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Matter and Change CHAPTER 1 REVIEW SECTION 1 (Wellington City Council New Zealand)

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CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
Matter and Change
SECTION 1
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
a
1. Technological development of a chemical product often
(a) lags behind basic research on the same substance.
(b) does not involve chance discoveries.
(c) is driven by curiosity.
(d) is done for the sake of learning something new.
d
2. The primary motivation behind basic research is to
(a) develop new products.
(b) make money.
(c) understand an environmental problem.
(d) gain knowledge.
a
3. Applied research is designed to
(a) solve a particular problem.
(b) satisfy curiosity.
(c) gain knowledge.
(d) learn for the sake of learning.
b
4. Chemistry is usually classified as
(a) a biological science.
(b) a physical science.
(c) a social science.
(d) a computer science.
5. Define the six major branches of chemistry.
organic chemistry—the study of carbon-containing compounds
inorganic chemistry—the study of non-organic substances
physical chemistry—the study of properties of matter, changes that occur in matter,
and the relationships between matter and energy
analytical chemistry—the identification of the composition of materials
biochemistry—the study of the chemistry of living things
theoretical chemistry—the use of mathematics and computers to design and
predict the properties of new compounds
MODERN CHEMISTRY MATTER AND CHANGE 1
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SECTION 1 continued
6. For each of the following types of chemical investigations, determine whether the investigation is
basic research, applied research, or technological development. More than one choice may apply.
basic research
a. A laboratory in a major university surveys all the
reactions involving bromine.
applied research/
b. A pharmaceutical company explores a disease in
order to produce a better medicine.
applied research
c. A scientist investigates the cause of the ozone hole to
find a way to stop the loss of the ozone layer.
applied research/
d. A pharmaceutical company discovers a more
efficient method of producing a drug.
applied research/
e. A chemical company develops a new biodegradable
plastic.
applied research
f. A laboratory explores the use of ozone to inactivate
bacteria in a drinking-water system.
7. Give examples of two different instruments routinely used in chemistry.
Answers may include any type of balance and any type of microscope.
8. What are microstructures?
things too small to be seen with the unaided eye
9. What is a chemical?
a substance with a definite composition
10. What is chemistry?
the study of the composition, properties, and interactions of matter
2 MATTER AND CHANGE MODERN CHEMISTRY
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
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technical development
technical development
technical development
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CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
Matter and Change
SECTION 2
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous substance.
heterogeneous
a. iron ore
homogeneous
b. quartz
heterogeneous
c. granite
homogeneous
d. energy drink
heterogeneous
e. oil-and-vinegar salad dressing
homogeneous
f. salt
homogeneous
g. rainwater
homogeneous
h. nitrogen
2. Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change.
physical
a. ice melting
chemical
b. paper burning
chemical
c. metal rusting
physical
d. gas pressure increasing
physical
e. liquid evaporating
chemical
f. food digesting
3. Compare a physical change with a chemical change.
A chemical change involves a rearrangement of the atoms of different elements in a
substance and the formation substances with different physical properties. A physical
change can occur in properties such as the state or shape of a substance, but it will
not affect the composition of that substance.
MODERN CHEMISTRY MATTER AND CHANGE 3
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SECTION 2 continued
4. Compare and contrast each of the following terms:
a. mass and matter
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space.
b. atom and compound
All matter is composed of atoms, which are the smallest units of an element that
retain the properties of that element. Atoms can come together to form compounds.
c. physical property and chemical property
Physical properties are characteristics such as color, density, melting point, and
boiling point that can be measured without changing the identity of the substance.
Chemical properties relate to how a substance interacts with another substance to
form a different substance.
d. homogeneous mixture and heterogeneous mixture
A homogeneous mixture has a uniform composition. A heterogeneous mixture is not
uniform.
5. Using circles to represent particles, draw a diagram that compares the arrangement of particles in
the solid, liquid, and gas states.
Solid Liquid Gas
6. How is energy involved in chemical and physical changes?
Energy is either absorbed or given off in all chemical and physical changes, but it is
neither created nor destroyed. It simply assumes a different form, or it is moved
from one place to another.
4 MATTER AND CHANGE MODERN CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
Matter and Change
SECTION 3
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
period
1. A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table is called a(n) .
B
2. The symbol for the element in Period 2, Group 13, is .
metals
3. Elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity are .
nonmetals
4. Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity are .
group, or family
5. A vertical column of elements in the periodic table is called a(n) .
6. The ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets is called
malleability
.
7. Is an element that is soft and easy to cut cleanly with a knife likely to be a metal or a
metal
nonmetal?
noble gases
8. The elements in Group 18, which are generally unreactive, are called .
solids
9. At room temperature, most metals are .
10. Name three characteristics of most nonmetals.
They are brittle, are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and have low boiling
points.
11. Name three characteristics of metals.
They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, and they
have a metallic (shiny) luster.
12. Name three characteristics of most metalloids.
They are semiconductors of electricity, solid at room temperature, and less malleable
than metals.
13. Name two characteristics of noble gases.
They are in the gas state at room temperature and are generally unreactive.
MODERN CHEMISTRY MATTER AND CHANGE 5
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SECTION 3 continued
14. What do elements of the same group in the periodic table have in common?
Elements of the same group share similar chemical properties.
15. Within the same period of the periodic table, how do the properties of elements close to each other
compare with the properties of elements far from each other?
The properties of elements that are close to each other in the same period tend to
be more similar than the properties of elements that are far apart. Physical and
chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period.
16. You are trying to manufacture a new material, but you would like to replace one of the elements in
your new substance with another element that has similar chemical properties. How would you use
the periodic table to choose a likely substitute?
You would consider an element of the same vertical column, or group, because
elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.
17. What is the difference between a family of elements and elements in the same period?
Family is another name for group, or elements in the same vertical column.
Elements in the same period are in the same horizontal row.
18. Complete the table below by filling in the spaces with correct names or symbols.
Name of element Symbol of element
Aluminum Al
Calcium Ca
Manganese Mn
Nickel Ni
Potassium K
Cobalt Co
Silver Ag
Hydrogen H
6 MATTER AND CHANGE MODERN CHEMISTRY
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CHAPTER 1 REVIEW
Matter and Change
MIXED REVIEW
SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
1. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or heterogeneous substance.
homogeneous homogeneous
a. sugar d. plastic wrap
homogeneous heterogeneous
b. iron filings e. cement sidewalk
heterogeneous
c. granola bar
2. For each type of investigation, select the most appropriate branch of chemistry from the following
choices: organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, theoretical chemistry. More than
one branch may be appropriate.
analytical chemistry
a. A forensic scientist uses chemistry to find
information at the scene of a crime.
theoretical chemistry/
b. A scientist uses a computer model to see how an
enzyme will function.
biochemistry
c. A professor explores the reactions that take place
in a human liver.
organic chemistry
d. An oil company scientist tries to design a better
gasoline.
analytical chemistry
e. An anthropologist tries to find out the nature of a
substance in a mummy’s wrap.
biochemistry/
f. A pharmaceutical company examines the protein
on the coating+ of a virus.
3. For each of the following types of chemical investigations, determine whether the investigation is
basic research, applied research, or technological development. More than one choice may apply.
basic research
a. A university plans to map all the genes on human
chromosomes.
applied research
b. A research team intends to find out why a lake
remains polluted to try to find a way to clean it up.
applied research/
c. A science teacher looks for a solvent that will allow
graffiti to be removed easily.
basic research/
d. A cancer research institute explores the chemistry
of the cell.
basic research
e. A professor explores the toxic compounds in
marine animals.
MODERN CHEMISTRY MATTER AND CHANGE 7
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Name Date Class
biochemistry
analytical chemistry
technological development
applied research
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MIXED REVIEW continued
4. Use the periodic table to identify the name, group number, and period number of the following
elements:
chlorine, Group 17, Period 3
a. Cl
magnesium, Group 2, Period 3
b. Mg
tungsten, Group 6, Period 6
c. W
iron, Group 8, Period 4
d. Fe
tin, Group 14, Period 5
e. Sn
5. What is the difference between extensive and intensive properties?
Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present; intensive properties
do not.
6. Consider the burning of gasoline and the evaporation of gasoline. Which process represents a
chemical change and which represents a physical change? Explain your answer.
The burning of gasoline represents a chemical change because the gasoline is being
changed into substances with different identities. Evaporation involves a physical
change; the identity of gasoline remains unchanged.
7. Describe the difference between a heterogeneous mixture and a homogeneous mixture, and give an
example of each.
A heterogeneous mixture, such as blood, is made of components with different
physical properties. A homogeneous mixture, such as stainless steel, has a single set
of physical properties.
8. Construct a concept map that includes the following terms: atom, element, compound, pure
substance, mixture, homogeneous, and heterogeneous.
Matter
is made of
pure substances, mixtures,
which can be which can be
compounds elements heterogeneous homogeneous
which are
made of
atoms
8 MATTER AND CHANGE MODERN CHEMISTRY
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