Fill - Free fillable Glossary Pronunciation Key The Glossary is an alphabetical (Wellington City Council New Zealand) PDF form

R30 GLOSSARY

Abbasids [uh

•

BAS

•

ihdz] n. a dynasty that ruled much of

the Muslim Empire from a.d. 750 to 1258. (p. 240)

Aborigine [ab

•

RIHJ

•

nee] n. a member of any of

the native peoples of Australia. (p. 665)

absolute monarch [MAHN

•

uhrk] n. a king or queen who

has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of

society. (p. 517)

absolute ruler n. a ruler who has total power. (p. 147)

accommodation [uh

•

kahm

•

DAY

•

shuhn] n. an accep-

tance of the ideas and customs of other cultures.

(p. 961)

acropolis [uh

•

KRAHP

•

lihs] n. a fortiﬁed hilltop in an

ancient Greek city. (p. 115)

Aksum [AHK

•

soom] n. an African kingdom, in what is

now Ethiopia and Eritrea, that reached the height of

its power in the fourth century a.d. (p. 199)

al-Andalus [al

•

duh

•

LUS] n. a Muslim-ruled region in

what is now Spain, established in the eighth century

a.d. (p. 240)

Allah [AL

•

uh] n. God (an Arabic word, used mainly in

Islam). (p. 234)

Allies [uh

•

LYZ] n. in World War I, the nations of Great

Britain, France, and Russia, along with the other

nations that fought on their side; also, the group of

nations—including Great Britain, the Soviet Union,

and the United States—that opposed the Axis Powers

in World War II. (p. 748)

Almohads [AL

•

moh

•

hadz] n. a group of Islamic reform-

ers who overthrew the Almoravid Dynasty and estab-

lished an empire in North Africa and southern Spain in

the 12th century a.d. (p. 370)

Almoravids [al

•

muh

•

RAHV

•

uhdz] n. an Islamic religious

brotherhood that established an empire in North Africa

and southern Spain in the 11th century a.d. (p. 370)

Anabaptists [an

•

BAP

•

tihst] n. in the Reformation, a

Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those

persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian

and in separation of church and state. (p. 434)

Anasazi [ah

•

nuh

•

SAH

•

zee] n. an early Native American

people who lived in the American Southwest. (p. 391)

Anatolia [an

•

TOH

•

lee

•

uh] n. the Southwest Asian

peninsula now occupied by the Asian part of Turkey—

also called Asia Minor. (p. 58)

Pronunciation Key

Some of the words in this book are followed by respellings that show how the words are pronounced. The following key

will help you understand what sounds are represented by the letters used in the respellings.

Symbol Examples Symbol Examples

a apple [AP

•

uhl], catch [kach] oh road, [rohd], know [noh]

ah barn [bahrn], pot [paht] oo school [skool], glue [gloo]

air bear [bair], dare [dair] ow out [owt], cow [kow]

aw bought [bawt], horse [hawrs] oy coin [koyn], boys [boyz]

ay ape [ayp], mail [mayl] p pig [pihg], top [tahp]

b bell [behl], table [TAY

•

buhl] r rose [rohz], star [stahr]

ch chain [chayn], ditch [dihch] s soap [sohp], icy [EYE

•

see]

d dog [dawg], rained [raynd] sh share [shair], nation [NAY

•

shuhn]

ee even [EE

•

vuhn], meal [meel] t tired [tyrd], boat [boht]

eh egg [ehg], ten [tehn] th thin [thihn], mother [MUH

•

thuhr]

eye iron [EYE

•

uhrn] u pull [pul], look [luk]

f fall [fawl], laugh [laf] uh bump [buhmp], awake [uh

•

WAYK],

g gold [gohld], big [bihg] happen [HAP

•

uhn], pencil [PEHN

•

suhl],

h hot [haht], exhale [ehks

•

HAYL] pilot [PY

•

luht]

hw white [hwyt] ur earth [urth], bird [burd], worm [wurm]

ih into [IHN

•

too], sick [sihk] v vase [vays], love [luhv]

j jar [jahr], badge [baj] w web [wehb], twin [twihn]

k cat [kat], luck [luhk] y As a consonant: yard [yahrd], mule [myool]

l load [lohd], ball [bawl] As a vowel: ice [ys], tried [tryd], sigh [sy]

m make [mayk], gem [jehm] z zone [zohn], reason [REE

•

zuhn]

n night [nyt], win [wihn] zh treasure [TREHZH

•

uhr], garage [guh

•

RAHZH]

ng song [sawng], anger [ANG

•

guhr]

Syllables that are stressed when the words are spoken appear in CAPITAL LETTERS in the respellings. For example, the

respelling of patterns (PAT

•

uhrnz) shows that the ﬁrst syllable of the word is stressed.

Syllables that appear in small capital letters are also stressed, but not as strongly as those that appear in capital

letters. For example, the respelling of interaction (ihn

•

tuhr

•

shuhn) shows that the third syllable receives the main

stress and the ﬁrst syllable receives a secondary stress.

The Glossary is an alphabetical listing of many of the key terms from the chapters, along with their meanings.

The deﬁnitions listed in the Glossary are the ones that apply to the way the words are used in this textbook. The

Glossary gives the part of speech of each word. The following abbreviations are used:

adj. adjective n. noun v. verb

Glossary

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Page 1 of 16

GLOSSARY R31

Angkor Wat [ANG

•

kawr WAHT] n. a temple complex

built in the Khmer Empire and dedicated to the Hindu

god Vishnu. (p. 309)

Anglican [ANG

•

glih

•

kuhn] adj. relating to the Church of

England. (p. 432)

animism [AN

•

mihz

•

uhm] n. the belief that spirits are

present in animals, plants, and other natural objects.

(p. 197)

annexation [an

•

ihk

•

SAY

•

shuhn] n. the adding of a region

to the territory of an existing political unit. (pp. 709, 723)

annul [uh

•

NUHL] v. to cancel or put an end to. (p. 431)

anti-Semitism [an

•

tee

•

SEHM

•

tihz

•

uhm] n. prejudice

against Jews. (p. 663)

apartheid [uh

•

PAHRT

•

hyt] n. a South African policy of

complete legal separation of the races, including the

banning of all social contacts between blacks and

whites. (p. 919)

apostle [uh

•

PAHS

•

uhl] n. one of the followers of Jesus

who preached and spread his teachings. (p. 153)

appeasement n. the making of concessions to an aggres-

sor in order to avoid war. (p. 813)

aqueduct [AK

•

wih

•

duhkt] n. a pipeline or channel built

to carry water to populated areas. (p. 167)

aristocracy [ar

•

STAHK

•

ruh

•

see] n. a government in

which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class

or nobility. (p. 115)

armistice [AHR

•

mih

•

stihs] n. an agreement to stop ﬁght-

ing. (p. 757)

artifact n. a human-made object, such as a tool, weapon,

or piece of jewelry. (p. 7)

artisan [AHR

•

tih

•

zuhn] n. a skilled worker, such as a

weaver or a potter, who makes goods by hand. (p. 18)

Aryans [AIR

•

uhnz] n. 1. an Indo-European people

who, about 1500 b.c., began to migrate into the Indian

subcontinent (p. 59). 2. to the Nazis, the Germanic

peoples who formed a “master race.” (p. 831)

assembly line n. in a factory, an arrangement in which a

product is moved from worker to worker, with each per-

son performing a single task in its manufacture. (p. 674)

assimilation [uh

•

sihm

•

LAY

•

shuhn] n. 1. the adoption

of a conqueror’s culture by a conquered people (p. 185).

2. a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a sub-

ject people to adopt its institutions and customs. (p. 691)

Assyria [uh

•

SEER

•

uh] n. a Southwest Asian kingdom

that controlled a large empire from about 850 to 612

b.c. (p. 88)

Atlantic Charter n. a declaration of principles issued in

August 1941 by British prime minister Winston

Churchill and U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt, on

which the Allied peace plan at the end of World War II

was based. (p. 826)

Atlantic slave trade n. the buying, transporting, and sell-

ing of Africans for work in the Americas. (p. 496)

autocracy [aw

•

TAHK

•

ruh

•

see] n. a government in which

the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbi-

trary manner. (p. 100)

Axis Powers n. in World War II, the nations of Germany,

Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.

(p. 813)

ayllu [EYE

•

loo] n. in Incan society, a small community or

clan whose members worked together for the common

good. (p. 408)

balance of power n. a political situation in which no one

nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others.

(p. 593)

Balfour Declaration n. a statement that the British gov-

ernment supported the establishment of a Jewish

national homeland in Palestine, made in a 1917 letter

by British foreign secretary Sir Arthur Balfour. (p. 901)

Balkans [BAWL

•

kuhnz] n. the region of southeastern

Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria,

Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former

republics of Yugoslavia. (p. 609)

Bantu-speaking peoples n. the speakers of a related

group of languages who, beginning about 2,000 years

ago, migrated from West Africa into most of the south-

ern half of Africa. (p. 204)

baroque [buh

•

ROHK] adj. relating to a grand, ornate

style that characterized European painting, music, and

architecture in the 1600s and early 1700s. (p. 559)

barter n. a form of trade in which people exchange goods

and services without the use of money. (p. 21)

Battle of Britain n. a series of battles between German

and British air forces, fought over Britain in

1940–1941. (p. 824)

Battle of Guadalcanal [gwahd

•

uhl

•

kuh

•

NAL] n. a

1942–1943 battle of World War II, in which Allied

troops drove Japanese forces from the Paciﬁc island of

Guadalcanal. (p. 830)

Battle of Midway n. a 1942 sea and air battle of World

War II, in which American forces defeated Japanese

forces in the central Paciﬁc. (p. 829)

Battle of Stalingrad [STAH

•

lihn

•

grad] n. a 1942–1943

battle of World War II, in which German forces were

defeated in their attempt to capture the city of

Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. (p. 836)

Battle of the Bulge n. a 1944–1945 battle in which

Allied forces turned back the last major German offen-

sive of World War II. (p. 839)

Battle of Trafalgar [truh

•

FAL

•

guhr] n. an 1805 naval bat-

tle in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a British

ﬂeet under the command of Horatio Nelson. (p. 587)

Benin [buh

•

NIHN] n. a kingdom that arose near the

Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major

West African state in the 1400s. (p. 377)

Beringia [buh

•

RIHN

•

jee

•

uh] n. an ancient land bridge

over which the earliest Americans are believed to have

migrated from Asia into the Americas. (p. 211)

Berlin Conference of 1884–85 n. a meeting at which

representatives of European nations agreed upon rules

for the European colonization of Africa. (p. 687)

Bill of Rights n. the ﬁrst ten amendments to the U.S.

Constitution, which protect citizens’ basic rights and

freedoms. (p. 567)

bishop n. a high-ranking Christian official who supervises

a number of local churches. (p. 156)

blitzkrieg [BLIHTS

•

kreeg] n. “lightning war”—a form

of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving

airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry

forces. (p. 822)

blockade [blah

•

KAYD] n. the use of troops or ships to

prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a

city or region. (p. 589)

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Page 2 of 16

R32 GLOSSARY

Catholic Reformation [rehf

•

uhr

•

MAY

•

shuhn] n. a 16th-

century movement in which the Roman Catholic

Church sought to reform itself in response to the

Protestant Reformation. (p. 435)

caudillo [kaw

•

DEEL

•

yoh] n. a military dictator of a Latin

American country. (p. 724)

centralized government n. a government in which

power is concentrated in a central authority to which

local governments are subject. (p. 181)

Central Powers n. in World War I, the nations of

Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other

nations that fought on their side. (p. 748)

Chaldeans [kal

•

DEE

•

uhnz] n. a Southwest Asian people

who helped to destroy the Assyrian Empire. (p. 90)

Chartist movement n. a 19th-century British movement

in which members of the working class demanded

reforms in Parliament and in elections, including suf-

frage for all men. (p. 660)

Chavín [chah

•

VEEN] n. the ﬁrst major South American

civilization, which ﬂourished in the highlands of what is

now Peru from about 900 to 200 b.c. (p. 221)

checks and balances n. measures designed to prevent

any one branch of government from dominating the

others. (pp. 566–567)

chivalry [SHIHV

•

uhl

•

ree] n. a code of behavior for

knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as

courage, loyalty, and devotion. (p. 328)

CIS n. the Commonwealth of Independent States—a

loose association of former Soviet republics that was

formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union. (p. 928)

city-state n. a city and its surrounding lands functioning

as an independent political unit. (p. 29)

civil disobedience n. a deliberate and public refusal to

obey a law considered unjust. (p. 786)

civilization n. a form of culture characterized by cities,

specialized workers, complex institutions, record keep-

ing, and advanced technology. (p. 18)

civil rights movement n. a grassroots effort to ﬁght dis-

crimination in the United States and to make sure that

all U.S. citizens receive the rights guaranteed by the

Constitution. (p. 954)

civil service n. the administrative departments of a govern-

ment—especially those in which employees are hired on

the basis of their scores on examinations. (p. 183)

civil war n. a conﬂict between two political groups within

the same country. (p. 146)

clan n. a group of people descended from a common

ancestor. (pp. 197, 295)

classical art n. the art of ancient Greece and Rome, in

which harmony, order, and balance were emphasized.

(p. 121)

clergy [KLUR

•

jee] n. a body of officials who perform reli-

gious services—such as priests, ministers, or rabbis.

(p. 332)

cloning [KLOH

•

nihng] n. the creation of plants or ani-

mals that are genetically identical to an existing plant

or animal. (p. 944)

coalition [koh

•

LIHSH

•

uhn] government n. a govern-

ment controlled by a temporary alliance of several

political parties. (p. 801)

codex [KOH

•

dehks] n. a book with pages that can be

turned, like the one you are reading now. (p. 398)

Boer [bohr] n. a Dutch colonist in South Africa. (p. 689)

Boer War n. a conﬂict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in

which the Boers and the British fought for control of

territory in South Africa. (p. 689)

Bolsheviks [BOHL

•

shuh

•

vihks] n. a group of revolution-

ary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s gov-

ernment in November 1917. (p. 770)

Boxer Rebellion n. a 1900 rebellion in China, aimed at

ending foreign inﬂuence in the country. (p. 719)

boyars [boh

•

YAHRZ] n. landowning nobles of Russia.

(pp. 275, 531)

Brahma [BRAH

•

muh] n. a Hindu god considered the

creator of the world. (p. 178)

Brahmin [BRAH

•

mihn] n. in Aryan society, a member of

the social class made up of priests. (p. 59)

brinkmanship n. a policy of threatening to go to war in

response to any enemy aggression. (p. 860)

Bronze Age n. a period in human history, beginning

around 3000 b.c. in some areas, during which people

began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to

fashion tools and weapons. (p. 19)

bubonic plague [boo

•

BAHN

•

ihk PLAYG] n. a deadly

disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-

14th century, killing millions of people. (p. 357)

bureaucracy [byu

•

RAHK

•

ruh

•

see] n. a system of depart-

ments and agencies formed to carry out the work of

government. (p. 98)

burgher [BUR

•

guhr] n. a medieval town dweller. (p. 350)

Bushido [BUSH

•

doh] n. the strict code of behavior

followed by samurai warriors in Japan. (p. 307)

cabinet n. a group of advisers or ministers chosen by the

head of a country to help make government decisions.

(p. 539)

caliph [KAY

•

lihf] n. a supreme political and religious

leader in a Muslim government. (p. 238)

calligraphy [kuh

•

LIHG

•

ruh

•

fee] n. the art of beautiful

handwriting. (p. 246)

Calvinism [KAL

•

vih

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. a body of religious

teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John

Calvin. (p. 433)

Camp David Accords n. the ﬁrst signed agreement

between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian

president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate

state and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin

agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. (p. 903)

canon law n. the body of laws governing the religious

practices of a Christian church. (p. 333)

capitalism n. an economic system based on private own-

ership and on the investment of money in business

ventures in order to make a proﬁt. (pp. 502, 647)

Carolingian [kar

•

LIHN

•

juhn] Dynasty n. a dynasty

of Frankish rulers, lasting from a.d. 751 to 987. (p. 320)

caste [kast] n. one of the four classes of people in the

social system of the Aryans who settled in India—

priests, warriors, peasants or traders, and non-Aryan

laborers or craftsmen. (p. 60)

cataract [KAT

•

rakt] n. a waterfall or stretch of rapids

in a river. (p. 33)

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Page 3 of 16

GLOSSARY R33

Cold War n. the state of diplomatic hostility between the

United States and the Soviet Union in the decades fol-

lowing World War II. (p. 859)

collective bargaining n. negotiations between workers

and their employers. (p. 650)

collective farm n. a large government-controlled farm

formed by combining many small farms. (p. 777)

colony n. a land controlled by a distant nation. (p. 484)

Colossus of Rhodes [kuh

•

LAHS

•

uhs uhv ROHDZ] n.

an enormous Hellenistic statue that formerly stood

near the harbor of Rhodes. (p. 135)

Columbian Exchange n. the global transfer of plants,

animals, and diseases that occurred during the

European colonization of the Americas. (p. 500)

comedy n. a humorous form of drama that often includes

slapstick and satire. (p. 123)

command economy n. an economic system in which the

government makes all economic decisions. (p. 776)

Commercial Revolution n. the expansion of trade and

business that transformed European economies during

the 16th and 17th centuries. (p. 500)

Committee of Public Safety n. a committee established

during the French Revolution to identify “enemies of

the republic.” (p. 582)

commune [KAHM

•

yoon] n. in Communist China, a col-

lective farm on which a great number of people work

and live together. (p. 864)

communism n. an economic system in which all means of

production—land, mines, factories, railroads, and busi-

nesses—are owned by the people, private property

does not exist, and all goods and services are shared

equally. (p. 649)

Concert [KAHN

•

surt] of Europe n. a series of alliances

among European nations in the 19th century, devised

by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the out-

break of revolutions. (p. 595)

concordat [kuhn

•

KAWR

•

dat] n. a formal agreement—

especially one between the pope and a government,

dealing with the control of church affairs. (p. 586)

Congress of Vienna [vee

•

EHN

•

uh] n. a series of meet-

ings in 1814–1815, during which the European leaders

sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after

the defeat of Napoleon. (p. 593)

Congress Party n. a major national political party in

India—also known as the Indian National Congress.

(p. 886)

conquistadors [kahng

•

KEE

•

stuh

•

dawrz] n. the Spanish

soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part

in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century.

(p. 485)

conservatives n. in the ﬁrst half of the 19th century,

those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners and

nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monar-

chies of Europe. (p. 609)

constitutional monarchy [MAHN

•

uhr

•

kee] n. a monar-

chy in which the ruler’s power is limited by law. (p. 539)

consul [KAHN

•

suhl] n. in the Roman republic, one of the

two powerful officials elected each year to command

the army and direct the government. (p. 142)

containment n. a U.S. foreign policy adopted by

President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the

United States tried to stop the spread of communism

by creating alliances and helping weak countries to

resist Soviet advances. (p. 857)

Continental System n. Napoleon’s policy of preventing

trade between Great Britain and continental Europe,

intended to destroy Great Britain’s economy. (p. 589)

corporation n. a business owned by stockholders who

share in its proﬁts but are not personally responsible

for its debts. (p. 645)

Council of Trent n. a meeting of Roman Catholic lead-

ers, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criti-

cized by the Protestant reformers. (p. 436)

coup d’état [KOO day

•

TAH] n. a sudden seizure of polit-

ical power in a nation. (p. 585)

covenant [KUHV

•

nuhnt] n. a mutual promise or

agreement—especially an agreement between God and

the Hebrew people as recorded in the Bible. (p. 73)

creoles [KREE

•

ohlz] n. in Spanish colonial society,

colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish

parents. (p. 604)

Crimean [kry

•

MEE

•

uhn] War n. a conﬂict, lasting from

1853 to 1856, in which the Ottoman Empire, with the

aid of Britain and France, halted Russian expansion in

the region of the Black Sea. (p. 698)

crop rotation n. the system of growing a different crop in

a ﬁeld each year to preserve the fertility of the land.

(p. 633)

Crusade n. one of the expeditions in which medieval

Christian warriors sought to recover control of the

Holy Land from the Muslims. (p. 343)

cultural diffusion n. the spreading of ideas or products

from one culture to another. (p. 29)

Cultural Revolution n. a 1966–1976 uprising in China,

led by the Red Guards, with the goal of establishing a

society of peasants and workers in which all were

equal. (p. 865)

culture n. a people’s unique way of life, as shown by its

tools, customs, arts, and ideas. (p. 7)

cuneiform [KYOO

•

nee

•

fawrm] n. a system of writing

with wedge-shaped symbols, invented by the

Sumerians around 3000 b.c. (p. 18)

Cyrillic [suh

•

RIHL

•

ihk] alphabet n. an alphabet for the

writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth cen-

tury a.d. by Saints Cyril and Methodius. (p. 273)

czar [zahr] n. a Russian emperor (from the Roman title

Caesar). (p. 278)

daimyo [DY

•

mee

•

oh] n. a Japanese feudal lord who com-

manded a private army of samurai. (p. 474)

Daoism [DOW

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a philosophy based on the

ideas of the Chinese thinker Laozi, who taught that

people should be guided by a universal force called the

Dao (Way). (p. 98)

D-Day n. June 6, 1944—the day on which the Allies

began their invasion of the European mainland during

World War II. (p. 838)

Declaration of Independence n. a statement of the rea-

sons for the American colonies’ break with Britain,

approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1776.

(p. 564)

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Page 4 of 16

R34 GLOSSARY

Declaration of the Rights of Man n. a statement of

revolutionary ideals adopted by France’s National

Assembly in 1789. (p. 577)

delta n. a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the

mouth of a river. (p. 34)

demilitarization [dee

•

mihl

•

tuhr

•

ZAY

•

shuhn] n. a

reduction in a country’s ability to wage war, achieved by

disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from

acquiring weapons. (p. 844)

democracy n. a government controlled by its citizens,

either directly or through representatives. (p. 117)

desertiﬁcation [dih

•

zur

•

tuh

•

ﬁh

•

KAY

•

shuhn] n. a transfor-

mation of fertile land into desert. (p. 195)

destalinization [dee

•

stah

•

lih

•

nih

•

ZAY

•

shuhn] n. Nikita

Khrushchev’s policy of eliminating all memory of Joseph

Stalin and his programs in the Soviet Union. (p. 876)

détente [day

•

TAHNT] n. a policy of reducing Cold War

tensions that was adopted by the United States during

the presidency of Richard Nixon. (p. 878)

developed nation n. a nation with all the facilities

needed for the advanced production of manufactured

goods. (p. 946)

developing nation n. a nation in which the process of

industrialization is not yet complete. (p. 946)

devshirme [dehv

•

SHEER

•

meh] n. in the Ottoman

Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered

Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers.

(p. 446)

Diaspora [dy

•

puhr

•

uh] n. the dispersal of the Jews

from their homeland in Palestine—especially during

the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the

Romans’ destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in

a.d. 70. (p. 155)

dictator n. in ancient Rome, a political leader given abso-

lute power to make laws and command the army for a

limited time. (p. 143)

direct democracy n. a government in which citizens rule

directly rather than through representatives. (p. 120)

dissident [DIHS

•

duhnt] n. an opponent of a govern-

ment’s policies or actions. (p. 918)

divine right n. the idea that monarchs are God’s repre-

sentatives on earth and are therefore answerable only

to God. (p. 517)

domestication n. the taming of animals for human use.

(p. 14)

dominion n. in the British Empire, a nation (such as

Canada) allowed to govern its own domestic affairs.

(p. 665)

domino theory n. the idea that if a nation falls under

Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under

Communist control. (p. 868)

Dorians [DAWR

•

uhnz] n. a Greek-speaking people

that, according to tradition, migrated into mainland

Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civiliza-

tion. (p. 113)

Dreyfus [DRY

•

fuhs] affair n. a controversy in France in

the 1890s, centering on the trial and imprisonment of a

Jewish army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, who had

been falsely accused of selling military secrets to

Germany. (p. 663)

Duma [DOO

•

muh] n. a Russian national parliament

formed in the early years of the 20th century. (p. 771)

Dutch East India Company n. a company founded by

the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and

direct trade throughout Asia. (p. 468)

dynastic [dy

•

NAS

•

tihk] cycle n. the historical pattern of

the rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties. (p. 50)

dynasty [DY

•

nuh

•

stee] n. a series of rulers from a single

family. (p. 29)

Eastern Front n. in World War I, the region along the

German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs bat-

tled Germans, Austrians, and Turks. (p. 750)

Edict of Nantes [EE

•

dihkt uhv NAHNT] n. a 1598 dec-

laration in which the French king Henry IV promised

that Protestants could live in peace in France and

could set up houses of worship in some French cities.

(p. 518)

Emancipation Proclamation [ih

•

man

•

suh

•

PAY

•

shuhn

prahk

•

luh

•

MAY

•

shuhn] n. a declaration issued by U.S.

president Abraham Lincoln in 1863, stating that all

slaves in the Confederate states were free. (p. 671)

émigrés [EHM

•

grayz] n. people who leave their

native country for political reasons, like the nobles and

others who ﬂed France during the peasant uprisings of

the French Revolution. (p. 579)

empire n. a political unit in which a number of peoples or

countries are controlled by a single ruler. (p. 31)

enclosure n. one of the fenced-in or hedged-in ﬁelds cre-

ated by wealthy British landowners on land that was

formerly worked by village farmers. (p. 633)

encomienda [ehng

•

kaw

•

MYEHN

•

dah] n. a grant of land

made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including

the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.

(p. 486)

English Civil War n. a conﬂict, lasting from 1642 to

1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament bat-

tled supporters of England’s monarchy. (p. 537)

enlightened despot [DEHS

•

puht] n. one of the 18th-

century European monarchs who were inspired by

Enlightenment ideas to rule justly and respect the

rights of their subjects. (p. 561)

enlightenment [ehn

•

LYT

•

uhn

•

muhnt] n. in Buddhism, a

state of perfect wisdom in which one understands basic

truths about the universe. (p. 64)

Enlightenment n. an 18th-century European movement

in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of

reason and the scientiﬁc method to all aspects of soci-

ety. (p. 551)

entrepreneur [ahn

•

truh

•

pruh

•

NUR] n. a person who

organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a busi-

ness. (p. 636)

epics n. long narrative poems celebrating the deeds of

legendary or traditional heroes. (p. 114)

estate [ih

•

STAYT] n. one of the three social classes in

France before the French Revolution—the First Estate

consisting of the clergy; the Second Estate, of the

nobility; and the Third Estate, of the rest of the popu-

lation. (p. 573)

Estates-General [ih

•

STAYTS

•

JEHN

•

uhr

•

uhl] n. an assem-

bly of representatives from all three of the estates, or

social classes, in France. (p. 575)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R34

Page 5 of 16

GLOSSARY R35

Franks n. a Germanic people who settled in the Roman

province of Gaul (roughly the area now occupied by

France) and established a great empire during the

Middle Ages. (p. 318)

free trade n. commerce between nations without eco-

nomic restrictions or barriers (such as tariffs). (p. 947)

French and Indian War n. a conﬂict between Britain

and France for control of territory in North America,

lasting from 1754 to 1763. (p. 493)

fundamentalism [fuhn

•

duh

•

MEHN

•

tuhl

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a

strict belief in the basic truths and practices of a partic-

ular religion. (p. 953)

genetic [juh

•

NEHT

•

ihk] engineering n. the transferring

of genes from one living thing to another in order to

produce an organism with new traits. (pp. 943–944)

genocide [JEHN

•

syd] n. the systematic killing of an

entire people. (p. 833)

gentry n. a class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy

a high social status. (p. 291)

geopolitics [jee

•

PAHL

•

tihks] n. a foreign policy

based on a consideration of the strategic locations or

products of other lands. (p. 698)

Ghana [GAH

•

nuh] n. a West African kingdom that grew

rich from taxing and controlling trade and that estab-

lished an empire in the 9th–11th centuries a.d. (p. 371)

ghazi [GAH

•

zee] n. a warrior for Islam. (p. 443)

ghettos [GEHT

•

ohz] n. city neighborhoods in which

European Jews were forced to live. (p. 832)

gladiator [GLAD

•

tuhr] n. in ancient Rome, one of

the professional ﬁghters who engaged in battles to the

death in public arenas. (p. 151)

glasnost [GLAHS

•

nuhst] n. a Soviet policy of openness to

the free ﬂow of ideas and information, introduced in

1985 by Mikhail Gorbachev. (p. 921)

global economy n. all the ﬁnancial interactions—involv-

ing people, businesses, and governments—that cross

international boundaries. (p. 947)

Glorious Revolution n. the bloodless overthrow of the

English king James II and his replacement by William

and Mary. (p. 539)

glyph [glihf] n. a symbolic picture—especially one used

as part of a writing system for carving messages in

stone. (p. 398)

Gothic [GAHTH

•

ihk] adj. relating to a style of church

architecture that developed in medieval Europe, fea-

turing ribbed vaults, stained-glass windows, ﬂying but-

tresses, pointed arches, and tall spires. (p. 342)

Great Depression n. the severe economic slump that

followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929.

(p. 804)

Great Fear n. a wave of senseless panic that spread

through the French countryside after the storming of

the Bastille in 1789. (p. 576)

Great Purge n. a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union

during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to

eliminate all Communist Party members and other citi-

zens who threatened his power. (p. 777)

Great Schism [SIHZ

•

uhm] n. a division in the medieval

Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes

were established in Avignon and in Rome. (p. 357)

ethnic cleansing n. a policy of murder and other acts of

brutality by which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia’s

Muslim population after the breakup of Yugoslavia.

(p. 929)

excommunication [ehks

•

kuh

•

myoo

•

nih

•

KAY

•

shuhn] n.

the taking away of a person’s right of membership in a

Christian church. (p. 273)

existentialism [ehg

•

zih

•

STEHN

•

shuh

•

lihz

•

uhm] n. a

philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning

to their lives through their choices and actions. (p. 796)

extended family n. a group that includes a person’s par-

ents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts,

uncles, and cousins. (p. 197)

extraterritorial [ehk

•

struh

•

tehr

•

TAWR

•

uhl] rights

n. an exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a

country. (p. 716)

factors of production n. the resources—including land,

labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods

and services. (p. 634)

factory n. a large building in which machinery is used to

manufacture goods. (p. 635)

fascism [FASH

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a political movement that pro-

motes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of indi-

vidual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule. (p. 807)

Fatimid [FAT

•

mihd] n. a member of a Muslim dynasty

that traced its ancestry to Muhammad’s daughter

Fatima and that built an empire in North Africa,

Arabia, and Syria in the 10th–12th centuries. (p. 240)

favorable balance of trade n. an economic situation in

which a country exports more than it imports—that is,

sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad.

(p. 502)

federal system n. a system of government in which

power is divided between a central authority and a

number of individual states. (pp. 567, 917)

Fertile Crescent [FUHR

•

tuhl KREHS

•

uhnt] n. an arc of

rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian

Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. (p. 27)

feudalism [FYOOD

•

uhl

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a political system in

which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally

belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, mili-

tary service, and protection of the people who live on

the land. (p. 50)

ﬁef [feef] n. an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under

the feudal system in medieval Europe. (p. 324)

ﬁlial piety [FIHL

•

uhl PY

•

tee] n. respect shown by

children for their parents and elders. (p. 97)

Final Solution n. Hitler’s program of systematically

killing the entire Jewish people. (p. 833)

FLN n. the National Liberation Front—an Algerian group

that waged a guerrilla struggle for independence from

France. (p. 899)

Four Modernizations n. a set of goals adopted by the

Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 20th century,

involving progress in agriculture, industry, defense, and

science and technology. (p. 932)

Fourteen Points n. a series of proposals in which U.S.

president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achiev-

ing a lasting peace after World War I. (p. 760)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R35

Page 6 of 16

R36 GLOSSARY

Great Trek n. a migration of Dutch colonists out of

British-controlled territory in South Africa during the

1830s. (p. 689)

Greco-Roman culture n. an ancient culture that devel-

oped from a blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and

Roman cultures. (p. 164)

green revolution n. a 20th-century attempt to increase

food resources worldwide, involving the use of fertiliz-

ers and pesticides and the development of disease-

resistant crops. (p. 944)

griot [gree

•

OH] n. a West African storyteller. (p. 197)

guerrilla [guh

•

RIHL

•

uh] n. a member of a loosely orga-

nized ﬁghting force that makes surprise attacks on

enemy troops occupying his or her country. (p. 590)

guild [gihld] n. a medieval association of people working

at the same occupation, which controlled its members’

wages and prices. (p. 349)

guillotine [GIHL

•

teen] n. a machine for beheading

people, used as a means of execution during the

French Revolution. (p. 580)

Gulf War n. a 1991 conﬂict in which UN forces defeated

Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait and threatened to

invade Saudi Arabia. (p. 949)

Gupta [GUP

•

tuh] Empire n. the second empire in India,

founded by Chandra Gupta I in a.d. 320. (p. 175)

Gutenberg [GOOT

•

uhn

•

burg] Bible n. the ﬁrst full-

sized book printed with movable type and a printing

press. (p. 426)

habeas corpus [HAY

•

bee

•

uhs KAWR

•

puhs] n. a docu-

ment requiring that a prisoner be brought before a

court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or

her imprisonment is legal. (p. 538)

Hagia Sophia [HAY

•

uh soh

•

FEE

•

uh] n. the Cathedral

of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of

the Byzantine emperor Justinian. (p. 270)

haiku [HY

•

koo] n. a Japanese form of poetry, consisting of

three unrhymed lines of ﬁve, seven, and ﬁve syllables.

(p. 476)

hajj [haj] n. a pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty

by Muslims. (p. 236)

Han [hahn] Dynasty n. a Chinese dynasty that ruled

from 202 b.c. to a.d. 9 and again from a.d. 23 to 220.

(p. 181)

Hausa [HOW

•

suh] n. a West African people who lived in

several city-states in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 375)

heliocentric [hee

•

lee

•

SEHN

•

trihk] theory n. the idea

that the earth and the other planets revolve around the

sun. (p. 546)

Hellenistic [hehl

•

NIHS

•

tihk] adj. relating to the civi-

lization, language, art, science, and literature of the

Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to

the late second century b.c. (p. 132)

helot [HEHL

•

uht] n. in the society of ancient Sparta, a

peasant bound to the land. (p. 116)

heresy [HEHR

•

see] n. religious beliefs or opinions that

differ from the official teachings of a Christian church.

(p. 157)

hieroglyphics [hy

•

uhr

•

GLIHF

•

ihks] n. an ancient

Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to

represent ideas and sounds. (p. 38)

Hijrah [HIHJ

•

ruh] n. Muhammad’s migration from

Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) in a.d. 622. (p. 235)

Hittites [HIHT

•

yts] n. an Indo-European people who

settled in Anatolia around 2000 b.c. (p. 58)

Holocaust [HAHL

•

kawst] n. a mass slaughter of Jews

and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government

of Germany before and during World War II. (p. 831)

Holy Alliance n. a league of European nations formed by

the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the

Congress of Vienna. (p. 595)

Holy Roman Empire n. an empire established in Europe

in the 10th century a.d., originally consisting mainly of

lands in what is now Germany and Italy. (p. 333)

home rule n. a control over internal matters granted to the

residents of a region by a ruling government. (p. 668)

hominid [HAHM

•

nihd] n. a member of a biological

group including human beings and related species that

walk upright. (p. 8)

Homo sapiens [HOH

•

moh SAY

•

pee

•

uhnz] n. the biologi-

cal species to which modern human beings belong. (p. 9)

House of Wisdom n. a center of learning established in

Baghdad in the 800s. (p. 243)

Hubble Space Telescope n. a powerful telescope put

into orbit around the earth by NASA and the European

Space Agency in 1990. (p. 942)

humanism [HYOO

•

muh

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. a Renaissance

intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classi-

cal texts and focused on human potential and achieve-

ments. (p. 418)

Hundred Days n. the brief period during 1815 when

Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the

French king and again becoming emperor of France.

(p. 592)

Hundred Years’ War n. a conﬂict in which England and

France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to

1453. (p. 359)

hunter-gatherer n. a member of a nomadic group whose

food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting

plant foods. (p. 12)

Hyksos [HIHK

•

sohs] n. a group of nomadic invaders from

Southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570

b.c. (p. 83)

Ice Age n. a cold period in which huge ice sheets spread

outward from the polar regions, the last one of which

lasted from about 1,600,000 to 10,000 b.c. (p. 211)

I Ching [ee jihng] n. a Chinese book of oracles, con-

sulted to answer ethical and practical problems. (p. 99)

icon [EYE

•

kahn] n. a religious image used by eastern

Christians. (p. 272)

iconoclast [eye

•

KAHN

•

klast] n. one of the eastern

Christians who destroyed religious images in churches

during the eighth and ninth centuries. (p. 272)

imperialism [ihm

•

PEER

•

lihz

•

uhm] n. a policy in

which a strong nation seeks to dominate other coun-

tries politically, economically, or socially. (p. 686)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R36

Page 7 of 16

GLOSSARY R37

impressionism [ihm

•

PREHSH

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. a move-

ment in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted

against realism by seeking to convey their impressions

of subjects or moments in time. (p. 623)

Indo-Europeans [ihn

•

doh

•

yur

•

PEE

•

uhnz] n. a group

of seminomadic peoples who, about 1700 b.c., began

to migrate from what is now southern Russia to the

Indian subcontinent, Europe, and Southwest Asia.

(p. 57)

indulgence [ihn

•

DUHL

•

juhns] n. a pardon releasing a

person from punishments due for a sin. (p. 429)

industrialization [ihn

•

duhs

•

tree

•

lih

•

ZAY

•

shuhn] n. the

development of industries for the machine production

of goods. (p. 634)

Industrial Revolution n. the shift, beginning in England

during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to

making them by machine. (p. 633)

inﬂation n. a decline in the value of money, accompanied

by a rise in the prices of goods and services. (p. 158)

Inquisition [ihn

•

kwih

•

ZIHSH

•

uhn] n. a Roman Catholic

tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of

heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the

1400s. (p. 346)

institution n. a long-lasting pattern of organization in a

community. (p. 18)

intendant [ihn

•

TEHN

•

duhnt] n. a French government

official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and

administer justice. (p. 520)

Internet n. a linkage of computer networks that allows

people around the world to exchange information and

communicate with one another. (p. 943)

iron curtain n. during the Cold War, the boundary sepa-

rating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from

the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe.

(p. 857)

Iroquois [IHR

•

kwoy] n. a group of Native American

peoples who spoke related languages, lived in the east-

ern Great Lakes region of North America, and formed

an alliance in the late 1500s. (p. 393)

irrigation n. the bringing of water to crop ﬁelds by means

of canals and ditches. (p. 28)

Islam [ihs

•

LAHM] n. a monotheistic religion that devel-

oped in Arabia in the seventh century a.d. (p. 234)

isolationism n. a policy of avoiding political or military

involvement with other countries. (p. 814)

Israel [IHZ

•

ree

•

uhl] n. a kingdom of the united Hebrews

in Palestine, lasting from about 1020 to 922 b.c.; later,

the northernmost of the two Hebrew kingdoms; now,

the Jewish nation that was established in Palestine in

1948. (p. 75)

Jainism [JY

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. a religion founded in India in

the sixth century b.c., whose members believe that

everything in the universe has a soul and therefore

should not be harmed. (p. 63)

janissary [JAN

•

sehr

•

ee] n. a member of an elite force

of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire. (p. 446)

jazz n. a 20th-century style of popular music developed

mainly by African-American musicians. (p. 797)

Jesuits [JEHZH

•

ihts] n. members of the Society of

Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by

Ignatius of Loyola. (p. 435)

“jewel in the crown” n. the British colony of India—so

called because of its importance in the British Empire,

both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for

British trade goods. (p. 701)

joint-stock company n. a business in which investors

pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share

the proﬁts. (p. 502)

Judah [JOO

•

duh] n. a Hebrew kingdom in Palestine,

established around 922 b.c. (p. 76)

Justinian [juh

•

STIHN

•

uhn] Code n. the body of

Roman civil law collected and organized by order of

the Byzantine emperor Justinian around a.d. 534.

(p. 270)

kabuki [kuh

•

BOO

•

kee] n. a type of Japanese drama in

which music, dance, and mime are used to present sto-

ries. (p. 476)

kaiser [KY

•

zuhr] n. a German emperor (from the Roman

title Caesar). (p. 618)

kamikaze [kah

•

mih

•

KAH

•

zee] n. during World War II,

Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by

crashing bomb-ﬁlled planes into them. (p. 841)

karma [KAHR

•

muh] n. in Hinduism and Buddhism, the

totality of the good and bad deeds performed by a per-

son, which is believed to determine his or her fate after

rebirth. (p. 63)

Khmer [kmair] Empire n. a Southeast Asian empire,

centered in what is now Cambodia, that reached its

peak of power around a.d. 1200. (p. 309)

Khmer Rouge [roozh] n. a group of Communist rebels

who seized power in Cambodia in 1975. (p. 870)

knight n. in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who

fought on horseback. (p. 324)

Koryu [KAWR

•

yoo] Dynasty n. a dynasty that ruled

Korea from a.d. 935 to 1392. (p. 311)

Kristallnacht [krih

•

STAHL

•

nahkt] n. “Night of Broken

Glass”—the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi

storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and

synagogues throughout Germany. (p. 831)

kulak [koo

•

LAK] n. a member of a class of wealthy

Russian peasants. (p. 777)

Kuomintang [kwoh

•

mihn

•

TANG] n. the Chinese

Nationalist Party, formed after the fall of the Qing

Dynasty in 1912. (p. 781)

Kush [kuhsh] n. an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers

controlled Egypt from 751 to 671 b.c. (p. 85)

laissez faire [lehs

•

FAIR] n. the idea that government

should not interfere with or regulate industries and

businesses. (p. 647)

land reform n. a redistribution of farmland by breaking

up large estates and giving the resulting smaller farms

to peasants. (p. 912)

La Reforma [lah reh

•

FAWR

•

mah] n. a liberal reform

movement in 19th-century Mexico, founded by Benito

Juárez. (p. 730)

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R38 GLOSSARY

lay investiture [ihn

•

VEHS

•

tuh

•

chur] n. the appointment

of religious officials by kings or nobles. (p. 334)

League of Nations n. an international association formed

after World War I with the goal of keeping peace

among nations. (p. 761)

lebensraum [LAY

•

buhns

•

rowm] n. “living space”—the

additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler,

Germany needed because it was overcrowded. (p. 809)

Legalism n. a Chinese political philosophy based on the

idea that a highly efficient and powerful government is

the key to social order. (p. 99)

legion n. a military unit of the ancient Roman army, made

up of about 5,000 foot soldiers and a group of soldiers

on horseback. (p. 143)

Legislative [LEHJ

•

slay

•

tihv] Assembly n. a French

congress with the power to create laws and approve

declarations of war, established by the Constitution of

1791. (p. 578)

legitimacy [luh

•

JIHT

•

muh

•

see] n. the hereditary right

of a monarch to rule. (p. 594)

liberals n. in the ﬁrst half of the 19th century, those

Europeans—mainly middle-class business leaders and

merchants—who wanted to give more political power

to elected parliaments. (p. 609)

lineage [LIHN

•

ihj] n. the people—living, dead, and

unborn—who are descended from a common ancestor.

(p. 368)

loess [LOH

•

uhs] n. a fertile deposit of windblown soil.

(p. 46)

Long March n. a 6,000-mile journey made in 1934–1935

by Chinese Communists ﬂeeing from Jiang Jieshi’s

Nationalist forces. (p. 784)

lord n. in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land

and could therefore grant estates to vassals. (p. 324)

Lutheran [LOO

•

thuhr

•

uhn] n. a member of a Protestant

church founded on the teachings of Martin Luther.

(p. 430)

lycée [lee

•

SAY] n. a government-run public school in

France. (p. 585)

Macedonia [mas

•

DOH

•

nee

•

uh] n. an ancient kingdom

north of Greece, whose ruler Philip II conquered

Greece in 338 b.c. (p. 128)

Maghrib [MUHG

•

ruhb] n. a region of western North

Africa, consisting of the Mediterranean coastlands of

what is now Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. (p. 369)

Magna Carta [MAG

•

nuh KAHR

•

tuh] n. “Great

Charter”—a document guaranteeing basic political

rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by

King John in a.d. 1215. (p. 353)

Mahabharata [muh

•

HAH

•

BAH

•

ruh

•

tuh] n. a great Indian

epic poem, reﬂecting the struggles of the Aryans as

they moved south into India. (p. 60)

Mahayana [mah

•

huh

•

YAH

•

nuh] n. a sect of Buddhism

that offers salvation to all and allows popular worship.

(p. 177)

maize [mayz] n. a cultivated cereal grain that bears its

kernels on large ears—usually called corn in the United

States. (p. 213)

Mali [MAH

•

lee] n. a West African empire that ﬂourished

from 1235 to the 1400s and grew rich from trade.

(p. 373)

mamelukes [MAM

•

looks] n. Turkish slaves who

served as soldiers and bodyguards in the Abbasid

Empire. (p. 279)

Manchus [MAN

•

chooz] n. a people, native to Manchuria,

who ruled China during the Qing Dynasty

(1644–1912). (p. 471)

Mandate of Heaven n. in Chinese history, the divine

approval thought to be the basis of royal authority.

(p. 50)

manifest destiny n. the idea, popular among mid-19th-

century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of

the United States to rule North America from the

Atlantic Ocean to the Paciﬁc Ocean. (p. 670)

manor n. a lord’s estate in feudal Europe. (p. 325)

Maori [MOW

•

ree] n. a member of a Polynesian people

who settled in New Zealand around a.d. 800. (p. 665)

Marshall Plan n. a U.S. program of economic aid to

European countries to help them rebuild after World

War II. (p. 858)

martial [MAHR

•

shuhl] law n. a temporary rule by mili-

tary authorities over a civilian population, usually

imposed in times of war or civil unrest. (p. 917)

mass culture n. the production of works of art and enter-

tainment designed to appeal to a large audience.

(p. 674)

materialism n. a placing of high value on acquiring mate-

rial possessions. (p. 960)

matriarchal [may

•

tree

•

AHR

•

kuhl] adj. relating to a social

system in which the mother is head of the family.

(p. 176)

matrilineal [mat

•

ruh

•

LIHN

•

uhl] adj. relating to a

social system in which family descent and inheritance

rights are traced through the mother. (p. 369)

Mau Mau [MOW mow] n. a secret society of Kikuyu

tribesmen that attempted to drive British settlers out of

Kenya in the mid-20th century. (p. 897)

Mauryan [MAH

•

yuhn] Empire n. the ﬁrst empire in

India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 b.c.

(p. 173)

May Fourth Movement n. a national protest in China in

1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty

of Versailles and foreign interference. (p. 782)

Medes [meedz] n. a Southwest Asian people who helped

to destroy the Assyrian Empire. (p. 90)

Meiji [MAY

•

jee] era n. the period of Japanese history

from 1867 to 1912, during which the country was ruled

by Emperor Mutsuhito. (p. 721)

Mein Kampf [myn KAHMPF] n. “My Struggle”—a book

written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in

1923–1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his

goals for Germany. (p. 809)

mercantilism [MUR

•

kuhn

•

tee

•

lihz

•

uhm] n. an economic

policy under which nations sought to increase their

wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold

and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

(p. 502)

mercenary [MUR

•

suh

•

nehr

•

ee] n. a soldier who is paid

to ﬁght in a foreign army. (p. 159)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R38

Page 9 of 16

GLOSSARY R39

Mesoamerica [mehz

•

MEHR

•

kuh] n. an area

extending from central Mexico to Honduras, where

several of the ancient complex societies of the

Americas developed. (p. 216)

mestizo [mehs

•

TEE

•

zoh] adj. of mixed Spanish and

Native American ancestry. (p. 486)

Middle Ages n. the era in European history that followed

the fall of the Roman Empire, lasting from about 500

to 1500—also called the medieval period. (p. 317)

middle class n. a social class made up of skilled workers,

professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

(p. 639)

middle passage n. the voyage that brought captured

Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and

South America, to be sold as slaves—so called because

it was considered the middle leg of the triangular

trade. (p. 497)

migration n. the act of moving from one place to settle in

another. (p. 57)

militarism [MIHL

•

tuh

•

rihz

•

uhm] n. a policy of glorify-

ing military power and keeping a standing army always

prepared for war. (p. 744)

Ming Dynasty n. a Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368

to 1644. (p. 469)

Minoans [mih

•

NOH

•

uhnz] n. a seafaring and trading peo-

ple that lived on the island of Crete from about 2000 to

1400 b.c. (p. 67)

Mississippian [mihs

•

SIHP

•

uhn] adj. relating to a

Mound Builder culture that ﬂourished in North

America between a.d. 800 and 1500. (p. 393)

mita [MEE

•

tuh] n. in the Inca Empire, the requirement

that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain

number of days each year. (p. 409)

Moche [MOH

•

chay] n. a civilization that ﬂourished on

what is now the northern coast of Peru from about a.d.

100 to 700. (p. 222)

monarchy [MAHN

•

uhr

•

kee] n. a government in which

power is in the hands of a single person. (p. 115)

monastery [MAHN

•

stehr

•

ee] n. a religious commu-

nity of men (called monks) who have given up their

possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and

worship. (p. 318)

monopoly [muh

•

NAHP

•

lee] n. a group’s exclusive con-

trol over the production and distribution of certain

goods. (p. 185)

monotheism [MAHN

•

thee

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a belief in a

single god. (p. 73)

Monroe Doctrine n. a U.S. policy of opposition to

European interference in Latin America, announced

by President James Monroe in 1823. (p. 726)

monsoon [mahn

•

SOON] n. a wind that shifts in direction

at certain times of each year. (p. 42)

mosque [mahsk] n. an Islamic place of worship. (p. 236)

movable type n. blocks of metal or wood, each bearing a

single character, that can be arranged to make up a

page for printing. (p. 289)

Mughal [MOO

•

guhl] n. one of the nomads who invaded

the Indian subcontinent in the 16th century and estab-

lished a powerful empire there. (p. 451)

mulattos [mu

•

LAT

•

ohz] n. persons of mixed European

and African ancestry. (p. 604)

multinational corporation n. a company that operates

in a number of different countries. (p. 947)

mummiﬁcation [muhm

•

ﬁh

•

KAY

•

shuhn] n. a process of

embalming and drying corpses to prevent them from

decaying. (p. 37)

Munich [MYOO

•

nihk] Conference n. a 1938 meeting of

representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and

Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow

Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in

return for Adolf Hitler’s pledge to respect

Czechoslovakia’s new borders. (p. 815)

Muslim [MUHZ

•

luhm] n. a follower of Islam. (p. 235)

Muslim League n. an organization formed in 1906 to

protect the interests of India’s Muslims, which later

proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim

and Hindu nations. (p. 886)

Mutapa [moo

•

TAHP

•

uh] adj. relating to a southern

African empire established by Mutota in the 15th cen-

tury a.d. (p. 381)

Mycenaeans [my

•

suh

•

NEE

•

uhnz] n. an Indo-European

people who settled on the Greek mainland around

2000 b.c. (p. 112)

myths n. traditional stories about gods, ancestors, or

heroes, told to explain the natural world or the customs

and beliefs of a society. (p. 114)

Napoleonic [nuh

•

poh

•

lee

•

AHN

•

ihk] Code n. a compre-

hensive and uniform system of laws established for

France by Napoleon. (p. 586)

National Assembly n. a French congress established by

representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789,

to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French

people. (p. 575)

nationalism n. the belief that people should be loyal

mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with

whom they share a culture and history—rather than to

a king or empire. (p. 609)

nation-state n. an independent nation of people having a

common culture and identity. (p. 609)

NATO [NAY

•

toh] n. the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization—a defensive military alliance formed in

1949 by ten Western European nations, the United

States, and Canada. (p. 859)

natural rights n. the rights that all people are born

with—according to John Locke, the rights of life, lib-

erty, and property. (p. 551)

Nazca [NAHS

•

kah] n. a civilization that ﬂourished on

what is now the southern coast of Peru from about 200

b.c. to a.d. 600. (p. 222)

Nazism [NAHT

•

sihz

•

uhm] n. the fascist policies of the

National Socialist German Workers’ party, based on

totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state

control of industry. (p. 808)

Negritude [NEE

•

grih

•

tood] movement n. a movement

in which French-speaking Africans and West Indians

celebrated their heritage of traditional African culture

and values. (p. 896)

neoclassical [nee

•

KLAS

•

kuhl] adj. relating to a sim-

ple, elegant style (based on ideas and themes from

ancient Greece and Rome) that characterized the arts

in Europe during the late 1700s. (p. 559)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R39

Page 10 of 16

R40 GLOSSARY

Neolithic [nee

•

LIHTH

•

ihk] Age n. a prehistoric

period that began about 8000 b.c. and in some areas

ended as early as 3000 b.c., during which people

learned to polish stone tools, make pottery, grow crops,

and raise animals—also called the New Stone Age. (p. 8)

Neolithic Revolution n. the major change in human life

caused by the beginnings of farming—that is, by peo-

ple’s shift from food gathering to food producing.

(p. 14)

New Deal n. U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt’s eco-

nomic reform program designed to solve the problems

created by the Great Depression. (p. 806)

New Kingdom n. the period of ancient Egyptian history

that followed the overthrow of the Hyksos rulers, last-

ing from about 1570 to 1075 b.c. (p. 83)

nirvana [neer

•

VAH

•

nuh] n. in Buddhism, the release from

pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment. (p. 65)

Nok [nahk] n. an African people who lived in what is now

Nigeria between 500 b.c. and a.d. 200. (p. 198)

nomad n. a member of a group that has no permanent

home, wandering from place to place in search of food

and water. (p. 12)

nonaggression [nahn

•

GREHSH

•

uhn] pact n. an

agreement in which nations promise not to attack one

another. (p. 821)

nonaligned nations n. the independent countries that

remained neutral in the Cold War competition

between the United States and the Soviet Union.

(p. 871)

Nuclear Non-Proliferation [NOO

•

klee

•

uhr

nahn

•

pruh

•

lihf

•

RAY

•

shuhn] Treaty n. a 1968

agreement intended to reduce the spread of nuclear

weapons. (p. 953)

Nuremberg [NUR

•

uhm

•

burg] Trials n. a series of court

proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World

War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression,

violations of the rules of war, and crimes against

humanity. (p. 843)

obsidian [ahb

•

SIHD

•

uhn] n. a hard, glassy volcanic

rock used by early peoples to make sharp weapons.

(p. 400)

Old Regime [ray

•

ZHEEM] n. the political and social sys-

tem that existed in France before the French

Revolution. (p. 573)

oligarchy [AHL

•

gahr

•

kee] n. a government in which

power is in the hands of a few people—especially one

in which rule is based upon wealth. (p. 115)

Olmec [AHL

•

mehk] n. the earliest known Mesoamerican

civilization, which ﬂourished around 1200 b.c. and inﬂu-

enced later societies throughout the region. (p. 216)

Open Door Policy n. a policy, proposed by the United

States in 1899, under which all nations would have

equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 718)

Opium War n. a conﬂict between Britain and China, last-

ing from 1839 to 1842, over Britain’s opium trade in

China. (p. 716)

oracle bone n. one of the animal bones or tortoise shells

used by ancient Chinese priests to communicate with

the gods. (p. 48)

ozone layer n. a layer of the earth’s upper atmosphere,

which protects living things from the sun’s damaging

ultraviolet rays. (p. 949)

Paciﬁc Rim n. the lands surrounding the Paciﬁc Ocean—

especially those in Asia. (p. 706)

Paleolithic [pay

•

lee

•

LIHTH

•

ihk] Age n. a prehistoric

period that lasted from about 2,500,000 to 8000 b.c.,

during which people made use of crude stone tools and

weapons—also called the Old Stone Age. (p. 8)

Panama Canal n. a manmade waterway connecting the

Atlantic and Paciﬁc oceans, built in Panama by the

United States and opened in 1914. (p. 727)

papyrus [puh

•

ruhs] n. a tall reed that grows in the

Nile delta, used by the ancient Egyptians to make a

paperlike material for writing on. (p. 38)

parliament [PAHR

•

luh

•

muhnt] n. a body of representa-

tives that makes laws for a nation. (p. 354)

partition n. a division into parts, like the 1947 division of

the British colony of India into the two nations of India

and Pakistan. (p. 886)

pastoralist [PAS

•

tuhr

•

lihst] n. a member of a nomadic

group that herds domesticated animals. (p. 294)

paternalism [puh

•

TUR

•

nuh

•

lihz

•

uhm] n. a policy of

treating subject people as if they were children, provid-

ing for their needs but not giving them rights. (p. 691)

patriarch [PAY

•

tree

•

ahrk] n. a principal bishop in the

eastern branch of Christianity. (p. 272)

patriarchal [pay

•

tree

•

AHR

•

kuhl] adj. relating to a social

system in which the father is head of the family.

(p. 176)

patrician [puh

•

TRIHSH

•

uhn] n. in ancient Rome, a

member of the wealthy, privileged upper class. (p. 142)

patrilineal [pat

•

ruh

•

LIHN

•

uhl] adj. relating to a social

system in which family descent and inheritance rights

are traced through the father. (p. 369)

patron [PAY

•

truhn] n. a person who supports artists,

especially ﬁnancially. (p. 418)

Pax Romana [PAHKS roh

•

MAH

•

nah] n. a period of

peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire,

lasting from 27 b.c. to a.d. 180. (p. 148)

Peace of Augsburg [AWGZ

•

burg] n. a 1555 agreement

declaring that the religion of each German state would

be decided by its ruler. (p. 430)

Peloponnesian [pehl

•

puh

•

NEE

•

zhuhn] War n. a war,

lasting from 431 to 404 b.c., in which Athens and its

allies were defeated by Sparta and its allies. (p. 123)

penal [PEE

•

nuhl] colony n. a colony to which convicts

are sent as an alternative to prison. (p. 665)

peninsulares [peh

•

neen

•

soo

•

LAH

•

rehs] n. in Spanish colo-

nial society, colonists who were born in Spain. (p. 604)

Peninsular [puh

•

NIHN

•

syuh

•

luhr] War n. a conﬂict, last-

ing from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish rebels, with

the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleon’s

French troops out of Spain. (p. 590)

perestroika [pehr

•

STROY

•

kuh] n. a restructuring of

the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-

making, begun by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. (p. 922)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R40

Page 11 of 16

GLOSSARY R41

Persian Wars n. a series of wars in the ﬁfth century b.c.,

in which Greek city-states battled the Persian Empire.

(p. 118)

perspective [puhr

•

SPEHK

•

tihv] n. an artistic technique

that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a

ﬂat surface. (p. 419)

phalanx [FAY

•

langks] n. a military formation of foot sol-

diers armed with spears and shields. (p. 115)

pharaoh [FAIR

•

oh] n. a king of ancient Egypt, consid-

ered a god as well as a political and military leader.

(p. 35)

philosophe [FIHL

•

sahf] n. one of a group of social

thinkers in France during the Enlightenment. (p. 552)

philosophers n. thinkers who use logic and reason to

investigate the nature of the universe, human society,

and morality. (p. 124)

Phoenicians [ﬁh

•

NIHSH

•

uhnz] n. a seafaring people of

Southwest Asia, who around 1100 b.c. began to trade

and found colonies throughout the Mediterranean

region. (p. 68)

Pilgrims n. a group of people who, in 1620, founded the

colony of Plymouth in Massachusetts to escape reli-

gious persecution in England. (p. 491)

plebeian [plih

•

BEE

•

uhn] n. in ancient Rome, one of the

common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made

up most of the population. (p. 142)

plebiscite [PLEHB

•

syt] n. a direct vote in which a

country’s people have the opportunity to approve or

reject a proposal. (p. 585)

PLO n. the Palestine Liberation Organization—an organi-

zation dedicated to the establishment of an indepen-

dent state for Palestinians in the Middle East. (p. 905)

pogrom [puh

•

GRAHM] n. one of the organized cam-

paigns of violence against Jewish communities in late-

19th-century Russia. (p. 769)

polis [POH

•

lihs] n. a Greek city-state—the fundamental

political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 b.c.

(p. 115)

Politburo [PAHL

•

iht

•

byoor

•

oh] n. the ruling committee

of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union. (p. 921)

polytheism [PAHL

•

thee

•

ihz

•

uhm] n. a belief in many

gods. (p. 29)

pope n. the bishop of Rome, head of the Roman Catholic

Church. (p. 156)

Popol Vuh [POH

•

pohl VOO] n. a book containing a ver-

sion of the Mayan story of creation. (p. 398)

popular culture n. the cultural elements—sports, music,

movies, clothing, and so forth—that reﬂect a group’s

common background and changing interests. (p. 957)

potlatch [PAHT

•

lach] n. a ceremonial feast used to dis-

play rank and prosperity in some Northwest Coast

tribes of Native Americans. (p. 391)

predestination [pree

•

dehs

•

tuh

•

NAY

•

shuhn] n. the doc-

trine that God has decided all things beforehand,

including which people will be eternally saved. (p. 433)

Presbyterian [prehz

•

bih

•

TEER

•

uhn] n. a member of

a Protestant church governed by elders (presbyters)

and founded on the teachings of John Knox. (p. 433)

PRI n. the Institutional Revolutionary Party—the main

political party of Mexico. (p. 914)

printing press n. a machine for reproducing written

material by pressing paper against arrangements of

inked type. (p. 426)

proliferation [pruh

•

lihf

•

RAY

•

shuhn] n. a growth or

spread—especially the spread of nuclear weapons to

nations that do not currently have them. (p. 953)

propaganda [prahp

•

GAN

•

duh] n. information or

material spread to advance a cause or to damage an

opponent’s cause. (p. 756)

Protestant [PRAHT

•

stuhnt] n. a member of a

Christian church founded on the principles of the

Reformation. (p. 430)

provisional government n. a temporary government.

(p. 772)

psychology [sy

•

KAHL

•

jee] n. the study of the human

mind and human behavior. (p. 679)

pueblos [PWEHB

•

lohz] n. villages of large apartment-like

buildings made of clay and stone, built by the Anasazi

and later peoples of the American Southwest. (p. 391)

Puritans n. a group of people who sought freedom from

religious persecution in England by founding a colony

at Massachusetts Bay in the early 1600s. (p. 491)

pyramid [PIHR

•

mihd] n. a massive structure with a

rectangular base and four triangular sides, like those

that were built in Egypt as burial places for Old

Kingdom pharaohs. (p. 35)

Qin [chihn] Dynasty n. a short-lived Chinese dynasty

that replaced the Zhou Dynasty in the third century

b.c. (p. 99)

Qing [chihng] Dynasty n. China’s last dynasty, which

ruled from 1644 to 1912. (p. 471)

Quetzalcoatl [keht

•

sahl

•

koh

•

AHT

•

uhl] n. the Feathered

Serpent—a god of the Toltecs and other Mesoamerican

peoples. (p. 401)

quipu [KEE

•

poo] n. an arrangement of knotted strings on

a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical informa-

tion. (p. 410)

Qur’an [kuh

•

RAN] n. the holy book of Islam. (p. 236)

racism [RAY

•

sihz

•

uhm] n. the belief that one race is

superior to others. (p. 686)

radicals n. in the ﬁrst half of the 19th century, those

Europeans who favored drastic change to extend

democracy to all people. (p. 609)

radioactivity n. a form of energy released as atoms decay.

(p. 678)

Raj [rahj] n. the British-controlled portions of India in the

years 1757–1947. (p. 704)

rationing [RASH

•

nihng] n. the limiting of the

amounts of goods people can buy—often imposed by

governments during wartime, when goods are in short

supply. (p. 755)

realism n. a 19th-century artistic movement in which

writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather

than life as it should be. (p. 621)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R41

Page 12 of 16

R42 GLOSSARY

realpolitik [ray

•

AHL

•

poh

•

lih

•

teek] n. “the politics of

reality”—the practice of tough power politics without

room for idealism. (p. 617)

recession n. a slowdown in a nation’s economy. (p. 913)

Reconquista [reh

•

kawn

•

KEES

•

tah] n. the effort by

Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain,

lasting from the 1100s until 1492. (p. 346)

Red Guards n. militia units formed by young Chinese

people in 1966 in response to Mao Zedong’s call for a

social and cultural revolution. (p. 865)

Red Shirts n. the followers of the 19th-century Italian

nationalist leader Giuseppe Garibaldi. (p. 616)

Reformation [rehf

•

uhr

•

MAY

•

shuhn] n. a 16th-century

movement for religious reform, leading to the founding

of Christian churches that rejected the pope’s authority.

(p. 429)

Reign [rayn] of Terror n. the period, from mid-1793 to

mid-1794, when Maximilien Robespierre ruled France

nearly as a dictator and thousands of political ﬁgures

and ordinary citizens were executed. (p. 582)

reincarnation [ree

•

ihn

•

kahr

•

NAY

•

shuhn] n. in Hinduism

and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn

again and again until it achieves perfect understanding.

(p. 63)

religious toleration n. a recognition of people’s right to

hold differing religious beliefs. (p. 174)

Renaissance [rehn

•

SAHNS] n. a period of European

history, lasting from about 1300 to 1600, during which

renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching

changes in art, learning, and views of the world. (p. 417)

republic n. a form of government in which power is in

the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by

the people. (p. 142)

Restoration [rehs

•

tuh

•

RAY

•

shuhn] n. the period of

Charles II’s rule over England, after the collapse of

Oliver Cromwell’s government. (p. 538)

reuniﬁcation [ree

•

yoo

•

nuh

•

ﬁh

•

KAY

•

shuhn] n. a bringing

together again of things that have been separated, like

the reuniting of East Germany and West Germany in

1990. (p. 924)

romanticism [roh

•

MAN

•

tih

•

sihz

•

uhm] n. an early-19th-

century movement in art and thought, which focused

on emotion and nature rather than reason and society.

(p. 619)

Roosevelt Corollary [ROH

•

zuh

•

vehlt

KAWR

•

lehr

•

ee] n. President Theodore Roosevelt’s

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, in which he

declared that the United States had the right to exer-

cise “police power” throughout the Western

Hemisphere. (p. 727)

Royal Road n. a road in the Persian Empire, stretching

over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in

Anatolia. (p. 94)

Russo-Japanese War n. a 1904–1905 conﬂict between

Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries’ efforts

to dominate Manchuria and Korea. (p. 723)

sacrament [SAK

•

ruh

•

muhnt] n. one of the Christian cere-

monies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people.

(p. 332)

Safavid [suh

•

FAH

•

vihd] n. a member of a Shi’a Muslim

dynasty that built an empire in Persia in the 16th–18th

centuries. (p. 449)

Sahel [suh

•

HAYL] n. the African region along the south-

ern border of the Sahara. (p. 195)

salon [suh

•

LAHN] n. a social gathering of intellectuals

and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy

women in Paris and other European cities during the

Enlightenment. (p. 558)

SALT n. the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks—a series of

meetings in the 1970s, in which leaders of the United

States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their

nations’ stocks of nuclear weapons. (p. 879)

samurai [SAM

•

ry] n. one of the professional warriors

who served Japanese feudal lords. (p. 307)

sans-culottes [sans

•

kyoo

•

LAHTS] n. in the French

Revolution, a radical group made up of Parisian wage-

earners and small shopkeepers who wanted a greater

voice in government, lower prices, and an end of food

shortages. (p. 579)

satrap [SAY

•

trap] n. a governor of a province in the

Persian Empire. (p. 94)

savanna [suh

•

VAN

•

uh] n. a ﬂat, grassy plain. (p. 195)

schism [SIHZ

•

uhm] n. a split or division—especially a

formal split within a Christian church. (p. 273)

Schlieffen [SHLEE

•

fuhn] Plan n. Germany’s military

plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to

which German troops would rapidly defeat France and

then move east to attack Russia. (p. 747)

scholastics [skuh

•

LAS

•

tihks] n. scholars who gathered and

taught at medieval European universities. (p. 351)

scientiﬁc method n. a logical procedure for gathering

information about the natural world, in which experi-

mentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.

(p. 547)

Scientiﬁc Revolution n. a major change in European

thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study

of the natural world began to be characterized by care-

ful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

(p. 545)

scorched-earth policy n. the practice of burning crops

and killing livestock during wartime so that the enemy

cannot live off the land. (p. 590)

scribe n. one of the professional record keepers in early

civilizations. (p. 18)

secede [sih

•

SEED] v. to withdraw formally from an asso-

ciation or alliance. (p. 670)

secular [SEHK

•

yuh

•

luhr] adj. concerned with worldly

rather than spiritual matters. (pp. 319, 418)

segregation [sehg

•

rih

•

GAY

•

shuhn] n. the legal or social

separation of people of different races. (p. 672)

self-determination [sehlf

•

dih

•

tur

•

muh

•

NAY

•

shuhn] n.

the freedom of a people to decide under what form of

government they wish to live. (p. 760)

Seljuks [SEHL

•

jooks] n. a Turkish group who migrated

into the Abbasid Empire in the 10th century and estab-

lished their own empire in the 11th century. (p. 279)

senate n. in ancient Rome, the supreme governing body,

originally made up only of aristocrats. (p. 143)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R42

Page 13 of 16

GLOSSARY R43

separation of powers n. the assignment of executive,

legislative, and judicial powers to different groups of

officials in a government. (p. 553)

sepoy [SEE

•

poy] n. an Indian soldier serving under

British command. (p. 701)

Sepoy Mutiny [MYOOT

•

nee] n. an 1857 rebellion of

Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India.

(p. 703)

serf n. a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s

estate. (p. 324)

Seven Years’ War n. a conﬂict in Europe, North

America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in

which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of

Austria, France, Russia, and other countries. (p. 530)

shari’a [shah

•

REE

•

ah] n. a body of law governing the lives

of Muslims. (p. 237)

Shi’a [SHEE

•

uh] n. the branch of Islam whose members

acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful

successors of Muhammad. (p. 240)

Shinto [SHIHN

•

toh] n. the native religion of Japan.

(p. 303)

Shiva [SHEE

•

vuh] n. a Hindu god considered the

destroyer of the world. (p. 178)

“shock therapy” n. an economic program implemented

in Russia by Boris Yeltsin in the 1990s, involving an

abrupt shift from a command economy to a free-mar-

ket economy. (p. 928)

shogun [SHOH

•

guhn] n. in feudal Japan, a supreme mili-

tary commander who ruled in the name of the

emperor. (p. 307)

Sikh [seek] n. a member of a nonviolent religious group

whose beliefs blend elements of Buddhism, Hinduism,

and Suﬁsm. (p. 454)

Silk Roads n. a system of ancient caravan routes across

Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other

trade goods. (p. 179)

silt n. the ﬁne soil carried in the water of rivers. (p. 27)

simony [SY

•

muh

•

nee] n. the selling or buying of a position

in a Christian church. (p. 341)

Six-Day War n. a brief 1967 conﬂict between Israel and

several Arab states, during which Israel took control of

Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, and

the West Bank. (p. 903)

skepticism [SKEHP

•

tih

•

sihz

•

uhm] n. a philosophy based

on the idea that nothing can be known for certain.

(p. 519)

slash-and-burn farming n. a farming method in which

people clear ﬁelds by cutting and burning trees and

grasses, the ashes of which serve to fertilize the soil.

(p. 14)

Slavs [slahvz] n. a people from the forests north of the

Black Sea, ancestors of many peoples in Eastern

Europe today. (p. 274)

social contract n. the agreement by which people deﬁne

and limit their individual rights, thus creating an orga-

nized society or government. (p. 551)

Social Darwinism [DAHR

•

wih

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. the applica-

tion of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and

“survival of the ﬁttest” to human societies—particularly

as justiﬁcation for imperialist expansion. (p. 686)

socialism n. an economic system in which the factors of

production are owned by the public and operate for

the welfare of all. (p. 648)

socialist realism n. a style of art in which Communist

values and life under communism are gloriﬁed. (p. 778)

Solidarity [sahl

•

DAR

•

tee] n. a Polish labor union

that during the 1980s became the main force of oppo-

sition to Communist rule in Poland. (p. 922)

Songhai [SAWNG

•

HY] n. a West African empire that

conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to

1591. (p. 374)

soviet [SOH

•

vee

•

eht] n. one of the local representative

councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar

Nicholas II. (p. 772)

Spanish-American War n. an 1898 conﬂict between the

United States and Spain, in which the United States

supported Cubans’ ﬁght for independence. (p. 726)

specialization n. the development of skills in a particular

kind of work, such as trading or record keeping. (p. 18)

sphere of inﬂuence n. a foreign region in which a nation

has control over trade and other economic activities.

(p. 718)

standard of living n. the quality of life of a person or a

population, as indicated by the goods, services, and lux-

uries available to the person or people. (p. 912)

Star Wars n. a program to protect the United States

against attack by enemy missiles, proposed in 1983 by

President Ronald Reagan but never implemented—for-

mally known as the Strategic Defense Initiative. (p. 879)

stateless societies n. cultural groups in which authority is

shared by lineages of equal power instead of being

exercised by a central government. (p. 368)

steppes [stehps] n. dry, grass-covered plains. (p. 57)

strike v. to refuse to work in order to force an employer

to meet certain demands. (p. 650)

subcontinent n. a large landmass that forms a distinct

part of a continent. (p. 42)

Suez [soo

•

EHZ] Canal n. a manmade waterway connect-

ing the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, which was

opened in 1869. (p. 699)

Suez Crisis n. an international crisis that occurred after Egypt

seized control of the Suez Canal in 1956, when Israel,

with the support of Britain and France, invaded Egypt

and marched toward the canal but withdrew under pres-

sure from the United States and the Soviet Union. (p. 902)

suffrage [SUHF

•

rihj] n. the right to vote. (p. 659)

Suﬁ [SOO

•

fee] n. a Muslim who seeks to achieve direct

contact with God through mystical means. (p. 240)

Sunna [SUN

•

uh] n. an Islamic model for living, based on

the life and teachings of Muhammad. (p. 237)

Sunni [SUN

•

ee] n. the branch of Islam whose members

acknowledge the ﬁrst four caliphs as the rightful suc-

cessors of Muhammad. (p. 240)

surrealism [suh

•

REE

•

lihz

•

uhm] n. a 20th-century

artistic movement that focuses on the workings of the

unconscious mind. (p. 797)

sustainable development n. economic development that

meets people’s needs but preserves the environment

and conserves resources for future generations. (p. 950)

Swahili [swah

•

HEE

•

lee] n. an Arabic-inﬂuenced Bantu

language that is used widely in eastern and central

Africa. (p. 378)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R43

Page 14 of 16

R44 GLOSSARY

Taiping [ty

•

pihng] Rebellion n. a mid-19th century

rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by

Hong Xiuquan. (p. 717)

Taj Mahal [TAHZH muh

•

HAHL] n. a beautiful tomb in

Agra, India, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan

for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. (p. 454)

Tamil [TAM

•

uhl] n. a language of southern India—also,

the people who speak that language. (p. 175)

technology n. the ways in which people apply knowledge,

tools, and inventions to meet their needs. (p. 9)

Tennis Court Oath n. a pledge made by the members of

France’s National Assembly in 1789, in which they

vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a

new constitution. (p. 576)

terrorism n. the use of force or threats to frighten people

or governments to change their policies. (p. 953)

theocracy [thee

•

AHK

•

ruh

•

see] n. 1. a government in

which the ruler is viewed as a divine ﬁgure (p. 35). 2. a

government controlled by religious leaders. (p. 433)

theory of evolution n. the idea, proposed by Charles

Darwin in 1859, that species of plants and animals arise

by means of a process of natural selection. (p. 678)

theory of relativity [rehl

•

TIHV

•

tee] n. Albert

Einstein’s ideas about the interrelationships between

time and space and between energy and matter.

(p. 795)

Theravada [thehr

•

VAH

•

duh] n. a sect of Buddhism

focusing on the strict spiritual discipline originally

advocated by the Buddha. (p. 177)

Third Reich [ryk] n. the Third German Empire, estab-

lished by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s. (p. 814)

Third Republic n. the republic that was established in

France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended

with the German occupation of France during World

War II. (p. 663)

Third World n. during the Cold War, the developing

nations not allied with either the United States or the

Soviet Union. (p. 871)

Thirty Years’ War n. a European conﬂict over religion,

over territory, and for power among ruling families,

lasting from 1618 to 1648. (p. 526)

three-ﬁeld system n. a system of farming developed in

medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into

three ﬁelds of equal size and each of these was succes-

sively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring

crop, and left unplanted. (p. 348)

Tiananmen [tyahn

•

ahn

•

mehn] Square n. a huge public

space in Beijing, China—in 1989, the site of a student

uprising in support of democratic reforms. (p. 932)

tithe [tyth] n. a family’s payment of one-tenth of its

income to a church. (p. 325)

Tokugawa Shogunate [toh

•

koo

•

GAH

•

wah

SHOH

•

guh

•

niht] n. a dynasty of shoguns that ruled a

uniﬁed Japan from 1603 to 1867. (p. 475)

Torah [TAWR

•

uh] n. the ﬁrst ﬁve books of the Hebrew

Bible—the most sacred writings in the Jewish tradition.

(p. 72)

totalitarianism [toh

•

tal

•

TAIR

•

nihz

•

uhm] n.

government control over every aspect of public and

private life. (p. 775)

total war n. a conﬂict in which the participating countries

devote all their resources to the war effort. (p. 755)

totems [TOH

•

tuhmz] n. animals or other natural objects

that serve as symbols of the unity of clans or other

groups of people. (p. 394)

tournament n. a mock battle between groups of knights.

(p. 328)

tragedy n. a serious form of drama dealing with the

downfall of a heroic or noble character. (p. 123)

Trans-Siberian [trans

•

BEER

•

uhn] Railway n. a

rail line built between 1891 and 1904 to connect

European Russia with Russian ports on the Paciﬁc

Ocean. (p. 770)

Treaty of Kanagawa [kah

•

NAH

•

gah

•

wah] n. an 1854

agreement between the United States and Japan,

which opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships and

allowed the United States to set up an embassy in

Japan. (p. 720)

Treaty of Tordesillas [tawr

•

day

•

SEEL

•

yahs] n. a 1494

agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that

newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line

in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly

discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to

Portugal. (p. 466)

Treaty of Versailles [vuhr

•

SY] n. the peace treaty signed

by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.

(p. 761)

trench warfare n. a form of warfare in which opposing

armies ﬁght each other from trenches dug in the bat-

tleﬁeld. (p. 749)

triangular trade n. the transatlantic trading network

along which slaves and other goods were carried

between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and

the colonies in North America. (p. 497)

tribune [TRIHB

•

yoon] n. in ancient Rome, an official

elected by the plebeians to protect their rights. (p. 142)

tribute n. a payment made by a weaker power to a

stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and

security. (p. 76)

Triple Alliance n. 1. an association of the city-states of

Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan, which led to the

formation of the Aztec Empire (p. 402). 2. a military

alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

in the years preceding World War I. (p. 744)

Triple Entente [ahn

•

TAHNT] n. a military alliance

between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years

preceding World War I. (p. 745)

triumvirate [try

•

UHM

•

vuhr

•

iht] n. in ancient Rome, a

group of three leaders sharing control of the govern-

ment. (p. 147)

Trojan War n. a war, fought around 1200 b.c., in which

an army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the indepen-

dent trading city of Troy in Anatolia. (p. 113)

troubadour [TROO

•

buh

•

dawr] n. a medieval poet and

musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining

people with songs of courtly love. (p. 330)

Truman Doctrine n. a U.S. policy of giving economic

and military aid to free nations threatened by internal

or external opponents, announced by President Harry

Truman in 1947. (p. 858)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R44

Page 15 of 16

GLOSSARY R45

XYZ

tyrant [TY

•

ruhnt] n. in ancient Greece, a powerful indi-

vidual who gained control of a city-state’s government

by appealing to the poor for support. (p. 116)

Umayyads [oo

•

adz] n. a dynasty that ruled the

Muslim Empire from a.d. 661 to 750 and later estab-

lished a kingdom in al-Andalus. (p. 239)

union n. an association of workers, formed to bargain for

better working conditions and higher wages. (p. 650)

United Nations n. an international peacekeeping organi-

zation founded in 1945 to provide security to the

nations of the world. (p. 855)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights n. a 1948

statement in which the United Nations declared that

all human beings have rights to life, liberty, and secu-

rity. (p. 954)

unrestricted submarine warfare n. the use of sub-

marines to sink without warning any ship (including

neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in

an enemy’s waters. (p. 754)

urbanization [ur

•

buh

•

nih

•

ZAY

•

shuhn] n. the growth of

cities and the migration of people into them. (p. 638)

U.S. Civil War n. a conﬂict between Northern and

Southern states of the United States over the issue of

slavery, lasting from 1861 to 1865. (p. 671)

utilitarianism [yoo

•

tihl

•

TAIR

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. the

theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s,

that government actions are useful only if they promote

the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

(p. 648)

Utopia [yoo

•

TOH

•

pee

•

uh] n. an imaginary land described

by Thomas More in his book Utopia—hence, an ideal

place. (p. 425)

U-2 incident n. the shooting down of a U.S. spy plane

and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960.

(p. 860)

vassal [VAS

•

uhl] n. in feudal Europe, a person who

received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a

pledge of loyalty and services. (p. 324)

Vedas [VAY

•

duhz] n. four collections of sacred writings

produced by the Aryans during an early stage of their

settlement in India. (p. 59)

vernacular [vuhr

•

NAK

•

yuh

•

luhr] n. the everyday language

of people in a region or country. (pp. 350, 421)

Vietcong [vee

•

eht

•

KAHNG] n. a group of Communist

guerrillas who, with the help of North Vietnam, fought

against the South Vietnamese government in the

Vietnam War. (p. 868)

Vietnamization [vee

•

eht

•

nuh

•

mih

•

ZAY

•

shuhn] n.

President Richard Nixon’s strategy for ending U.S.

involvement in the Vietnam War, involving a gradual

withdrawal of American troops and replacement of

them with South Vietnamese forces. (p. 869)

Vishnu [VIHSH

•

noo] n. a Hindu god considered the pre-

server of the world. (p. 178)

vizier [vih

•

ZEER] n. a prime minister in a Muslim king-

dom or empire. (p. 280)

War of the Spanish Succession n. a conﬂict, lasting

from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European

states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from con-

trolling Spain as well as France. (p. 523)

Warsaw Pact n. a military alliance formed in 1955 by the

Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries.

(p. 859)

Weimar [WY

•

mahr] Republic n. the republic that was

established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933.

(p. 802)

Western Front n. in World War I, the region of northern

France where the forces of the Allies and the Central

Powers battled each other. (p. 748)

westernization n. an adoption of the social, political, or

economic institutions of Western—especially European

or American—countries. (p. 533)

yin and yang n. in Chinese thought, the two powers that

govern the natural rhythms of life (with yin represent-

ing the feminine qualities in the universe, and yang the

masculine qualities). (p. 99)

Yoruba [YAWR

•

buh] n. a West African people who

formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and

southern Nigeria. (p. 375)

Zapotec [zah

•

puh

•

TEHK] n. an early Mesoamerican civi-

lization that was centered in the Oaxaca Valley of what

is now Mexico. (p. 218)

ziggurat [ZIHG

•

rat] n. a tiered, pyramid-shaped

structure that formed part of a Sumerian temple.

(p. 21)

Zionism [ZY

•

nihz

•

uhm] n. a movement founded in

the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish

homeland in Palestine. (p. 663)

1010whpe-Glossary-R30-R45 10/15/02 10:41 AM Page R45

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