heeled boot jut-
ting into the sea. The heel points toward
Greece and the toe toward the island of
Sicily (SIH•suh •lee). Across the top of the
boot are the Alps, craggy mountains that
separate Italy from European lands to the
north. Another mountain range, the
Apennines (A •puh •NYNZ), runs all the way
down the boot from north to south.
The landscape of Italy is similar to that
of Greece, but the Apennines are not as
rugged as Greece’s mountains. They can be
crossed much more easily. As a result, the
people who settled in Italy were not split up
into small, isolated communities as the
Greeks were. In addition, Italy had better
farmland than Greece. Its mountain slopes
level off to large flat plains that are ideal for
growing crops. With more capacity to pro-
duce food, Italy could support more people
than Greece could.
Historians know little about the first
people to live in Italy. There is evidence,
however, that groups from the north
slipped through Italy’s mountain passes
between about 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C.
Attracted by the mild climate and rich soil,
a small but steady stream of newcomers set-
tled in the hills and on the plains. Among
these peoples were a Latin-speaking people
who built the city of Rome on the plain of
Latium (LAY•shee •uhm) in central Italy.
Where Was Rome Located? Geography
played a major part in the location of
Rome. The site chosen for Rome was
about 15 miles (24 km) up the Tiber River
(TY•buhr) from the Mediterranean Sea. The
Tiber River gave the Romans a source of
water and a way to the rest of the
Mediterranean world. At the same time,
Rome was far enough from the sea to
escape raids by pirates.
N
S
WE
100 km
0
100 mi.
0
Azimuthal Equidistant projection
10°E
15°E
40°N
45°N
A
L
P
S
A
P
E
N
N
I
N
E
S
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
C
A
M
P
A
N
I
A
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Strait of
Messina
M
e
d
i
t
e
r
r
a
n
e
a
n
S
e
a
Ionian
Sea
Adriatic
Sea
T
i
b
e
r
R
.
P
o
R
.
ETRURIA
LATIUM
AFRICA
Rome
Carthage
Italy 500 B.C.
In 500 B.C. the Etruscans and the Greeks
occupied much of Italy.
1. Which civilization do you think most
influenced the Latins who settled Rome?
Explain your answer.
2. How was Rome’s location advantageous
for the Latins’ conquest of Italy?
Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
Carthaginians
KEY
Etruscans
Greeks
Latins
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 3/17/05 12:14 PM Page 263
In addition, Rome was built on seven
hills. The Romans did this on purpose. The
hills were very steep, making it easy to
defend the city against enemy attack. Rome
was also located at a place where people
could easily cross the Tiber River. As a
result, Rome became a stopping place for
people traveling north and south in western
Italy and for merchant ships sailing in the
western Mediterranean.
How Did Rome Begin? Two different leg-
ends describe how Rome began. The tradi-
tional story is that twin brothers named
Romulus (RAHM • yuh • luhs) and Remus
(REE•muhs) founded the city. As babies, the
boys were abandoned near the Tiber River.
Rescued by a wolf and raised by a shep-
herd, they decided to build a city in 753
B.C.
The twins quarreled, however, and Remus
made fun of the wall his brother was build-
ing. In a fury, Romulus lashed out at Remus
and killed him. Romulus went on to
become the first king of Rome, the
new city he named after himself.
The seeds of Rome are traced
even farther back in the Aeneid, a
famous epic by the Roman poet
Virgil. The Aeneid is the story of the
Trojan hero Aeneas (ih • NEE • uhs).
He and a band of followers are said
to have sailed the Mediterranean
Sea after the Greeks captured Troy.
After many adventures, the Trojans
landed at the mouth of the Tiber.
Through warfare and then marriage to the
local king’s daughter, Aeneas united the
Trojans and some of the Latins (LA • tuhnz),
the local people. He thus became the
“father” of the Romans.
Historians are not sure how Rome
began. They think that Latins lived in the
area of Rome as early as 1000 B.C. They built
huts on Rome’s hills, tended herds, and
grew crops. Sometime between 800 B.C. and
700 B.C., they decided to band together for
protection. It was this community that
became known as Rome.
Early Influences After about 800 B.C.,
other groups joined the Romans in Italy.
Two of these groups, the Greeks and the
Etruscans (ih•TRUHS•kuhnz), played a major
role in shaping Roman civilization.
Many Greeks came to southern Italy
and Sicily between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C.,
when Greece was busily building overseas
colonies. From the Greeks, Romans learned
to grow olives and grapes. They also
adopted the Greek alphabet, and they
264 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
The Aeneid
Two legends describe the beginning of Rome.
One says that after Troy was destroyed,
Aeneas and the other Trojans went in search
of another place to live.
“Weeping, I drew away
from our old country....
I took to the open sea,
borne outward into exile
with my people, my son,
my hearth gods, and the
greater gods....Now
making landfall under
the southwind there, I
plotted out on that
curved shore the walls of
a colony—though fate
opposed it—and I
devised the name
Aeneadae for the people,
from my own.”
—adapted from Virgil, Aeneid
What type of person do you think Aeneas
was to build a new city after having the
first one destroyed?
Virgil
Francis Schroeder/SuperStock
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 3/17/05 12:15 PM Page 264
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 265
would eventually model their architecture,
sculpture, and literature after the Greeks.
Rome’s early growth was influenced
most, however, by the Etruscans. The
Etruscans lived north of Rome in Etruria
(ih•TRUR•ee•uh). After 650 B.C., they moved
south and took control of Rome and most of
Latium.
The Etruscans were skilled metalwork-
ers who became rich from mining and
trade. They forced enslaved people to do
the heaviest work and made their own lives
comfortable. Their tomb paintings show
men and women feasting, dancing, and
playing music and sports. Some murals also
show bloody battle scenes, revealing the
Etruscans’ pride in their military.
The Etruscans changed Rome from a vil-
lage of straw-roofed huts into a city of
wood and brick buildings. They laid out
streets, temples, and public buildings
around a central square. Etruscans also
taught Romans a new style of dress, featur-
ing short cloaks and togas—loose garments
draped over one shoulder. More impor-
tantly, the Etruscan army would serve as a
model for the mighty army the Romans
eventually assembled.
Explain
How did geography
help the Romans prosper?
The Birth of a Republic
The Romans created a republic and
conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built
Rome from a small city into a great power.
Reading Focus Have you heard the phrase “winning
hearts and minds”? It means convincing people to support
you rather than just forcing them to obey. Read on to learn
how the Romans not only conquered other people in Italy
but also won their hearts and minds.
The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than
100 years. Under the Etruscans, Rome
became wealthy and powerful. However,
the ruling family, called the Tarquins
(TAHR •kwihnz), grew more and more cruel.
Finally, in 509 B.C., the Romans rebelled.
They overthrew the Tarquins and set up a
republic (rih•PUH•blihk). A republic is a form
of government in which the leader is not a
king or queen but someone put in office by
citizens with the right to vote. In a republic,
the citizens have the power. The rise of the
Roman Republic marked the beginning of a
new chapter in Rome’s history.
Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes
of daily life, such as religious ceremonies or
people enjoying music and feasts. How did
the Etruscans become wealthy?
Etruscan
jewelry
(t)file photo, (b)Scala/Art Resource, NY
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 3/22/04 2:23 PM Page 265
At the time Rome became a republic, it
was still a small city, surrounded by ene-
mies. Over the next 200 years, the Romans
fought war after war against their neigh-
bors. In 338 B.C. they finally defeated the
other Latins living nearby. Next they
attacked the Etruscans and defeated them
in 284 B.C. By 267 B.C., the Romans had also
conquered the Greeks in southern Italy.
With this victory, the Romans became the
masters of almost all of Italy.
Why Was Rome So Strong? Rome was
able to conquer Italy because the Romans
were excellent soldiers. In the republic’s
early days, every male citizen who owned
land had to serve in the army. Discipline
was harsh, and deserters were punished by
death. The tough discipline helped mold
Roman soldiers into fighters who did not
give up easily. In addition, they were prac-
tical problem solvers.
For example, Roman armies at first
fought like Greek armies. Row upon row of
soldiers marched shoulder to shoulder,
keeping their shields together and holding
long spears. Roman generals soon realized
that this way of fighting was slow and hard
to control. They reorganized their soldiers
into smaller groups called legions (LEE •
juhnz). Each legion had about 6,000 men and
was further divided into groups of 60 to
120 soldiers. These small groups could
quickly cut through enemy lines.
Roman soldiers, or legionaries, were
armed with a short sword called a gladius
and a spear called a pilum. Each unit also
carried its own standard—a tall pole
topped with a symbol. In battle, standards
helped keep units together because the sol-
diers could see them above the action.
Shrewd Rulers The Romans were not only
good fighters but also smart planners. As
they expanded throughout Italy, they built
permanent military settlements in the areas
they conquered. Then they built roads
between these towns. These roads allowed
troops to travel swiftly to any place in their
growing territory.
To rule their new conquests, the
Romans created the Roman Confederation.
Under this system, Romans gave full citi-
zenship to some peoples, especially other
Latins. They could vote and serve in the
government, and they were treated the
266 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
At first, the Roman army was made up of ordi-
nary citizens. Later the army contained well-
trained professional soldiers and was one of the
best fighting forces in the world. What was a
standard,and why did the army carry them?
The long iron
point on the
spear was made
to bend after
the spear was
thrown,
preventing an
enemy from
using it.
Shields were
made from
sheets of wood
glued together
and covered
with leather or
cloth.
A soldier's armor was made of
iron strips joined by leather ties.
Roman Legionary
Roman Legionary
Stock Montage
262-267 CH 8 S1-824133 3/22/04 2:24 PM Page 266
Reading Summary
Review the
• The Romans, a Latin-speaking
people, settled the region of
Rome on the west side of Italy.
The region’s geography, as well as
Etruscan and Greek ideas, helped
Rome grow.
• In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrew
Etruscan rule and established a
republic. By about 275
B.C.,
Roman legions had conquered
most of Italy.
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
1. Where did the Greeks live in
Italy, and how did they influ-
ence Roman civilization?
2. Describe the two legends that
tell of the founding of Rome.
Then describe how and when
Rome was actually founded.
Critical Thinking
3. Geography Skills Draw a
diagram like the one below. List
examples of how geography
determined Rome’s location.
4.
Summarize Describe the
Roman conquest of Italy.
5.
Compare and Contrast
How did geography affect the
development of civilization in
Greece and Italy?
6.
Expository Writing Write a
short essay discussing the rea-
sons Rome was so successful in
its conquest of Italy.
7.
Taking Notes
Use the blue subheads in
Section 1 to create notes
about Rome’s beginnings. List
each subhead on the left of a
T-chart and details on the
right.
What Did You Learn?
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 267
same as other citizens under the law. The
Romans granted other peoples the status of
allies.
Allies were free to run their own local
affairs, but they had to pay taxes to the
republic and provide soldiers for the army.
The Romans made it clear that loyal allies
could improve their position and even
become Roman citizens.
With these policies, the Romans proved
themselves clever rulers. They knew that
conquered peoples would be more loyal to
the government if they were well treated.
Rome’s generosity paid off. As a result, the
republic grew stronger and more unified.
All the same, Rome was not afraid to
use force if necessary. If conquered peoples
revolted against Roman rule, their resist-
ance was swiftly put down.
Describe
How did Rome
rule its new conquests?
The Location of Rome
This mosaic, or picture made from bits of stone,
shows a group of Roman legionaries. How
many soldiers made up a legion?
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R
oman
R
epublic
The
What’s the Connection?
Romans had suffered under cruel
Etruscan kings. When they had the
chance to create their own govern-
ment, they chose something very
different.
Focusing on the
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a
struggle between wealthy landowners
and regular citizens as it gradually
expanded the right to vote.
(page 269)
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carth-
aginian Empire and took control of
the entire Mediterranean region.
(page 274)
Locating Places
Carthage (KAHR• thihj)
Cannae (KA• nee)
Zama (ZAY• muh)
Meeting People
Cincinnatus (SIHN•suh•NA•tuhs)
Hannibal (HA•nuh•buhl)
Scipio (SIH•pee•OH)
Building Your Vocabulary
patrician (puh•TRIH•shuhn)
plebeian (plih•BEE•uhn)
consul (KAHN•suhl)
veto (VEE•toh)
praetor (PREE•tuhr)
dictator (DIHK•TAY •tuhr)
Reading Strategy
Categorizing Information Complete
a chart like the one below listing the
government officials and legislative
bodies of the Roman Republic.
264 B.C.
Punic Wars
begin
SPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.
450 B.C. 300 B.C. 150 B.C.
268 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Officials
Legislative Bodies
146 B.C.
Rome destroys
Carthage
451 B.C.
Romans adopt the
Twelve Tables
268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 3/22/04 2:34 PM Page 268
Rome’s Government
Rome’s republic was shaped by a strug-
gle between wealthy landowners and regular citi-
zens as it gradually expanded the right to vote.
Reading Focus Do you know where our word
republic comes from? It is made up of two Latin words
meaning “thing of the people.” Read on to learn about
the republican government that early Romans created.
Early Romans were divided into two
classes: patricians and plebeians. The
patricians (puh •TRIH •shuhnz) were wealthy
landowners. These nobles made up Rome’s
ruling class. Most of Rome’s people, how-
ever, were plebeians (plih•BEE • uhnz). This
group included artisans, shopkeepers, and
owners of small farms.
Both patrician and plebeian men were
Roman citizens. They had the right to vote
and the responsibility to pay taxes and
serve in the army. However, plebeians had
less social status. Marriage between mem-
bers of the two classes was forbidden.
Plebeians also lacked an important political
right: they could not hold public office.
How Did Rome’s Government Work?
Rome had a tripartite, or three-part, govern-
ment. One group of people ran the govern-
ment, another group made laws, and a third
group acted as judges. It had checks and
balances so that one group could not get too
strong, but it did not separate powers like
our government does today. In the Roman
Republic, the top government officials were
N
S
W E
500 km
500 mi.
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
0°
10°W
10°E20°E30°E
40°E
40°N
30°N
50°N
AFRICA
Sicily
Crete
Sardinia
Corsica
A
L
P
S
P
Y
R
E
N
E
E
S
A
P
P
E
N
N
I
N
E
S
Cyprus
Rhodes
ASIA
MINOR
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Mediterranean Sea
P
o
R
.
D
a
n
u
b
e
R
.
Tiber R.
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c
S
e
a
Black Sea
N
i
l
e
R
.
GREECE
MACEDONIA
ITALY
SPAIN
SYRIA
Rome
Carthage
New
Carthage
Corinth
Growth of the Roman Republic 500–146 B.C.
During the early years of the
Republic, Rome gained territory
around the Mediterranean Sea.
1. What major islands did Rome
conquer?
2. Why do you think Rome did not
expand farther north?
Roman consul
Rome, 500
B.C.
Territory added by 264
B.C.
Territory added by 146
B.C.
KEY
Motion
In
Michael Holford
268-276 Ch8 S2-875047 9/14/06 1:51 PM Page 269
the consuls (KAHN• suhlz). Two consuls—
both patricians—were chosen every year.
They headed the army and ran the govern-
ment. Because they served such short
terms, there was little risk that they would
abuse their power. The consuls also kept
each other in line because each could veto
(VEE• toh), or reject, the other’s decision. The
word veto is Latin for “I forbid.” Rome had
other important officials called praetors
(PREE• tuhrz). Their main job was to interpret
the law and act as judges in court. Various
other officials performed specialized
duties–keeping tax records, handling public
festivals, and so forth.
Rome’s most important legislative, or
lawmaking, body was the Senate. This was
a select group of 300 patrician men who
served for life. In the beginning, the Senate
only gave advice to the consuls. Over time,
the power of the Senate grew. By the
200s
B.C., it could also propose laws, hold
debates, and approve building programs.
Another legislative body was the
Assembly of Centuries. It elected consuls
and praetors, and passed laws. Like the
Senate, the Assembly of Centuries was
under the control of the patricians.
Plebeians Against Patricians As you might
expect, plebeians complained about having
so little power in the Roman Republic. After
all, they fought alongside patricians in the
army, and their tax payments helped the
republic thrive.
Eventually, the plebeians took action to
bring about change. In 494 B.C. many ple-
beians went on strike. They refused to serve
in the army. They also left the city to set up a
republic of their own. These moves fright-
ened the patricians into agreeing to share
power.
In 471 B.C. the plebeians were allowed to
set up their own body of representatives,
called the Council of the Plebs. The assembly
elected tribunes who brought plebeian con-
cerns to the government’s attention. The trib-
unes also won the right to veto government
decisions. In 455 B.C. plebeians and patricians
were allowed to marry, and in the 300s B.C.,
plebeians were allowed to become consuls.
The most far-reaching political reform
came in 287
B.C. In that year, the Council of
the Plebs finally gained the power to pass
laws for all Romans. Now all male citizens
had equal political standing, at least in the-
ory. In practice, a few wealthy patrician fam-
ilies still held most of the power, and women
remained without a voice in government.
270 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
A Roman Triumph
Sometimes military leaders returning to
Rome after a victory took part in a great
parade called a triumph.
“Thus arrayed [decora-
tively dressed], they
entered the city, hav-
ing at the head of the
procession the spoils
and trophies and fig-
ures representing the
captured forts, cities,
mountains, rivers,
lakes, and seas—
everything, in fact,
that they had taken....
[When] . . . the victori-
ous general arrived at the Roman Forum ...he
rode up to the Capitol. There he performed certain
rites and made offerings.”
—Zonaras, “A Roman Triumph”
Why do you think the military leaders and
their troops were dressed decoratively
before the triumph?
Roman soldiers
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Roman Dinner Parties Before Rome
became a powerful empire, Romans
ate simple meals of porridge, dried
vegetables, and greens. People rarely
ate meat or seafood.After Rome’s
conquests, the dining habits of wealthy
Romans changed. Newly rich Romans
showed off their wealth with expensive
feasts that included exotic foods and
lively entertainment for their guests.
At Roman dinner parties, guests
reclined on couches. The enslaved
servants served the food, which would
be carried into the banquet room on
great silver platters. Roman dishes
might include boiled stingray garnished
with hot raisins; boiled crane with
turnips; or roast flamingo cooked with
dates, onions, honey, and wine.
A wealthy Roman woman
reclining on a couch
Connecting to the Past
1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome
became wealthy and powerful?
2. Describe how their eating habits changed.
The Roman Republic had become more rep-
resentative, but it was far from a full-fledged
democracy.
Who Was Cincinnatus? An unusual fea-
ture of the Roman Republic was the office
of dictator (DIHK•tay• tuhr). We define a dic-
tator today as an oppressive ruler with
complete control over the state. Roman dic-
tators also had complete control, but they
served the people and ruled on a temporary
basis during emergencies. The Senate
appointed a dictator in times of great dan-
ger. As soon as the danger was past, Roman
dictators gave up their power.
The best-known early Roman dictator is
Cincinnatus (SIHN • suh • NA • tuhs). About
460 B.C., a powerful enemy had surrounded
a Roman army. Officials decided that the
crisis called for a dictator and that
Cincinnatus was the man for the job. The
officials found Cincinnatus plowing his
fields. A loyal and devoted citizen,
Cincinnatus left his farm and gathered an
army. He defeated the enemy in short order
and returned to Rome in triumph.
Although he probably could have contin-
ued ruling, Cincinnatus did not want
power. Having done his duty, he returned
to his farm a mere 15 or 16 days later.
Romans strongly believed in civic duty,
or the idea that citizens have a responsibility
to help their country. Cincinnatus was
widely admired for his civic duty in his own
time and in later ages. George Washington,
for one, took inspiration from his example.
Like Cincinnatus, Washington was a farmer
when he was asked to head an army: the
Continental Army in the American War for
Independence. After leading the Americans
to victory, Washington returned to his plan-
tation home. Only later, and with some
reluctance, did he agree to become the first
president of the United States.
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L
UCIUS
Q
UINCTIUS
C
INCINNATUS
c. 519–438
B
.
C
.
The loyal devotion of Cincinnatus greatly
impressed the Roman historian Livy. In his
History of Rome, Livy advised his readers to
listen to the worthwhile story of Cincinnatus,
whose virtue rose high above any rewards
that wealth could bring.
According to Livy, Cincinnatus lived in
Rome but owned and worked a four-acre field
on the other side of the Tiber River. On the
day that the officials looked for Cincinnatus,
they found him hard at work in his field,
covered with dirt and sweat. Cincinnatus was
surprised when the officials asked him to put
on his toga and listen as they explained the
wishes of the Roman Senate
The officials explained the emergency
situation to Cincinnatus. He agreed to the
Senate’s request that he become a dictator.
Cincinnatus and the officials crossed the
Tiber River to Rome. The next morning,
before daylight, Cincinnatus went to the
Forum and gathered his forces to attack
the enemy.
The story of Cincinnatus was
important to the ancient Romans for
several reasons. He was victorious in
battle and yet quickly gave up the
dictatorship. Perhaps more impor-
tantly, he did his civic duty by
responding to a call to serve.
Cincinnatus is asked to lead Rome.
“The city was in the
grip of fear.”
—Livy, The Rise of Rome
Name a modern-day leader that you think
historians will write about with great
admiration. Explain why.
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Roman Law One of Rome’s chief gifts to
the world was its system of law. The legal
system of the United States owes much to
the Roman system.
Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve
Tables, adopted about 451
B.C. Before
this time, Rome’s laws were not written
down. As a result, plebeians claimed that
patrician judges often
favored their own class.
They demanded that the
laws be put in writing for
everyone to see.
The patricians finally
agreed. They had the laws
carved on bronze tablets
that were placed in
Rome’s marketplace, or
the Forum
(FOHR• uhm).
The Twelve Tables became
the basis for all future
Roman laws. They estab-
lished the principle that
all free citizens had the
right to be treated equally
by the legal system.
The Twelve Tables, however, applied
only to Roman citizens. As the Romans took
over more lands, they realized that new
rules were needed to solve legal disputes
between citizens and noncitizens. They cre-
ated a collection of laws called the Law of
Nations. It stated principles of justice that
applied to all people everywhere.
These standards of justice included ideas
that we still accept today. A person was seen
as innocent until proven guilty. People
accused of crimes could defend themselves
before a judge. A judge had to look at the
evidence carefully before making a decision.
The idea that the law should apply to
everyone equally and that all people should
be treated the same way by the legal system
is called the “rule of law.” In the age of Rome,
the rule of law was still a new idea. In many
lands, people at the top of society often had
special privileges and did not have to obey
the same laws or use the same courts as peo-
ple lower down. In some places, people at the
bottom of society did not have any legal
rights at all. The rule of law is one of the key
ideas that the Romans gave to the world. It is
still the basis of our legal system today.
Contrast
Before 471 B.C.,
what right did patricians have that plebeians
did not?
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 273
Twelve Tables c. 451 B.C.
The Twelve Tables were laws written
on tablets that described the rights
of each person in the Roman Republic.
The laws were the first set of rules
to govern Rome. Writing the laws
down and putting them on public
display ensured that everyone
knew the laws and that judges did
not apply the laws differently to
different people.
The laws on the Twelve Tables
explained a person’s rights concerning
property, wills, public behavior, family
law, and court actions. The Twelve
Tables were the first step toward
equal rights for citizens of all classes
in ancient Rome. They were also a
first step toward the idea of the rule
of law that we still uphold today.
These bundles of
rods and axes,
called fasces,
symbolized the
legal authority of
Roman leaders.
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Rome Expands
Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian
Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean
region.
Reading Focus When you achieve a victory—whether
it is in academics, sports, or some other field—do you
then strive for more success? That may have been how
the Romans felt once they had taken over Italy. Read on
to learn how they continued to expand their power.
While Rome developed its government,
it also faced challenges abroad. The Romans
had completed their conquest of Italy.
However, they now faced a powerful rival in
the Mediterranean area. This enemy was the
state of Carthage (KAHR•thihj) on the coast of
North Africa. It had been founded around
800
B.C. by the Phoenicians. As you learned
earlier, the Phoenicians were sea traders from
the Middle East.
Carthage ruled a great trading empire
that included parts of northern Africa and
southern Europe. By controlling the move-
ment of goods in this region, Carthage
made itself the largest and richest city in the
western Mediterranean.
The First Punic War Both Carthage and
Rome wanted to control the island of Sicily.
In 264 B.C. the dispute brought the two
powers to blows. The war that began in
264 B.C. is called the First Punic War.
Punicus is the Latin word for “Phoenician.”
The war started when the Romans sent an
army to Sicily to prevent a Carthaginian
N
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500 km
500 mi.
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
10°W
20°E30°E
40°E
40°N
30°N
N
AFRICA
Sicily
Crete
Cyprus
Rhodes
Sardinia
Corsica
ASIA
MINOR
A
L
P
S
P
Y
R
E
N
E
E
S
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
P
o
R
.
D
a
n
u
b
e
R
.
Tiber R.
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c
S
e
a
N
i
l
e
R
.
EGYPT
SYRIA
GREECE
MACEDONIA
ITALY
GAUL
SPAIN
Rome
Corinth
Carthage
Zama
Cannae
New
Carthage
The Punic Wars 264 –146 B.C.
After winning the Second Punic
War, Rome became the strongest
Mediterranean power.
1. From what direction did Hannibal
attack Rome?
2. Why do you think Hannibal took
the route he did instead of sailing
straight across to Rome?
Rome at the start of
1st Punic War
Carthaginian Empire
Hannibal’s route
Scipio’s route
Battle
KEY
Motion
In
268-276 Ch8 S2-875047 9/14/06 10:51 AM Page 274
In December 218 B.C., Hannibal’s forces and the Roman army met in bat-
tle near the Trebbia River in northern Italy. In a well-planned attack, the
Carthaginian forces badly defeated the Romans. Hannibal made good use
of his elephants in the attack, but most died following the battle.
At
what other battle in Italy were the Romans defeated by Hannibal?
takeover. The Carthaginians, who already
had colonies on the island, were deter-
mined to stop this invasion.
Up until then, the Romans had fought
their wars on land. However, they soon
realized they could not defeat a sea power
like Carthage without a navy. They quickly
built a large fleet of ships and confronted
their enemy at sea. The war dragged on for
more than 20 years. Finally, in 241 B.C.,
Rome crushed Carthage’s navy off the coast
of Sicily. Carthage was forced to leave Sicily
and pay a huge fine to the Romans. The
island then came under Roman rule.
The Second Punic War To make up for its
loss of Sicily, Carthage expanded its empire
into southern Spain. Roman leaders were
not happy about Carthage gaining land on
the European mainland west of Rome. They
helped the people living in Spain rebel
against Carthage. Of course, Carthaginians
were angry. To punish Rome, Carthage sent
its greatest general, Hannibal (HA • nuh •
buhl), to attack Rome in 218 B.C. This started
the Second Punic War.
Hannibal’s strategy was to take the
fighting into Italy itself. To do this,
Hannibal gathered an army of about
46,000 men, many horses, and 37 elephants.
He landed his forces in Spain and then
marched east to attack Italy.
Even before reaching Italy, Hannibal’s
forces suffered severe losses crossing the
steep, snowy Alps into Italy. The brutal
cold, gnawing hunger, and attacks by
275
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Reading Summary
Review the
• During the Roman Republic, the
government changed as the ple-
beians, or lower classes, and the
patricians, or ruling class, strug-
gled for power.
• Beginning in 264 B.C., Rome
fought and won a series of wars
with Carthage and other powers
and gained control of the
Mediterranean region.
1. Who were the top government
officials in the Roman Republic,
and what were their duties?
2. What does mare nostrum
mean, and why did the Romans
use the term?
Critical Thinking
3. Sequencing Information
Draw a diagram to describe
the sequence of events from
the start of the First Punic War
to the start of the Second
Punic War.
4.
Geography Skills Where was
Carthage located, and why did
it compete with Rome?
5.
Summarize What other
conquests did Rome carry
out during the period of the
Punic Wars?
6.
Evaluate Why do you think
the legacy of Roman law is
considered so important?
7.
Persuasive Writing Write a
speech demanding equal rights
for plebeians in the early
republic.
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
276 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Rome
Invades
Sicily
mountain tribes killed almost half of the
soldiers and most of the elephants. The
remaining army, however, was still a pow-
erful fighting force when it reached Italy.
The Romans suffered a severe loss in
216
B.C. at the Battle of Cannae (KA •nee) in
southern Italy. Even though Hannibal’s army
was outnumbered, it overpowered the Ro-
man force and began raiding much of Italy.
The Romans, however, raised another
army. In 202 B.C. a Roman force led by a
general named Scipio (SIH • pee •OH) in-
vaded Carthage. Hannibal, who was wag-
ing a war in Italy, had no choice but to
return home to defend his people.
At the Battle of Zama (ZAY•muh), Scipio’s
troops defeated the Carthaginians. Carthage
gave up Spain to Rome. It also had to give up
its navy and pay a large fine. Rome now
ruled the western Mediterranean.
More Conquests While Carthage was no
longer a military power, it remained a
trading center. In 146 B.C. Rome finally
destroyed its great rival in the Third Punic
War. Roman soldiers burned Carthage and
enslaved 50,000 men, women, and chil-
dren. Legend says that the Romans even
spread salt on the earth so no crops would
grow. Carthage became a Roman province,
or regional district.
During the Punic Wars, Rome success-
fully battled states in the eastern Med-
iterranean. In 148 B.C. Macedonia came
under Roman rule. Two years later, the rest
of Greece became Roman. In 129 B.C. Rome
gained its first province in Asia. It was no
wonder that the Romans began to call the
Mediterranean mare nostrum—”our sea.”
Describe
How did Rome
punish Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War?
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CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 277
The
Fall
of the
Republic
82 B.C.
Sulla becomes
dictator of
Rome
44 B.C.
Group of
senators murder
Julius Caesar
27 B.C.
Octavian
becomes Rome’s
first emperor
ASIA
MINOR
GAUL
ITALY
GREECE
SPAIN
Rome
100 B.C. 60 B.C.20 B.C.
100 B.C. 60 B.C.20 B.C.
What’s the Connection?
By the end of the Third Punic
War, Rome ruled the Mediterranean
world. All was not well, however.
Closer to home, the republic faced
increasing dangers that would soon
lead to its end.
Focusing on the
• The use of enslaved labor hurt
farmers, increased poverty and
corruption, and brought the army
into politics.
(page 278)
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms.
(page 280)
• The Roman Republic, weakened by
civil wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
(page 282)
Locating Places
Rubicon (ROO•bih•KAHN)
Actium (AK•shee•uhm)
Meeting People
Julius Caesar
(jool•yuhs SEE•zuhr)
Octavian (ahk•TAY •vee•uhn)
Antony (AN•tuh•nee)
Cicero (SIH•suh•ROH)
Augustus (aw•GUHS•tuhs)
Building Your Vocabulary
latifundia (LA •tuh•FUHN•dee•uh)
triumvirate (try•UHM•vuh•ruht)
Reading Strategy
Finding the Main Idea Use a chart like
the one below to identify the main ideas
of Section 3 and supporting details.
Main Idea
Supporting Supporting Supporting
Detail Detail Detail
Supporting Supporting Supporting
Detail Detail Detail
F
277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 3/22/04 4:29 PM Page 277
Trouble in the Republic
The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers,
increased poverty and corruption, and brought the
army into politics.
Reading Focus Poverty, corruption, unemployment,
crime, and violence are problems we hear about today.
Read on to learn how the Romans struggled with these
same issues 2,000 years ago.
Rome’s armies were victorious wher-
ever they went. Yet problems were building
at home. Dishonest officials stole money,
and the gap between rich and poor was
growing. Thousands of farmers faced ruin,
and the cities were becoming overcrowded
and dangerous.
Rich Versus Poor As you read in Section 2,
most of the people who ruled Rome were
patricians—rich people who owned large
farms. These rich landowners ran the Senate
and held the most powerful government
jobs. They handled Rome’s finances and
directed its wars. Despite some gains for the
plebeians, many people became very
unhappy about this situation.
Rome had few privileged citizens com-
pared with the many Romans who farmed
small plots of land. In the 100s
B.C., how-
ever, these farmers were sinking into
poverty and debt. Why? Many of them had
been unable to farm because they were
fighting in Rome’s wars. Others had suf-
fered damage to their farms during
Hannibal’s invasion of Italy.
Moreover, small farmers could not com-
pete with wealthy Romans who were buy-
ing up land to create latifundia (LA • tuh •
FUHN • dee • uh), or large farming estates.
These rich landowners used a new source
of labor—the thousands of prisoners
brought to Italy during the wars. By using
these enslaved people to tend their crops,
wealthy Romans could force owners of
small farms out of business.
Faced with debts they could not pay
off, many farmers sold their land and
headed to the cities, desperate for work.
However, jobs were hard to find. Enslaved
people did most of the work. If free men
were lucky enough to be hired, they
earned low wages. These conditions cre-
ated widespread anger.
278 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
This image shows Romans farming their land. Why were Roman farmers
becoming poor in the 100s
B.C.?
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CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 279
Roman politicians were worried about
riots breaking out, but they quickly turned
the situation to their advantage. To win the
votes of the poor, they began providing
cheap food and entertainment. This policy
of “bread and circuses” helped many dis-
honest rulers come to power.
Why Did Reform Fail? Not all wealthy peo-
ple ignored the problems facing the Roman
Republic. Two prominent officials who
worked for reforms were Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus (GRA•kuhs). These brothers thought
that many of Rome’s problems were caused
by the loss of small farms. They asked the
Senate to take back public land from the rich
and divide it among landless Romans.
Many senators, however, were among
those who had claimed parcels of public
land. Putting their own interests above the
general welfare, they fought the Gracchus
brothers’ proposals. A band of senators even
went so far as to kill Tiberius in 133 B.C.
Twelve years later, Gaius met the same fate.
These were dark days for the Roman
Republic, when the people charged with
making and upholding the laws could so
shockingly violate them.
The Army Enters Politics Matters only
worsened as the Roman army took on a new
role. Until now, the army had mostly stayed
out of government affairs. Things changed
when a military leader named Marius
became consul in 107 B.C. Previously, most
soldiers were owners of small farms. Now
because this type of farmer was disappearing,
Marius began to recruit soldiers from the
poor. In return for their service, he paid
them wages and promised them the one
thing they desperately wanted—land.
Marius changed the Roman army from
citizen volunteers to paid professional sol-
diers. The new troops, however, were
motivated by material rewards rather than
a sense of duty. They felt loyal to their
general, not to the Roman Republic. This
gave individual generals a great deal of
influence and good reason to become
involved in politics. They needed to get
laws passed that would provide the land
they had promised their soldiers.
Marius’s new military system led to
new power struggles. It was not long before
Marius faced a challenge from a rival gen-
eral with his own army, a man named Sulla.
In 82
B.C. Sulla drove his enemies out of
Rome and made himself dictator.
Over the next three years, Sulla changed
the government. He weakened the Council
of the Plebs and strengthened the Senate.
Then he stepped down from office. He
hoped that the Roman Republic could heal
its wounds and recapture its glory. Instead,
Rome plunged into an era of civil wars for
the next 50 years. Ambitious men saw how
Sulla used an army to seize power. They
decided to follow the same path.
Explain
What change did
Marius make to the Roman army?
Tiberius Gracchus
(left) and his
brother Gaius
believed that mov-
ing poor Romans
from the city to
farms would help
solve the republic’s
problems.
What
happened to the
Gracchus brothers?
Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 8—Student Web Activity to
learn more about the rise of Rome.
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280 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Julius Caesar
Military hero Julius Caesar seized
power and made reforms.
Reading Focus Did you know that George Washington,
Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor,
Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower all com-
manded armies before becoming president? Read to
learn about a famous Roman who made a similar jump
from military leader to political leader.
After Sulla left office, different Roman
leaders battled for power, supported by
their loyal armies. In 60 B.C. three men were
on top: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
(jool• yuhs SEE•zuhr). Crassus was a mili-
tary leader and one of the richest men in
Rome. Pompey and Caesar were not as rich,
but both were successful military men.
Drawing on their wealth and power, they
formed the First Triumvirate to rule Rome.
A triumvirate (try • UHM • vuh • ruht) is a
political alliance of three people.
Caesar’s Military Campaigns The mem-
bers of the Triumvirate each had a military
command in a remote area of the republic.
Pompey was in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and
Caesar in Gaul (modern France). While in
Gaul, Caesar battled foreign tribes and
invaded Britain. He became a hero to
Rome’s lower classes. Senators and others
back home in Rome feared that Caesar was
becoming too popular and might seize
power like Sulla.
After Crassus was killed in battle in
53 B.C., the Senate decided that Pompey
should return to Italy and rule alone. In
49 B.C. the Senate ordered Caesar to give up
his army and come home. Caesar faced a
difficult choice. He could obey the Senate
and perhaps face prison or death at the
hands of his rivals, or he could march on
Rome with his army and risk a civil war.
Caesar decided to hold on to his 5,000
loyal soldiers. He marched into Italy by
crossing the Rubicon (ROO• bih • KAHN),a
A scene showing a battle between Romans and Gauls
Pompey
Caesar
Crassus
Caesar was part of the First Triumvirate,
whose members are shown below.
Caesar’s Rise to Power
Caesar’s Rise to Power
(tl)Archaeological Museum, Venice/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (bl)Louvre, Paris/Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection
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CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 281
Caesar crossing the Rubicon
Brutus (left) was one of
the senators who killed
Caesar. Antony (above)
supported Caesar and
his nephew Octavian
and fought against
Caesar’s assassins.
small river at the southern boundary of his
command area. By doing so, Caesar knew
that he was starting a civil war and that there
was no turning back. The phrase “crossing
the Rubicon” is used today to mean making
a decision that you cannot take back.
Pompey tried to stop Caesar, but Caesar
was the better general. He drove Pompey’s
forces from Italy and then destroyed
Pompey’s army in Greece in 48 B.C.
Caesar’s Rise to Power In 44 B.C. Caesar
had himself declared dictator of Rome for
life. This broke with the Roman tradition
that allowed dictators to hold power for
only short periods of time. To strengthen his
hold on power, Caesar filled the Senate with
new members who were loyal to him.
At the same time, Caesar knew that
reforms were needed. He granted citizen-
ship to people living in Rome’s territories
outside the Italian peninsula. He started new
colonies to provide land for the landless and
created work for Rome’s jobless people. He
ordered landowners using slave labor to hire
more free workers. These measures made
Caesar popular with Rome’s poor.
Caesar also created a new calendar with
12 months, 365 days, and a leap year. The
Julian calendar, as it was called, was used
throughout Europe until
A.D. 1582. That
year it was modified slightly to become the
Gregorian calendar. This calendar, based on
the birth of Christ, has been used in the
United States since its beginning and is
used by most countries in the world today.
While many Romans supported Caesar,
others did not. His supporters believed he
was a strong leader who brought peace and
order to Rome. His enemies, however,
feared that Caesar wanted to be king. These
opponents, led by the senators Brutus and
Cassius, plotted to kill him. Caesar ignored
a famous warning to “beware the Ides of
March” (March 15). On that date in 44 B.C.,
Caesar’s enemies surrounded him and
stabbed him to death.
Explain Why did Brutus,
Cassius, and others kill Caesar?
(l)SuperStock, (c)Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library
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Rome Becomes an Empire
The Roman Republic, weakened by civil
wars, became an empire under Augustus.
Reading Focus Have you ever been in a traffic jam
and wished that a police officer would show up to get
things moving? Read on to learn how Romans wel-
comed the arrival of a strong new ruler.
Caesar’s death plunged Rome into
another civil war. On one side were forces
led by the men who had killed Caesar. On
the other side was Caesar’s grandnephew
Octavian (ahk• TAY • vee • uhn), who had
inherited Caesar’s wealth, and two of
Caesar’s top generals, Antony (AN • tuh •
nee) and Lepidus. After defeating Caesar’s
assassins, these three men created the
Second Triumvirate in 43 B.C.
The Second Triumvirate The members of
the Second Triumvirate began quarreling
almost at once. Octavian soon forced
Lepidus to retire from politics. Then the
two remaining leaders divided the Roman
world between themselves. Octavian took
the west; Antony took the east.
In short order, though, Octavian and
Antony came into conflict. Antony fell in
love with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra VII
and formed an alliance with her. Octavian
told the Romans that Antony, with
Cleopatra’s help, planned to make himself
the sole ruler of the republic. This alarmed
many Romans and enabled Octavian to
declare war on Antony.
In 31 B.C., at the Battle of Actium (AK •
shee • uhm) off the west coast of Greece,
Octavian crushed the army and navy of
Antony and Cleopatra. The couple then fled
to Egypt. A year later, as Octavian closed in,
they killed themselves. Octavian, at the age
of 32, now stood alone at the top of the
Roman world. The period of civil wars was
over, but so was the republic. Octavian
would lay the foundation for a new system
of government—the Roman Empire.
Who Was Augustus? Octavian could
have made himself dictator for life, like
Julius Caesar did. He knew, though, that
many people favored a republican form of
government. One such person was
282 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Cicero Calls
for War
This excerpt is from Cicero’s sixth speech
about the struggle between Octavian and
Antony (Marcus Antonius):
“Therefore, when I saw that a nefarious [evil]
war was waged against the republic, I thought
that no delay ought to be interposed to our
pursuit of Marcus Antonius;
and I gave my vote that
we ought to pursue with
war that most audacious
[bold] man, who . . . was
at this moment attack-
ing a general
of the Roman
people....
I said further,
that . . . the
garb of war
should be
assumed by
the citizens, in
order that all men might
apply themselves with more
activity and energy to avenging
the injuries of the republic.”
—Cicero, “The Sixth Oration of
M.T. Cicero Against
Marcus Antonius”
Why did Cicero want Rome to fight
Antony?
Cicero
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Reading Summary
Review the
• As the gap between the ruling
class and the poor in Rome
increased, a number of reforms
failed, and generals began to
gather power.
• Julius Caesar became dictator
and carried out reforms to aid
Rome’s poor. Later he was assas-
sinated by members of the
Senate.
• Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian
defeated Antony and Cleopatra
and became Augustus, the first
Roman emperor.
1. What is a triumvirate?
2. Who was Cicero, and how did
he influence the writers of the
United States Constitution?
Critical Thinking
3. Understanding Cause and
Effect
Draw a diagram like the
one below. Fill in the chain of
effects that was caused by the
thousands of enslaved prison-
ers that were brought to Italy
from Rome’s many wars.
4.
Summarize What reforms did
the Gracchus brothers suggest?
5.
Analyze What was the “bread
and circuses” policy, and how
did Roman politicians benefit
from it?
6.
Analyze What reforms did
Julius Caesar put in place that
increased his popularity with
poor and working-class Romans?
7.
Persuasive Writing Imagine
you are a Roman citizen. Decide
whether you would have been
for or against Julius Caesar’s
rise to power and his reforms.
Then write a newspaper edito-
rial explaining your views. Be
sure to include facts to support
your opinions.
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 283
Cicero (SIH• suh• ROH), a political leader,
writer, and Rome’s greatest public speaker.
Cicero had argued against dictators and
called for a representative government with
limited powers.
Cicero’s speeches and books swayed
many Romans. Centuries later, his ideas
would also influence the writers of the United
States Constitution.
Although Cicero did not live to see Octavian
rule, he had supported him, hoping he would
restore the republic. In 27
B.C. Octavian
announced that he was doing just that.
He knew the Senate wanted this form of
government. However, Octavian also knew
that the republic had been too weak to solve
Rome’s problems. Although he gave some
power to the Senate, he really put himself in
charge. His title, imperator, translates to
“commander in chief,” but it came to mean
“emperor.” Octavian also took the title of
Augustus
(aw•GUHS•tuhs)—“the revered or
majestic one.” From this point on, he was
known by this name.
Explain
How did Octavian’s
government reflect the ideas of Cicero?
At the Battle of Actium, Octavian’s forces
defeated those of Antony after Cleopatra’s
ships retreated. How did the Battle of Actium
affect the history of Rome?
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284
Was Caesar a Reformer
or a Dictator?
During his life, Julius Caesar was
greatly admired by many people. He was
also hated and feared by many others.
Some believed he was too ambitious—
exceptionally eager for fame and power—
and that his ambition would keep him
from acting in Rome’s best interest.
Was Caesar a great reformer or an
ambitious dictator? Those who saw him as
a great leader and reformer said that he
•
won the support of his soldiers
through his military leadership
and strategy
•
treated many of his defeated
enemies generously and
appointed some of them—
including Brutus—to gov-
ernment positions
•
ended the rule of corrupt
Roman nobles
•
brought order and peace to
Rome
•
restored cities that had
been destroyed by the
republic
•
strengthened and
expanded the state of
Rome
•
started public jobs pro-
grams to aid the poor
•
granted Roman citizen-
ship to people from for-
eign countries or states.
Great Reformer
The assassination
of Julius Caesar
284
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285
Ambitious
Dictator
Caesar also had many enemies,
including some who had been his
friends. They saw Caesar as a dan-
gerous dictator and thought he was
taking advantage of his growing
power.
They said that he
•
became an enemy when he
refused to follow the Senate’s
order to return to Rome
•
started a civil war that led
to the destruction of the
republic
•
increased the number
of senators to add to his
number of supporters
•
treated his defeated enemies
with cruelty
•
punished those who wanted
to uphold the traditions and
laws of the republic
•
weakened the Senate to gain
absolute power over Rome
•
kept hidden any facts that did
not make him look brave and
intelligent
•
sought glory for himself at the
expense of the republic.
285285285
Julius Caesar
Checking for Understanding
1.
Define ambition. Identify some
ways ambition can be a positive
characteristic and some ways it
can be a negative characteristic.
2. What could Caesar have done to
show his enemies that he was
not abusing his power?
3. Do you think Caesar was a great
leader and reformer or an ambi-
tious dictator? Write a brief
essay that explains how you
view Caesar. Use facts to
support your position.
Bridgeman Art Library
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The
Early Empire
What’s the Connection?
You learned in Section 3 that
when Octavian became Augustus, the
Roman world began to change. The
republic gave way to an empire, and
peace and prosperity spread
throughout the Mediterranean.
Focusing on the
• By expanding the empire and
reorganizing the military and
government, Augustus created a new
era of prosperity.
(page 287)
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made
the empire rich and prosperous.
(page 290)
Locating Places
Rhine River (RYN)
Danube River (DAN•YOOB)
Puteoli (pyu•TEE•uh•LY)
Ostia (AHS•tee•uh)
Meeting People
Caligula (kuh•LIH•gyuh•luh)
Nero (NEE•roh)
Hadrian (HAY•dree•uhn)
Building Your Vocabulary
Pax Romana
(pahks roh•MAH•nah)
aqueduct (A•kwuh•DUHKT)
currency (KUHR•uhn•see)
Reading Strategy
Cause and Effect Use a chart like
the one below to show the changes
Augustus made in the Roman Empire
and the effect of each change.
Causes
Effects
A.D.14
Augustus dies
A.D.96
Rule of the Good
Emperors begins
A.D.180
Pax Romana
ends
BRITAIN
GAUL
ITALY
GREECE
EGYPT
SPAIN
PALESTINE
Rome
A.D.10 A.D. 110 A.D. 210
A.D.10 A.D. 110 A.D. 210
286 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:08 PM Page 286
The Emperor Augustus
By expanding the empire and reorgan-
izing the military and government, Augustus cre-
ated a new era of prosperity.
Reading Focus What makes a good or bad leader?
Think about this question as you read about Augustus
and other Roman emperors.
Augustus paved the way for 200 years of
peace and prosperity in Rome. The emperors
who followed him were not all good rulers,
but they helped the Roman Empire reach its
peak. For centuries, the Mediterranean
region had been filled with conflict. Under
Augustus and his successors, the region was
under the control of one empire. A long era
of peace began with Augustus and lasted
until A.D. 180. It was called the Pax Romana
(pahks roh•MAH•nah), or “Roman Peace.”
What Did Augustus Achieve? Upon
becoming emperor in 27 B.C., Augustus set
out to make the empire strong and safe. To
provide security, he built a permanent,
professional army of about 150,000 men—
all Roman citizens. Augustus also created a
special unit called the Praetorian Guard.
This force consisted of about 9,000 men in
charge of guarding the emperor. The
Praetorian Guard later became very influ-
ential in Roman politics.
Augustus’s legions conquered new ter-
ritories and added vast stretches of north-
ern Europe to the empire. All of Spain
and Gaul came under Roman rule, as did
land in what is today Austria, Hungary,
Romania, and Bulgaria.
Meanwhile, Augustus rebuilt Rome with
stately palaces, fountains, and splendid pub-
lic buildings. “I found Rome a city of brick,”
he boasted, “and left it a city of marble.” The
arts flourished as never before, and Augustus
also imported grain from Africa to feed the
poor. He knew that a well-fed population
would be less likely to cause trouble.
Augustus devoted much of his energy to
improving Rome’s government. During his
reign, more than 50 million people lived in
the Roman Empire. To rule this huge popu-
lation, Augustus appointed a proconsul, or
governor, for each of Rome’s provinces.
These new officials replaced the politicians
who had been chosen by the Senate.
Augustus often traveled to the provinces to
see how the governors were doing.
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 287
The city of Rome at the height of the Roman Empire
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Augustus also reformed the Roman tax
system. Previously, individual tax collectors
paid the government for the right to do the
job. To make their investment worthwhile,
tax collectors were allowed to keep some of
the money they gathered. Many of them,
however, were dishonest and took too much.
Augustus solved this problem by making
tax collectors permanent government work-
ers. This change made the tax system fairer.
Augustus also reformed the legal
system. He created a set of laws for
people in the provinces who were
not citizens. As time passed, how-
ever, most of these people gained cit-
izenship. The laws of Rome then
applied to everyone, although the
legal system generally stressed the
authority of the government over
the rights of the individual.
Who Came After Augustus?
After ruling for almost 40 years,
Augustus died in A.D. 14. No law
stated how the next emperor was
to be chosen. Augustus, however,
had trained a relative, Tiberius,
to follow him. The next three
emperors—Caligula(kuh•LIH•gyuh•
luh), Claudius, and Nero (NEE •
roh)—also came from Augustus’s
family. They are called the Julio-
Claudian emperors. Unfortunately,
they were not all fit to lead.
Tiberius and Claudius ruled capa-
bly. Caligula and Nero, however,
proved to be cruel leaders.
Mental illness caused Caligula
to act strangely and to treat people
cruelly. He had many people mur-
dered, wasted a lot of money, and
even gave his favorite horse the
position of consul. Eventually, the
Praetorian Guard killed him and
put Claudius on the throne.
Nero was also a vicious man. Among
those he had killed were his mother and two
wives. He is best remembered for having
“fiddled while Rome burned.” According to
legend, he was playing music miles from
Rome when a fire destroyed much of the city
in A.D. 64. Eventually, he committed suicide.
Explain
What did Augustus
do to make the empire safer and stronger?
288 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Emperor Accomplishments
Tiberius
14–37 A.D.
Great military leader; regulated business
to prevent fraud; kept Rome’s economy
stable
Caligula 37–41 A.D.
Abolished sales tax; allowed people in
exile to return; increased court system’s
power
Claudius 41–54 A.D.
Built new harbor at Ostia and new
aqueduct for Rome; conquered most
of Britain
Nero 54–68 A.D.
Constructed many new buildings; gave
slaves the right to file complaints;
assisted cities suffering from disasters
The Julio-Claudian Emperors
The Julio-Claudian Emperors
The four emperors who followed Augustus
were all relatives of Augustus.
1. Under which emperor was Britain
conquered?
2. Conclude Why do you think the Roman
Empire remained at peace even with weak
emperors such as Caligula and Nero?
(t)C. Hellier/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tc)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (bc)The Art Archive/Museo Capitolino Rome/Dagli Orti, (b)The Art Archive/Staatliche Glypothek Munich/Dagli Orti
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AUGUSTUS
63
B
.
C
.–
A
.
D
. 14
Octavian was born to a wealthy family in a
small Italian town southeast of Rome. During his
youth, Octavian suffered a number of illnesses. He refused
to let his illnesses interfere with his life, however, showing
the determination that would later make him Rome’s first
emperor.
Octavian’s father was a Roman senator, but it was
Octavian’s great-uncle—Julius Caesar—who first
introduced Octavian to public life in Rome. In his late
teens, Octavian joined Caesar in Africa and then the
following year in Spain. At the age of 18, while Octavian
was studying at school, he learned that his great-uncle
had been murdered. In his will, Caesar had adopted
Octavian as his son. Caesar had also made Octavian his
heir—a position that Antony had assumed would be
his. Against his family’s advice, Octavian went to Rome
to claim his inheritance. By the time he reached Rome,
however, Antony had seized Caesar’s papers and
money and refused to give them to Octavian. With
remarkable political savvy for someone so young,
Octavian turned the situation around in his favor. He
won the hearts of Caesar’s soldiers and the
people of Rome by celebrating the public games
that Caesar had started.
In his rise to power and during his reign as
Emperor Augustus, Octavian pushed himself and
his loyal followers with relentless energy. In his
private life, however, he lived
simply and quietly and shunned
personal luxury. He was devoted
to his wife, Livia Drusilla, and
spent his spare time with her at
their home on the outskirts of
Rome.
289
Augustus
Augustus overcame the obstacles of illness and
political enemies to become a great emperor.
Can you think of any present-day individuals
who overcame obstacles to excel at something?
“I extended the frontiers
of all the provinces of the
Roman people.”
—Augustus, “Res Gestae: The
Accomplishments of Augustus”
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Unity and Prosperity
Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts,
ports, and common currency made the empire rich
and prosperous.
Reading Focus Do you find that you are more pro-
ductive when you are not worried about conflicts at
home or school? Read to learn how the Roman Empire
prospered during its time of peace.
After Nero committed suicide, Rome
passed through a period of disorder until
Vespasian, a general and one of Nero’s pro-
consuls, took the throne. Vespasian restored
peace and order. He put down several
rebellions in the empire, including the
Jewish rebellion in Palestine. Troops com-
manded by his son Titus defeated the Jews
and destroyed the Jewish temple in
Jerusalem in
A.D. 70.
During his reign, Vespasian began con-
struction of the Colosseum—a huge
amphitheatre—in central Rome. His son
Titus, then his other son Domitian, ruled
Rome after he died. Both sons oversaw an
era of growth and prosperity in Rome.
During Titus’s reign, two disasters struck
the empire. The volcano Mount Vesuvius
erupted, destroying the city of Pompeii,
and a great fire badly damaged Rome.
Today, about 600,000 people
live near Mt.Vesuvius. Some people
even live on the volcano’s beautiful
green slopes. Scientists warn that the
volcano is overdue to erupt again and
suggest that people move away from the
highest-risk areas. Would you choose to live near
Mt.Vesuvius? Why or why not?
Living in the Shadow of Mt. Vesuvius
Ancient Pompeii was a busy port town. Its
citizens were going about their day on August 24,
A.D. 79, when Mt. Vesuvius erupted and buried
the town in volcanic ash. About 20,000
people escaped, but thousands of others
died. Not until centuries later—in the
1500s—were the preserved ruins at
Pompeii discovered.
Mt. Vesuvius today
The ruins of Pompeii
290
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The “Good Emperors” At the beginning
of the A.D. 100s, a series of rulers who were
not related to Augustus or Vespasian came
to power. These five emperors—Nerva,
Trajan, Hadrian (HAY•dree•uhn), Antoninus
Pius, and Marcus Aurelius—are known as
the “good emperors.” They presided over
nearly a century of prosperity, from A.D. 96
to A.D. 180. Agriculture flourished, trade
increased, and the standard of living rose.
During this time, the emperor came to
overshadow the Senate more than ever
before. The five “good emperors” did not
abuse their power, however. They were
among the most devoted and capable rulers
in Rome’s history. They improved Roman
life in many ways, naming trained officials
to carry out their orders.
Among the achievements of these
emperors were programs to help ordinary
people. Trajan gave money to help poor
parents raise and educate their children.
Hadrian made Roman law easier to under-
stand and apply. Antoninus Pius
passed laws to help orphans. All the
emperors supported public build-
ing projects. They built arches and
monuments, bridges and roads,
and harbors and aqueducts. An
aqueduct (A • kwuh • DUHKT) is a
human-made channel for carrying
water long distances.
A Unified Empire Later emperors
continued to conquer new territory
for Rome. The empire reached its
largest size under Trajan. It spread
well beyond the Mediterranean,
including Britain in the north and
part of Mesopotamia in the east.
Trajan’s successors, however, realized
that the empire had grown too big to rule
effectively. Hadrian began to pull back. He
removed troops from most of Mesopotamia.
Roman Aqueducts Transporting
water is a complex problem. Roman
engineers solved it by building
aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried
water across a valley or hillside using
gravity, aboveground stone arches, and
underground pipes made of stone or
clay. Between 312
B.C. and A.D. 226,
11 aqueducts were built to bring water
to Rome from as far away as 57 miles.
Once the water made it to Rome, it
was held in collecting tanks. Most
people gathered water from these
public tanks. Only the rich and high-
ranking officials had private water
tanks in their homes.
Many Roman aqueducts still stand
and are used today. Engineers in ancient
Persia, India, and
Egypt built similar
water systems
hundreds of years
before the
Romans. However,
historians agree
that the Romans
were the greatest
aqueduct builders
of the ancient
world.
Connecting to the Past
1. How did the Romans transport water
to the city of Rome?
2. Why do you think that only the
rich and powerful had private water
supplies?
Roman aqueduct
Ric Ergenbright
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:15 PM Page 291
292 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
N
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500 km
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500 mi.
0
40°N
ASIA
MINOR
Black Sea
M
e
d
i
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r
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n
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a
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ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
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500 km
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Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi.
0
40N
ASIA
MINOR
Black Sea
M
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ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
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500 km
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Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 mi.
0
40N
ASIA
MINOR
Black Sea
M
e
d
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r
r
a
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a
n
S
e
a
SPAIN
ITALY
GREECE
Rome
Carthage
Expanded the
empire to its
largest size; built
many new public
works
Promoted art and
science; built new
public works;
passed laws to aid
orphans
In Europe, he set the empire’s northern
boundaries at the Rhine River (RYN) and
Danube River (DAN• YOOB). He also built
Hadrian’s Wall across northern Britain to
keep out the Picts and Scots—two warlike
people who lived in northern Britain.
In the A.D. 100s, the Roman Empire was
one of the greatest empires in history. It
included about 3.5 million square miles
(9.1 million square km). Its people spoke dif-
ferent languages—mostly Latin in the west
and Greek in the east. They also practiced
different local customs. What unified the
empire, though, were Roman law, Roman
rule, and a shared identity as Romans.
Roman culture had been carried into
every province by the soldiers who
protected the empire and by the officials
sent to govern. The Romans were gener-
ous in granting citizenship. In A.D. 212
every free person was made a Roman
citizen.
A Booming Economy Most people in the
Roman Empire made a living from the
land. Small farms dotted northern Italy. In
Trajan
A.D. 98–117
Antoninus Pius
A.D. 138–161
Extent of Roman
Empire, 146
B.C.
Extent of Roman
Empire, 44
B.C.
Extent of Roman
Empire,
A.D.
14
Reformed land
laws in favor of
the poor; revised
taxes
Nerva
A.D. 96–98
Built Hadrian’s
Wall in Britain;
made Roman
laws easier to
understand
Hadrian
A.D. 117–138
Helped unite
the empire
economically;
reformed
Roman law
Marcus Aurelius
A.D. 161–180
The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion
The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana
The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana
Motion
In
(l)Roma, Museo Nazion/Art Resource, NY, (cr)Staatliche Glypothek, Munich, Germany/E.T. Archive, London/SuperStock, (others)Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS
286-294 Ch8 S4-875047 9/14/06 10:58 AM Page 292
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 293
southern and central Italy, latifundia,
or large estates worked by enslaved
people, were common. On these estates
and in the provinces of Gaul and Spain,
farmers produced grapes and olives. The
making of wine and olive oil became
big business. In Britain and Egypt, the
chief crops were grains. Bountiful harvests
from these regions kept Rome’s people
well fed.
Agriculture was the most important
part of the economy, but industry was
important too. Potters, weavers, and jewelers
produced goods and cities became centers
for making glass, bronze, and brass.
Traders came from all over the
empire—and beyond—to ports in Italy.
Two of the largest port cities were Puteoli
(pyu•TEE •uh•LY) on the Bay of Naples and
Ostia (AHS• tee • uh) at the mouth of the
Tiber. The docks were lively places. Luxury
items, including silk goods from China and
spices from India, poured in to satisfy the
rich. Raw materials, such as British tin,
Spanish lead, and iron from Gaul, went to
the workshops of Roman cities.
F
r
o
m
C
h
i
n
a
F
r
o
m
I
n
d
i
a
F
r
o
m
A
f
r
i
c
a
N
S
W
E
500 km
500 mi.
0
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
10°E0°10°W
20°E
30°E40°E50°E
60°E
40°N
30
°
N
50°N
AFRICA
ASIA
MINOR
SPICES
SPICES
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
C
a
s
p
i
a
n
S
e
a
North
Sea
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
A
d
r
i
a
t
i
c
S
e
a
R
h
i
n
e
R
.
D
a
n
u
b
e
R
.
T
i
g
r
i
s
R
.
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
N
i
l
e
R
.
Red
Sea
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Crete
Cyprus
Hadrian’s
Wall
GAUL
SPAIN
BRITAIN
ITALY
GREECE
SYRIA
PALESTINE
ARABIA
EGYPT
Alexandria
Sidon
Byzantium
Athens
Puteoli
Ostia
Rome
Carthage
Massalia
Tarraco
At its height, the Roman Empire had conquered
an area about the size of the United States.
1. What feature made up the far northern border
of the Roman Empire?
2. Describe in general the trade items that came
from the various regions of the empire.
Roman Empire,
A.D.
200
Trade route
Glassware
Grain
Horses
Marble
Metals
Olive oil
SPICES
Perfume
Silk
Spices
Timber
Wild animals
Wine
Wool
Traded goods:
KEY
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/26/04 6:17 PM Page 293
Reading Summary
Review the
• Augustus conquered new lands
and created a professional mili-
tary and a system of proconsuls.
He improved the tax system and
the legal system, ushering in the
Pax Romana.
• Under Vespasian, his sons, and
the five good emperors, Romans
continued to be prosperous. They
built an elaborate system of
roads and developed a common
currency that promoted trade
and economic growth.
1. What was the Pax Romana?
2. What products came from the
farms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain?
Critical Thinking
3. Organizing Information
Draw a diagram like the one
below. Add details about the
improvements and changes
Augustus made to the Roman
Empire during his reign.
4.
Sequencing Information
Describe the sequence of
emperors who ruled Rome,
from Augustus through the
“Good Emperors.”
5.
Analyze Why was Rome’s
creation of a common currency
important?
6.
Evaluate Who do you think
was a more important leader,
Julius Caesar or Augustus?
Explain.
7.
Creative Writing
Write a
short play in which several
Roman citizens discuss one
of the emperors mentioned
in this section and his
accomplishments.
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
294 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
Roads and Money A good transportation
network was vital to the empire’s trade.
During the Pax Romana, Rome’s system of
roads reached a total length of 50,000 miles
(80,000 km). On the seas, the Roman navy
helped to rid the Mediterranean of pirates.
Goods could be shipped more safely to and
from Rome’s ports.
Rome’s trade was helped by a common
currency (KUHR •uhn •see), or system of
money. Roman coins were accepted through-
out the Mediterranean region by A.D. 100.
Merchants could use the same money in Gaul
or Greece as they did in Italy. The Romans
also created a standard system of weights and
measures. This made it easier for people to
price goods, trade, and ship products.
Ongoing Inequality The Roman Empire’s
prosperity did not reach all of its people.
Shopkeepers, merchants, and skilled work-
ers benefited from the empire’s trade. Rich
Romans built great fortunes and lived in
luxury. However, most city dwellers and
farmers remained poor, and many
remained enslaved.
Identify
Who were the
“Good Emperors,” and what did they accomplish?
Changes Under Augustus
Roman coins could be used throughout most of
the empire, making trade much easier. How
else did Rome improve trade during the empire?
(tl)B. Wilson/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (tr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY, (others)The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY
286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/17/05 12:29 PM Page 294
The Fall of the Republic
The Early Empire
The Roman Republic
Rome’s Beginnings
Section
Section
Section
Section
Vocabulary
republic
legion
Vocabulary
patrician
plebeian
consul
veto
praetor
dictator
Vocabulary
latifundia
triumvirate
Vocabulary
Pax Romana
aqueduct
currency
Focusing on the
• Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization.
(page 263)
• The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people
fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power.
(page 265)
Focusing on the
• Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between
wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it grad-
ually expanded the right to vote.
(page 269)
• Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire
and took control of the entire Mediterranean region.
(page 274)
Focusing on the
• The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and
corruption, and brought the army into politics.
(page 278)
• Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. (page 280)
• The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under
Augustus.
(page 282)
Focusing on the
• By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government,
Augustus created a new era of prosperity.
(page 287)
• Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the
empire rich and prosperous.
(page 290)
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 295
Roman consul
Study anywhere, anytime!
Download quizzes and flash cards
to your PDA from glencoe.com
.
Michael Holford
295-297 Ch8 CRA-875047 9/14/06 11:43 AM Page 295
Taking Notes
Note Taking
18. Read the following paragraph from page 269. Take notes on the information by
making a T-chart.
Early Romans were divided into two classes: patricians and
plebeians. The patricians were wealthy landowners. These nobles
made up Rome’s ruling class. Most of Rome’s people, however,
were plebeians. This group included artisans, shopkeepers, and
owners of small farms.
To review this skill,see pages 260–261.
Section 2 • The Roman Republic
9. How did the roles of patricians and ple-
beians differ in Roman society?
10. Explain how Rome gradually defeated the
Carthaginians.
Section 3 • The Fall of the Republic
11. How did slavery weaken the Roman
Republic?
12. How did Augustus change the Roman
Republic?
Section 4 • The Early Empire
13. Was Augustus a successful ruler? Explain
your answer.
14. How did the Roman Empire change dur-
ing the Pax Romana?
Critical Thinking
15. Compare In the chapter, Cincinnatus is
compared to George Washington. Think of
another person or character who is similar to
Cincinnatus. Explain how they are similar.
16. Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey?
17.
Predict What do you think would have
happened if Hadrian had tried to further
expand the Roman Empire?
Review Vocabulary
Each of the following statements is false.
Replace each word in italics with a word that
makes the statement true. Write the correct
words on a separate sheet of paper.
___
1. A legion is a form of government in
which the citizens choose their leader.
___
2. Patricians included artisans and
shopkeepers.
___
3. The judge in a Roman court case was a
consul.
___
4. In early Rome, the role of praetor lasted
only until a crisis had passed.
___
5. Large farming estates that used
enslaved people to tend crops were
called aqueducts.
___
6. A veto was a human-made channel for
carrying water.
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 • Rome’s Beginnings
7. Describe the role geography played in the
rise of Roman civilization.
8. How did treating people fairly help Rome
to increase its power?
296 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome
295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 3/22/04 8:29 PM Page 296
Geography Skills
Study the map below and answer the follow-
ing questions.
19.
Place Which areas did Rome control after
the Punic Wars?
20.
Human/Environment Interaction What
does the building of Hadrian’s Wall say
about the Picts and Scots?
21.
Region Why was it important to the
Romans to control Mediterranean lands?
Read to Write
22. Persuasive Writing Suppose you were
working with Tiberius and Gaius to reform
Rome. Write a letter or speech that
explains why reform is needed and what
types of reforms should occur.
23.
Using Your Use your foldable
to write a series of questions about the
chapter. With a partner, take turns asking
and answering questions until you have
reviewed the entire chapter.
Building Citizenship
24. Making Connections Use the Internet
and your local library to research the
Twelve Tables. Work with your classmates
to design a similar series of laws, and
record them, using modern language. How
is your law code similar to and different
from the Twelve Tables?
Using Technology
25. Creating Promotional Materials Use the
Internet to find at least five places related
to ancient Rome that can be visited by
tourists. Create a guidebook or brochure
on the computer advertising these links to
the past and persuading people to visit
that area. Share your final product in a
report to the class.
Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for the
Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com
CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 297
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0°
20°E30°E
ASIA
MINOR
R
h
i
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D
a
n
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b
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R
.
T
i
g
r
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s
R
.
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
N
i
l
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R
.
Black Sea
North
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
C
a
s
p
i
a
n
S
e
a
Hadrian’s
Wall
BRITAIN
GAUL
ITALY
GREECE
EGYPT
AFRICA
SPAIN
SYRIA
PALESTINE
Rome
Carthage
Actium
Analyze
Augustus wrote a historical document
describing his accomplishments.
This passage is about his military
leadership.
“About 500,000 Roman citizens were under
military oath to me. Of these, when their
terms of service were ended, I settled in
colonies or sent back to their own munici-
palities a little more than 300,000, and to
all these I allotted lands or granted money
as rewards for military service.”
—Augustus, “Res Gestae: The
Accomplishments of Augustus”
26. Why did Augustus give money to his
retired soldiers?
27. Why do you think Augustus did not
explain the reasons for his actions?
Rome after Punic Wars, 146
B.C.
Territory added by Caesar’s death, 44
B.C.
Territory added by Augustus’s death,
A.D.
14
Territory added by
A.D.
130
Battle site
KEY
Growth of Rome
295-297 Ch8 CRA-824133 7/21/04 11:48 AM Page 297
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