Chemical
Hygiene
Plan
Last Revised: February 16, 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1. Introduction 1
Section 2. College Organization 6
Section 3. General Principles 8
Section 4. Standard Operating Procedures 9
Section 5. Record-Keeping Procedures 15
Section 6. Laboratory Safety Procedures 17
Section 7. Procedures for Inspections 26
Section 8. Specific Exposure Control Measures 26
Section 9. Training Opportunities 30
Section 10. Emergency Prevention and Response 31
Section 11. Spill Response Procedures 35
APPENDICES Referenced
1.2, 9.1
4.12
4.13, 5.6
5.7
7.1
7.2
8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 10.3
Appendix A. 29 CFR 1910.1450 “The Laboratory Standard”
Appendix B. 29 CFR 1910.101 "Compressed Gases"
Appendix C. Form to Request Prior Approval
Appendix D. Haz
Chemical Exposure Incident Report Form
Appendix E. Laboratory Safety Equipment
Appendix F. Laboratory Safety Inspection Form
Appendix G. Selected Bibliography
Appendix H. Record of Training
9.2
Section 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of This Document
This Chemical Hygiene Plan is a document designed to express the policies and procedures
adopted by Farmingdale State College (the “College”) as they relate to the safe operation of
laboratories using chemicals. The Chemical Hygiene Plan is derived from the Laboratory
Standard, a regulation promulgated in the January 31, 1990, issue of the Federal Register. The
goal of the Laboratory Standard is to provide a safe laboratory workplace, and it includes
requirements on occupational exposures to hazardous chemicals.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Laboratory Standard requires that
employers protect workers through the development and implementation of a Chemical Hygiene
Plan tailored to the individual laboratory workplace. The purpose of the Laboratory Standard and
of this Chemical Hygiene Plan is to protect employees from harm due to exposure to hazardous
chemicals while they are working in the laboratory.
Many policies and practices may not be part of the Chemical Hygiene Plan, and yet they are
crucial to the planning process that must be part of maintaining a safe environment for employees
and students. It is therefore incumbent upon each employee to maintain a safety conscious
approach to their daily work activities, particularly those within a laboratory.
1.2 Application of the OSHA Laboratory Standard
The Occupational Safety and Health Act is administered by the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, which is part of the Department of Labor. OSHA promulgated regulations are
found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 29, Section 1910 (cited as 29 CFR 1910).
Appendix A of this document contains the full text of 29 CFR 1910.1450, “The Laboratory
Standard,” and this introduction contains a summary of that code. Farmingdale State College is
regulated by the New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) and the New York State
Division of Safety and Health (NYSDOSH).
What is covered by the Laboratory Standard?
This standard applies to employers engaged in laboratory use of hazardous chemicals.
“Laboratory” means a facility where the “laboratory use of hazardous chemicals” occurs. It is
a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-
production basis.
“Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals” means handling or use of such chemicals in which all
of the following conditions are met:
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Chemical manipulations are carried out on a “laboratory scale” (i.e., work with substances in
which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances is
designed to be easily handled by one person);
Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used;
The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor do they in any way
simulate a production process; and
“Protective laboratory practices and equipment” are available and in common use to
minimize the potential for worker exposure to hazardous chemicals.
A “hazardous chemical” is a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence (based
on at least one study conducted according to established scientific principles) that acute or
chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees, or if it meets one or more of the
following:
Any chemical which is a physical hazard or a health hazard (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200(c)) or
29 CFR 1910.1450(b));
Any chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a
compressed gas, explosive, flammable, organic peroxide, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive), or
reacts violently with water;
Any chemical, for which there is statistical evidence based on at least one study conducted in
accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may
occur in exposed employees, is classified as a health hazard. Health hazards include
chemicals that are carcinogens, toxin or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants,
corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neurotoxins, agents which act on the
hematopoietic systems; and agents that damage the lungs, skin, eye or mucous membranes as
defined in 29 CFR 1910.1200, Appendix A;
Any chemical, for which the evaluation performed by the chemical manufacturer/importer, as
listed on the Safety Data Sheet (SDS), indicates it is hazardous;
Any chemical listed in OSHA, 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z, "Toxic and Hazardous Substances"
or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 40 CFR Part 261 "Identification and Listing of
Hazardous Waste.";
Any chemical listed in the "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents in the Work Environment", American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienist (ACGIH) (latest edition) or "The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances", NIOSH (latest edition);
Any chemical regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation, 49 CFR, Subchapter C,
Parts 171-172;
Any chemical that is capable of causing environmental or health damage if disposed of
improperly as specified in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Title 40 Code of
Federal Regulations (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act); and
Any mixture untested as a whole to determine whether it is a physical or health hazard is
assumed to present the same physical or health hazard as the individual components that
compromise one percent or greater (by weight or volume) of the mixture. An exception is the
mixture shall be assumed to present a carcinogenic hazard if it contains a component which is
considered to be a carcinogen in concentration of 0.1 percent or greater.
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“Employees” who must abide by this Chemical Hygiene Plan are individuals employed in the
laboratory workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of their
assignment. Included are employees who work in the laboratory such as instructors and technical
support, and other employees of the College who routinely enter the laboratory to perform their
assigned responsibilities, such as maintenance and janitorial personnel.
What Is Not Covered by the Laboratory Standard?
Any hazardous chemical use which does not meet this definition is regulated under other
standards. This includes other hazardous chemical use within a laboratory. For instance:
Chemicals used in building maintenance of a laboratory are not covered under the Laboratory
Standard.
The production of a chemical for commercial sale, even in small quantities, is not covered by
the Laboratory Standard.
Quality control testing of a product is not covered under the Laboratory Standard.
The laboratory Standard is a regulation promulgated for the protection of employees. Since
students are not employees, they are not officially covered by provisions of the Chemical
Hygiene Plan. However, since this document contains guidance on generally accepted good
laboratory practice, it should be used to establish minimal safety instruction and
procedures for students.
Additionally, laboratory visitors, such as sales staff, outside repair persons, and guests are not
included in the definition of employee and thus do not need to be addressed in the Chemical
Hygiene Plan.
1.3 Summary of the Chemical Hygiene Plan
In compliance with the Laboratory Standard, the College has prepared and implemented this
Chemical Hygiene Plan (the “Plan”). Adherence to the Plan will assure that employees will be
protected from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in the laboratory, and
exposed to regulated substances at a level that will not exceed the permissible exposure limits.
This Chemical Hygiene Plan is composed of the following sections:
This introduction which states the goal and basis for the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
A list of the College personnel responsible for various aspects of the Plan and its
implementation.
General principles which outlines the guidelines for working with laboratory chemicals.
Standard operating procedures for laboratories, the implementation of which will help the
Chemical Hygiene Officer and all employees in meeting the goal of the Chemical Hygiene
Plan.
Record-keeping requirements and procedures for reporting items related to laboratory health
and safety.
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Laboratory safety procedures.
Procedures for inspecting laboratories and reviewing the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
A description of the situations in which employees must use specific exposure control
measures.
Information regarding training opportunities for employees.
Emergency response procedures.
Spill response procedures.
Appendices which supply references and other useful information.
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Section 2: COLLEGE ORGANIZATION
The continuing execution of the provisions of the College’s Chemical Hygiene Plan is a
responsibility of all employees who are involved in the laboratory science program. However,
certain employees and entities are specifically charged with the successful execution of the
Chemical Hygiene Plan.
2.1 President or Chief Executive Officer
The President, as Chief Executive Officer, has the ultimate responsibility for chemical hygiene
within the College. The President should, with other administrators, provide continuing support
for College-wide chemical hygiene programs, including the development and enforcement of the
Chemical Hygiene Plan.
2.2 Dean
In each school, the Dean or other administrative head is responsible for chemical hygiene
programs at that location. The Dean should monitor compliance with the Chemical Hygiene
Plan.
2.3 Project Director
Some situations may require a Project Director, who may be a department head, professor, or
someone from outside the normal school structure who has a particular responsibility related to
the laboratory, but who is not part of the regular teaching or instructional responsibilities. The
project director has specific responsibilities requiring work in the laboratory, which is not done
as part of a regular class. The project director has the primary responsibility for chemical
hygiene procedures for that project.
2.4 College
The responsibilities of the College, which is the employer of record, include the following:
Appointing a Chemical Hygiene Officer and assigning the Chemical Hygiene Officer the
various responsibilities outlined below:
Making manufacturer’s safety data sheets (SDS’s) accessible to employees.
Providing employees with training and information regarding chemical and physical
hazards.
Posting “Designated Areas” if any select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, or acute
toxins are used in the laboratory.
Measuring the concentration of hazardous chemical(s), if there is any reason to
believe that the action level has been exceeded.
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Keeping records of employee exposure to hazardous chemicals for a period of 30
years beyond the time of exposure. These records should be filed by the employee,
with the College, in writing, within two weeks of the exposure.
Facilitating medical consultations and examinations required as a result of exposure
to hazardous chemical(s).
Ensuring a Respiratory Protection program is in place and that employees are
provided respirators when necessary.
2.5 School Employees
All employees who normally work in a laboratory area are responsible for:
Participating in training programs provided by the College.
Maintaining awareness of health and safety hazards.
Planning and conducting each operation in accordance with the College’s chemical hygiene
procedures.
Consulting reference materials, including safety data sheets, related to chemical safety
whenever appropriate.
Using good personal chemical hygiene habits.
Reporting accidents, injuries, unsafe practices, and unsafe conditions.
2.6 Chemical Hygiene Personnel
The Farmingdale State College Chemical Hygiene Officer is appointed by the President. The
Environmental Health & Safety Officer will serve in this position for the College unless
otherwise designated, in which case this Plan will reflect such change.
The Chemical Hygiene Officer will report to the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer or
his designee.
The responsibilities of this position require the Chemical Hygiene Officer to:
Develop and implement the Chemical Hygiene Plan and the safety program for the College,
including training, reporting, and other functions noted here.
Work with administrators and teachers to develop and implement the safety program.
Monitor the use and disposal of chemicals used in the schools’ laboratory programs.
Assure that inspections of equipment and space in the laboratory are performed when
appropriate and that records of inspections are maintained.
Provide technical assistance to employees on the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
Assure that the Chemical Hygiene Plan is reviewed annually and revised as needed, so that it
is always in compliance with current legal requirements.
Make decisions regarding requests to use chemicals identified as explosive, carcinogenic,
mutagenic, highly toxic, or otherwise unsuitable for general school laboratories.
Determine the need for personal protective equipment beyond that specified for general
laboratory use.
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Implement appropriate training with regard to chemical hygiene for all employees whose
normal work locations include laboratory areas.
2.7 Students
Students are not specifically covered by the Laboratory Standard. However, good personal
chemical hygiene habits should be taught to all students at every reasonable opportunity,
particularly to those who use the laboratory while enrolled in science courses. Students are not
allowed to use school laboratories outside of regular science course classes unless they first
obtain permission and are directly supervised by the instructor during their work.
Section 3: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
The following statements and explanations are general principles for the use of those handling
laboratory chemicals. While the list is not complete, these concepts provide the fundamental
underpinning for laboratory work at this College.
3.1 Be Prepared
The College will train employees in how to find and use information from SDSs, this Chemical
Hygiene Plan, and other safety publications. Employees should familiarize themselves with the
hazards associated with the chemicals they expect to use and should take appropriate steps to
minimize their exposure to those chemicals.
3.2 Follow the Chemical Hygiene Plan
The Chemical Hygiene Plan provides specific laboratory practices designed to minimize
employees’ exposure to hazardous substances. Employees should follow the practices specified
in the Chemical Hygiene Plan to minimize their health and safety risks.
3.3 Minimize Exposure to Chemicals
It is prudent to minimize all chemical exposures, because most laboratory chemicals present
hazards of one type or another. Employees will follow general precautions for handling all
laboratory chemicals. Specific guidelines for some chemicals, such as those found in the
appropriate SDSs, will also be followed.
3.4 Consider the Risk
Employees should not underestimate risk, and exposure to hazardous substances should be
minimized. The decision to use a particular substance will be based on the best available
knowledge of each chemical’s particular hazard and the availability of proper handling facilities
and equipment. Substitutions, either of chemicals or experiments, will be made where
appropriate to reduce hazards without sacrificing instructional objectives. When the risk
outweighs the benefit and no substitute is available, then the experiment, procedure, or chemical
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should be eliminated. The Chemical Hygiene Officer should be consulted before final
determinations and decisions are made in this regard.
3.5 Observe PELs and TLVs
The permissible exposure limit (PEL) and threshold limit value (TLV) of a typical chemical used
in the laboratory are available on the SDS for that chemical. Employee exposure to hazardous
chemicals should not exceed those limits.
3.6 Provide Adequate Ventilation
The best way to prevent exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the
laboratory by using hoods or other ventilation devices. Those devices should be kept in good
working condition in order to provide employees with a safe working area. The later section on
inspections in the laboratory (Section 7) establishes procedures for ensuring that equipment is
working properly.
3.7 Use Safety Data Sheets
The College should not accept a chemical from a supplier unless it is accompanied by the
corresponding SDS, or an SDS from that supplier for that chemical is already on file. All SDSs
should be accessible to employees at all times. Employees should be trained to read and use the
information found on SDSs.
Section 4: STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
The goal of the Chemical Hygiene Plan is to protect employees who work in the laboratory,
others who may be exposed, and the environment from hazardous chemicals. This section is
written in several parts and is meant as a guide for the College and its employees. Other specific
safety rules for a particular laboratory may be added by the Chemical Hygiene Officer, as needed.
It is recommended that these same standards be communicated to students, expected of students,
and promoted by the school and laboratory personnel.
4.1 General Rules
The instructor (and technical support staff, if any) should review laboratory instructions, safety
procedures, and reagents prior to each laboratory activity. They should be aware of the
following:
The chemical hazards for each chemical, as determined from the SDS or other appropriate
reference.
Appropriate safeguards for using each chemical, including personal protective equipment.
Location and proper use of emergency equipment.
Proper storage of chemicals.
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Appropriate personal hygiene practices.
Correct methods for transporting chemicals within the laboratory facility.
Appropriate procedures for emergencies, including evacuation routes, spill cleanup
procedures, and fire control.
Proper procedures for the disposal of hazardous substances.
Procedures for notifying supervisory persons in the case of an accident or injury.
4.2 Working Alone
Employees should not work alone (not visible/no line of site from any other person) in a
laboratory or chemical storage area unless other employees are in the vicinity (either in an
adjacent room or immediately across a hallway capable of hearing a call for help) and are aware
that someone is in the laboratory, in which case periodic checks should be made. At no time
should a student ever work alone in a laboratory or chemical storage area.
Whenever chemicals are in the laboratory and not in locked cabinets or storerooms, the
unattended laboratory will be locked.
4.3 Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing
The employee should use appropriate protective clothing and equipment. Laboratory aprons or
coats, eye protection, and nonpermeable gloves are considered standard equipment for school
laboratory programs and should be readily available to employees. Required personal protective
equipment must be supplied by the College.
4.3.1 Eye Protection
Everyone, including visitors to the laboratory, should wear eye protection at all times, when
working with chemicals.
Protective eyewear should provide splash and impact protection and should conform to ANSI
Standard Z87.1-1989. Prescription eyeglasses, even with side shields, are not acceptable
protection against impact and chemical splashes.
Equipment should be available with which to clean and sterilize goggles and/or safety glasses
and should be used whenever two or more persons use the same protective eyewear. It is
recommended that a sterilization cabinet be available, particularly for use with goggles shared by
students.
Contact lenses are not necessarily prohibited in the laboratory. If contact lenses are permitted,
chemical splash goggles must be worn at all times when chemicals are being used and there is a
potential for explosions, implosions, splashes, or whenever corrosive liquids are in use. Because
there may be a need to remove contacts quickly, contact lens wearers must inform the appropriate
personnel of the contacts before an emergency arises. Approved standing shields or face shields
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should be used when there is potential for explosions, implosions, or splashes, or when corrosive
liquids are used, in addition to appropriate protective eyewear (i.e. goggles or safety glasses).
4.3.2 Protective Clothing
Protective clothing worn in the laboratory should offer protection from splashes and spills and
should be easy to remove in case of an accident and should be fire resistant. They should be long
enough to cover from the neck area to the knees. Clean chemical and fire resistant laboratory
coats may be worn. They should be long-sleeved and long enough to cover the knees. Snap
fasteners or Velcro closures are better than buttons, because the laboratory coat is more easily
removed in an emergency.
It is recommended that shorts, cutoffs, or short skirts not be allowed to be worn in the laboratory.
Shoes should have low heels with fully covered “uppers.” There should be no open toes or
uppers constructed of woven material. Jewelry such as rings or bracelets should not be worn in
order to prevent chemical seepage under the jewelry, contact with electric sources, catching on
equipment or damage to the jewelry itself.
Laboratory coats, jackets, aprons, or clothes on which chemicals have been spilled should be
washed separately or disposed of (possibly as a hazardous waste, depending on the contamination
source).
4.3.3 Gloves
When gloves are required, it should be remembered that no one kind of glove is suitable for all
situations. The SDS should be consulted for information regarding the proper type of gloves to
be used. For example, corrosion-resistant gloves should be worn when working with corrosive
liquids.
Gloves that resist permeation by chemicals that are allergenic, sensitizing, or toxic should be
worn when appropriate.
Gloves should be removed before leaving the laboratory or touching door knobs, telephones, or
laboratory notebooks.
Gloves should be checked before each use to ensure the absence of cracks and small holes and
should always be worn with the same side out.
4.4 Advance Planning
The employee should not rely solely on the textbook, laboratory manual, or other instructional
material for safety precautions required for a particular experiment. Consult the SDSs for
chemicals and safety references for equipment, particularly when the anticipated experiment is
new to the instructor. The instructor or laboratory technician should review potential hazards and
specifically describe them to all classes and all students immediately before each experiment.
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The scale of the procedure should be reduced as much as possible to bring to a minimum the
generation of waste chemicals. Use only those chemicals for which the ventilation system is
adequate.
4.5. Personal Behavior
The laboratory should never be left unattended while students are performing an experiment in
that laboratory. However, it is recognized that some experimental procedures, such as
crystallization or incubation, are a normal part of some experiments and that such procedures
may safely be left while they are in progress. The employee should use the best available
information when deciding whether a particular procedure may be left unattended. Additionally,
activities using unauthorized chemicals should not be performed by employees or students.
Horseplay, pranks, or other acts of mischief should not be tolerated in chemical work areas and
laboratories.
Every precaution should be taken to insure that chemicals are never removed from the laboratory
by unauthorized persons.
4.6 Personal Hygiene
All employees should use appropriate personal hygiene practices, including the following:
Wash promptly whenever any hazardous chemical has contacted the skin, except in those few
cases in which chemicals will react dangerously with water.
Never pipet by mouth. Always use a bulb or other device for suction.
Avoid inhalation of chemicals used for an experiment, including gases, vapors, and aerosols.
“Wafting” to test chemical odors should only be done with extreme caution and only when
specifically directed to do so in the written experimental procedure.
Wash well with soap and water before leaving the laboratory, even if gloves have been worn.
Never wash with organic solvents.
Never smoke in the laboratory. Be aware that tobacco products in opened packages can
absorb chemical vapors.
Do not apply or store cosmetics in the chemical laboratory.
Seek immediate and appropriate medical treatment whenever signs or symptoms of exposure
to a hazardous chemical are manifested.
4.7 Housekeeping
Because many accidents may be attributed to sloppy work areas, all laboratory spaces must be
kept clean and contain only those items needed for the task at hand. Cleanup should immediately
follow the completion of each operation and at the end of each day.
Place all wastes in appropriate, segregated receptacles that are correctly labeled.
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Store all equipment and chemicals properly. Chemicals should not be stored in aisles, on the
floor, in stairwells, on desks or laboratory tables.
Do not leave chemicals overnight on shelves over the workbench.
Never block access to emergency equipment, showers, eye washes, or exits.
Clearly label all chemical containers with the identity of the contents and the hazards those
contents present. These labels should be consistent with all state and federal requirements.
Keep all cabinets and drawers closed when not in use to avoid catching and bumping hazards.
Clean all working surfaces and floors on a regular basis. Keep the floor clear of slipping
hazards such as ice, spilled liquids, glass beads, or other small items.
Clean up all chemical spills as soon as they occur. Chemicals and cleanup materials should
be disposed of correctly.
4.8 Food Handling
No food or beverages should be stored, handled, prepared, or consumed in the laboratory or other
areas where chemicals are used or stored. Additionally, laboratory chemicals and laboratory
equipment should not be brought into designated “non-laboratoryor eating areas. Glassware or
utensils that have been used for laboratory operations should never be used to prepare or
consume food. Laboratory refrigerators, ice chests, microwave ovens, and cold rooms should not
be used for food storage or preparation.
4.9 Glassware
Careful storage and handling procedures should be used to avoid glassware breakage. In the
event of breakage, protection for the hands should be worn when picking up the broken pieces.
Small pieces should be swept up with a brush and pan. Broken glass should be separated from
other waste by placing it in a special container marked ‘Broken Glass’. Broken glass
contaminated with chemicals may need to be treated as hazardous waste depending on the type of
chemical – consult with the Environmental Health and Safety Officer for assistance.
When inserting glass tubing into rubber stoppers or corks or when placing rubber tubing on glass
hose connections, adequate hand protection in the form of heavy gloves or cloth towels should be
used. When inserting glass tubing into a stopper, the hands should be held close together to limit
movement of glass, and the glass should be lubricated. Tubing should be fire polished or
rounded at the end.
4.10 Flammability Hazards
Open flames should not be used to heat a flammable liquid or to carry out a distillation under
reduced pressure. Before lighting a flame, all flammable substances should be removed from the
immediate area of the flame. All containers of flammable substances in the area should be
checked to ensure that they are tightly closed.
Flammable materials should be stored in a flammable liquid storage cabinet or other appropriate
location. When transferring significant quantities of flammable liquids from one container to
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another, it is particularly important that they be properly grounded to prevent accidental ignition
of flammable vapors and liquids from static electricity or other sources of ignition. Large
quantities of flammable chemicals stored outside cabinets should be in flame-proof storage cans
which conform to NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) guidelines. NFPA Standards 30,
Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, and 45, Fire Protection for Laboratories Using
Chemicals, and/or the applicable local fire codes should be followed.
4.11 Electrical Hazards
All electrical outlets should have a grounding connection accommodating a three-prong plug.
Most electrical equipment is wired with a three-prong plug. The grounding post should never be
removed from such a plug. Some equipment is designed for safe use with two-prong plugs. If
the appliance comes with a two-prong plug, there is no need to change; it will work in a three-
prong socket.
Employees should contact the Physical Plant in the case of an emergency for considerations that
electrical service to the laboratory need to be cut, or if power goes out due to unforeseen
circumstances. Laboratory lighting should be on a separate circuit from electrical outlets with a
minimum of 90-minutes of illumination, so that electric service can be cut off during an
emergency, if need be, and particularly for exit routes. All electrical outlets should be checked
for continuity after initial occupancy (upon new construction or when first used by an employee)
and whenever electrical maintenance or changes occur.
If electrical equipment shows evidence of undue heating, it should be immediately unplugged.
4.12 Compressed Gases
If compressed gas cylinders are used in the laboratory, procedures for their use and storage
should be in accordance with guidelines established by:
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standard 55, Standard for the Storage, Use,
and Handling of Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders;
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
recommended guidelines;
Compressed Gas Association (CGA) Standard P-1 2008; and,
OSHA Subpart H (specifically 1910.101 – 1910.105) regulations (provided as Appendix B).
Some of the more important considerations in using gas cylinders correctly are the following:
No cylinder should be moved from one location to another until the protective cap is securely
in place.
Both full and empty cylinders should only be stored where they may be securely restrained by
straps, chains, or a suitable stand.
All cylinders should be used with a correct regulator, and should be fitted with delivery tubes
that do not leak and which are tightly fastened to the cylinder.
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A cylinder may be considered to be empty when there is still a slight positive pressure.
An empty cylinder should be returned to the supplier as soon as possible after having been
emptied, or when it is no longer needed.
Cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F).
4.13 Prior Approval
Professors and technical staff may need to obtain prior approval from the Chemical Hygiene
Officer whenever a new laboratory experiment or test procedure is to be carried out for which the
potential for harm (conditions for which are identified below), either chemical, physical or
biological, is present. The potential for harm may be affected by a change in the amounts of
materials being used, the conditions under which the experiment is to be conducted, or the
substitution, deletion, or addition of a chemical.
Prior approval may be needed using the form provided as Appendix C and AFTER consultation
with the Chemical Hygiene Officer before doing any procedure where one or more of the
following conditions exist (generally under normal temperature and pressure):
Potential for a rapid rise in temperature.
Potential for a rapid increase in pressure.
Potential for chemical explosion.
Potential for spontaneous combustion.
Potential for the emission of toxic gases that could produce concentrations in the air that
exceed toxic limits.
Prior approval should also be obtained before again performing any procedure after there has
been a failure of any of the equipment needed for the process, especially of safeguards such as
fume hoods.
Section 5: RECORD-KEEPING PROCEDURES
The College should maintain specific records to verify safety practices.
5.1 Air Concentration Monitoring
The College requires that records of air concentration monitoring be maintained for at least 30
years and that they be accessible to employees and/or their representatives. Such monitoring
should be done as recommended by the Chemical Hygiene Officer and follow generally accepted
monitoring techniques.
Regular instrumental monitoring of airborne concentration is not usually justified or practical in
school laboratories. Monitoring may be appropriate when toxic materials are used or stored, or
when ventilation devices are tested or redesigned. It is required after each documented incident
of exposure to toxic chemicals.
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5.2 Training Records
The College should maintain records of employee training for at least 30 years and should make
those records available to employees and/or their representatives when requested.
5.3 Safety Data Sheets
The College should maintain a file of manufacturers’ SDS’s and should make them accessible to
employees in the laboratory. If a SDS is not available when a new chemical is received, that
chemical should not be used until a SDS is obtained. It is recommended that copies of SDSs be
kept at both the Environmental Health and Safety Office and the Department where the chemical
is located. See Section 6.9 for more information.
5.4 Exposure Testing Records
Records of exposure assessments should be maintained for at least 30 years, and they should be
made available to employees and/or their representatives upon request. Exposure testing
procedures and results of that testing should be sent to the Chemical Hygiene Officer, who is
responsible for maintaining these records.
An accurate record of any measurements taken to monitor employee exposures should be kept,
transferred, and made accessible to each employee. Each employee should be notified of any
monitoring results within 15 working days after receipt of the results, either individually, in
writing, or by posting the results in an appropriate location that is accessible to employees.
5.5 Medical Records
The College requires the records of medical consultations, medical examination, and all reports
derived from such consultations and examinations be maintained for at least 30 years. These
records must be accessible to employees and/or their representatives upon request and are
subject to Federal and State privacy laws, statues and regulations, including but not limited
to the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and Family
Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA).
5.6 Prior Approval
Laboratory employees should be informed of those laboratory procedures and operations which
require prior approval from the Chemical Hygiene Officer (see Section 4.13), so that these
activities can be carefully monitored for adherence to the Chemical Hygiene Plan. Request for
approval must be made in writing, using the form provided in Appendix C.
5.7 Incident Reports
Each incidence of an accident of injury or “near miss” should be reported to the Chemical
Hygiene Officer (and to the Environmental Health and Safety Officer if he/she does not carry
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both designations) in writing in accordance with Worker’s Compensation rules. If staff or
students were witnesses to the accident of injury, they should also complete the appropriate form
found in Appendix D (also available on the College’s website). The College should keep records
for 30 years from the time of the lost work, in the event of lost work resulting from an exposure
to a hazardous chemical or a job-related accident. Near miss reports are very useful in
determining what areas might benefit from a review of procedures.
5.8 Chemical Inventory Records
Each department should maintain a Chemical Inventory List, which should be updated at least
annually. Copies of the Chemical Inventory List should be kept in the Department and by the
Chemical Hygiene Officer. If this is done by a computer-based inventory program, backup
copies should be maintained in a separate location. See Section 6.7 for more information.
5.9 Waste Disposal Records
The College should maintain records of waste chemicals and products from reactions or
processes that are transferred to an authorized and/or certified chemical disposal agent, and
chemicals that are transported to a new site. These records should conform to requirements of
the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Transportation, either of which may
have jurisdiction over these types of transfers. The records should also conform to State
requirements.
5.10 Safety Inspections and Recommendations
The College should keep records of regular safety inspections, including the date of the
inspection and the person conducting the inspection. The College should keep records of
permanent safety equipment, showing the dates of inspection and the results of any inspection.
Examples of equipment to be inspected are fire extinguishers, drench showers and eye wash
fountains. The College should maintain records showing dates of needed repairs and regular
maintenance for control systems.
Written safety suggestions from employees should be recorded by the College. The dates the
suggestions were submitted, the name of the person submitting the suggestion, the disposition of
the suggestion, and the reasons for that particular action should be kept.
Section 6: LABORATORY SAFETY PROCEDURES
6.1 Employee Exposure Protection and Monitoring
If there is reason to believe that exposure levels for a regulated substance have exceeded the
action level or permissible exposure limit, the College’s Chemical Hygiene Officer should ensure
that employee or student exposure to that substance is measured.
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Factors which may raise the possibility of overexposure and therefore warrant an initial
measurement of employee or student exposure include:
The manner in which the chemical procedures or operations involving the particular
substance are conducted.
The existence of historical monitoring data which shows elevated exposures to the particular
substance for similar operations.
The use of a procedure which involves significant quantities or is performed over an
extended period of time.
There is reason to believe that an exposure limit may be exceeded.
Signs or symptoms of exposure (e.g., skin or eye irritation, shortness of breath, nausea, or
headache), which are experienced by employees or students. (Some of these symptoms are
very general and can be due to many other causes including emotional stress or hysteria.)
If the initial exposure determination described above indicates employee or student exposure
over the action level for a particular substance, the College should immediately comply with the
exposure-monitoring requirements for that substance.
6.2 Laboratory Facilities
The type and scale of work conducted in a laboratory should be appropriate to the physical
facilities available and to the quality of the ventilation system. A laboratory should include,
where appropriate:
An adequate general ventilation system with air intakes and exhausts located so as to avoid
intake of contaminated air.
Well-ventilated stockrooms and storerooms.
Proper chemical storage for specific hazardous materials such as flammables, corrosives,
carcinogens, and highly toxic chemicals, so far as they are likely used.
Adequate laboratory hoods and sinks.
Emergency equipment, including proper fire extinguishers, spill kits, alarms, access to a
telephone with an outside line, eye wash, safety shower, and fire blanket.
First aid equipment including first aid kits.
Arrangement for proper waste storage and disposal.
6.3 Laboratory Ventilation
Laboratory fume hoods are not meant for either storage or disposal of chemicals. If a hood must
be used for storage, in order to provide adequate ventilation for flammable chemicals, for
example, it must not be used for laboratory experiments or transfer of chemicals unless safe use
for chemicals within can be demonstrated. In the event it cannot be demonstrated that safe use
can also be achieved, it must be used only for storage.
General laboratory ventilation should not be relied on for protection from exposure to hazardous
chemicals. A rate of 8–12 room air changes per hour should be the accepted standard when local
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exhaust systems such as hoods are used as the primary method of control. Laboratory airflow
should not be turbulent and should flow continuously throughout the laboratory.
The quality and quantity of ventilation should be evaluated when installed, regularly monitored,
and reevaluated whenever a change in ventilation devices is made, or the ventilation system is
repaired.
6.4 Medical Consultations and Medical Examinations
Employees who work with hazardous chemicals should be provided with an opportunity to
receive medical attention when overexposure to a hazardous chemical is reasonably suspected.
In the event that employees’ work involves regular and frequent handling of toxicologically
significant quantities of a chemical, the Chemical Hygiene Officer should determine whether
consultation with a qualified physician is necessary to set up a plan for routine surveillance.
Cause for Consultation or Examination
In relation to the exposure of hazardous chemicals, medical attention should be provided to an
employee under the following circumstances:
Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms of exposure to a hazardous chemical to
which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory.
Whenever exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level above the action level or
permissible exposure level for an OSHA-regulated substance.
Whenever an event such as a spill, leak, or explosion, takes place in a laboratory which
results in the likelihood of exposure to a hazardous substance.
Type of Medical Attention
All medical examinations and consultations should be performed under the direct supervision of
a licensed physician and in full accordance with 29 CFR 1910.1450(g).
Information for the Physician
The following information should be provided to the physician conducting medical consultations
and examinations:
The identity of hazardous chemicals to which the employee may have been exposed.
A copy of the safety data sheet for the chemical.
A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred, including quantitative
exposure data.
A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing.
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Physician’s Report
A written opinion from the examining physician specializing in occupational medicine
for any consultations or examinations performed under this standard should include any
recommendation for further medical attention, the results of the medical examination and any
associated tests, any medical condition revealed during the examination which might
compromise employee safety during, or as a result of, exposure to hazardous chemicals found in
the workplace, and a statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the
results of the consultation or examination and any medical condition that may require further
examination or treatment. The written opinion should not reveal specific diagnoses unrelated to
occupational exposure, except as noted above.
6.5 Chemical Purchase and Procurement
The purchaser of chemicals should be guided by the maxim that less is better. The lower the
chemical inventory, the fewer the problems associated with storage, and the less likely that the
College will face excessive costs to dispose of outdated or surplus chemicals.
Chemicals should be ordered in quantities that are likely to be consumed in one year or less.
Chemicals should be purchased only when needed for specific experiments or research
projects. The chemicals should be purchased only in the quantity sufficient for the declared
use.
All chemicals should be in tightly closed, sturdy, and appropriate containers.
A chemical should not be accepted without being accompanied by the safety data sheet.
The container should be marked with the date at the time it is received and the date it is
opened.
Chemicals should not be accepted if the original container has been broken, opened, or has
been compromised in some other way.
The Chemical Inventory List should be updated each time a new chemical is received.
Donated chemicals should be accepted only after approval is obtained from the Chemical
Hygiene Officer. It should be established that the donated chemical is in excellent condition,
that an appropriate safety data sheet is available, and that there is a specific use for the
donated material.
6.6 Storage and Distribution
All chemicals should be in tightly closed, sturdy, and appropriate containers.
If the chemical has been transferred to a secondary container, the new container should be
appropriately labeled, including all of the hazard information. Specifications for labeling
follow in Section 6.8.
Chemicals should be stored based on the reactive nature of the chemical. Storage patterns
should never be based solely on the alphabetical arrangement of chemicals.
The classification system used for the storage of chemicals should be displayed in the
principal storage area.
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Large containers and containers with reactive chemicals, such as acids and bases, should be
on low shelves. No chemical should be stored on top of a storage shelf or cabinet.
All shelves on which chemicals are stored should have a lip of approximately 3/4" or greater
in order to prevent bottles from sliding off the shelf.
Flammable chemicals should be stored in approved storage cans or approved flammable
chemical storage cabinets.
Combustible packaging material should not be stored near flammable chemical storage
cabinets.
All storage areas should be securely locked when not in use by the employee. Storage and
preparation areas should be accessible only to those persons authorized to use the chemicals.
Such personnel should have had proper training in the handling and use of the chemicals.
Chemicals classified as acute poisons should be kept in a separate, locked location, which has
been appropriately labeled.
Chemicals which present a fire hazard should be stored in quantities less than 500 mL, unless
metal safety cans are used, or the container is stored in a suitable flammable storage cabinet.
If approved metal safety cans are used, the spring-loaded closure should not be disabled, the
flame-arrestor screen should be kept in place, the arrestor screen should be replaced
whenever it is punctured or damaged, and the arrestor should never be immersed in the
flammable liquid.
Chemicals should not be distributed to other persons or to other areas of the College without
prior approval of the Chemical Hygiene Officer. Chemicals should not be transferred to
another location without the simultaneous transfer of a copy of the appropriate safety data
sheet, nor should they be transferred without the person receiving the chemicals having had
appropriate training in their use, storage, and disposal.
6.7 Inventory Control
Various regulatory agencies require the College to maintain a complete, accurate and up-to-date
inventory of its toxic and hazardous materials. Primarily though, inventories are essential to
inform individuals which chemicals they may have the potential to be exposed to, further
allowing them to better understand the associated hazards and risks of these chemicals.
Each department head or designee is responsible for ensuring that a chemical inventory list of the
hazardous chemicals and toxic substances used, stored or otherwise kept in each laboratory or
work area under his/her purview is created and maintained.
A good way to prepare a comprehensive inventory list is to survey your work area(s) to do a
physical assessment, and purchasing records also may help. The broadest possible perspective
should be taken when doing the survey. Considering all substances to be potentially toxic and
hazardous simplifies the approach even though it may unnecessarily include a few materials that
are essentially non-hazardous.
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Items NOT REQUIRED to be Inventoried:
Even though some items may not be entered into the inventory, the user is still responsible to
obtain a current Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for the product. The list below provides some examples
of common materials that do not need to be inventoried.
Any secondary chemical container that is produced in the lab from a primary chemical
container(s) that is already inventoried, for example:
o 1N Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) that is made from a commercially available 10N
NaOH solution or solid NaOH
o Squirt bottles and spray bottle
o Conical and “Falcon” tubes with chemicals or samples in them
Biological material, for example:
o Plant or animal tissue, blood or blood products
o Reproducing biological organisms, bacteria, viruses, fungi or yeast
o Enzymes, antibodies, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids
o Conjugated antibodies and proteins
Tissue culture media or other growth media
Buffer solutions for pH probes
Non-chemical diagnostic materials that contain a film on any surface (e.g. 96-well plate)
Chemical spill kits
Inventories must be completed in a Microsoft Excel template available from the Environmental
Health and Safety Officer, or one can be downloaded through links included in the Chemical
Inventory Management section of FSC’s Environmental Health and Safety website. The
Chemical Inventory List should contain the following information about each chemical found in
storage: Product Name; Synonyms or Other Names (If known/available); Manufacturer, Catalog
(Cat.) No., Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No., and/or Other Identifying Information;
Physical State (Solid, Liquid or Gas); Number of Containers of same type/size; Quantity
(volume/weight); and the Unit of Measure (lbs, Kg, mg, etc.).
Once a chemical inventory has been completed, the electronic file MUST be emailed to the
Environmental Health and Safety Officer at ehs@farmingdale.edu.
Each chemical inventory list must be updated at least annually, or whenever there is a substantial
change (i.e. a chemical is added or removed). After each annual update, and whenever there is a
change made, a revised chemical inventory MUST be emailed to the Environmental Health and
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Safety Officer at ehs@farmingdale.edu and, where possible, the revised section or reason for
change be highlighted, marked up, explained, etc. for ease of rectification.
Upon receipt by the Environmental Health and Safety Officer, the chemicals included on the
spreadsheet will be added to the College's Chemical Inventory and Management System,
MSDSonline, where all chemicals inventoried on Campus are listed. In addition, MSDSonline
also provides access to associated Safety Data Sheets, identifies where these chemicals are stored
and communicates pertinent health and safety information (among other features) aimed at better
communicating the hazards and risks associated with the chemicals used and stored on Campus.
6.8 Hazard Identification and Labels
Laboratory chemicals should be properly labeled to identify any hazards associated with them
for the employees’ information and protection.
If a chemical is stored in its original bottle, it should have the manufacturer’s original label
identifying potential hazards, and the date of purchase, the date opened, and the initials of the
person who opened the container.
If a chemical has been transferred to a secondary container, the new container should be
appropriately labeled with the chemical name, formula, concentration (if in solution), solvent
(if in solution), hazard warnings, and name or initials of the person responsible for the
transfer.
Unlabeled bottles should not be opened, and such materials should be disposed of promptly,
as outlined in the section on disposal procedures.
6.9 Safety Data Sheets
The Hazard Communication Standard requires chemical manufacturers and importers to evaluate
the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import. Using that information, they must then
prepare more detailed technical bulletins called Safety Data Sheets, or SDSs.
The SDSs for each chemical used in the laboratory should give recommended limits or OSHA-
mandated limits, or both, as guidelines to exposure limits. Typical limits are expressed as
threshold limit values (TLVs), permissible exposure limits (PELs), or action levels. When such
limits are stated, that limit, along with any other information about the hazardous characteristics
of the chemical, should be used to set laboratory guidelines. These laboratory guidelines may be
used by the Chemical Hygiene Officer and the department technical staff in determining the
safety precautions, control measures, and personal protective equipment that apply when working
with that toxic chemical.
Each department head or designee is responsible for maintaining a manufacturer-specific SDS for
each hazardous or toxic substance used or stored in his/her work area(s), and for ensuring that
they are readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work
area(s).
In lieu of maintaining hard copies of SDS’s (i.e. binder, folder, cabinet, etc.), electronic versions
will be available through MSDSonline, Farmingdale State College's Chemical Inventory and
Safety Data Sheet service provider.
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Please note, MSDSonline may ONLY be used as the SOLE SDS resource if ALL employees
with the potential for chemical exposure in any given area have full access (i.e. computer
access, a general understanding of how to navigate the system, etc.) to the service;
otherwise, hard copies must be made readily available as well.
Each department head or designee must also send copies of all SDSs for new chemicals as they
arrive to the Environmental Health and Safety Officer. This can be done one of two ways:
1. Access the MSDSonline site through links included in the Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
Management section of FSC’s Environmental Health and Safety website and enter the product
name you're seeking to submit an SDS for in the search engine (you can narrow down your
search by also including such information as the CAT. Number, the CAS Number, the
Manufacturer, etc.) - if your initial search is not successful, try adding or removing information
you've included in the search field and resubmit.
Once you've found the correct SDS, check the box associated with that product (left of product
name) which prompts you to select "Assign to Company List"; click on that prompt, which opens
up a second screen.
Fill out all required information on this "Approval Details" page and hit 'submit'. Your
submission will be sent to a queue for the System Administrator's approval (the EH&S Officer).
Please note: if your specific location is not listed in the drop down menu on the "Approval
Details" page, call or email the EH&S Officer so that it can be added.
2. SDSs may be emailed to the EH&S Officer at ehs@farmingdale.edu, or, the SDS(s) can be
faxed to the attention of the Environmental Health and Safety Officer at (631) 420-9173.
Whichever means is used to submit the SDS, be certain to add under separate cover details that
include the specific location where the chemical(s) are to be used/stored - identify the Building,
Department, Room Number and the Specific Location (i.e. cabinet A, stockroom, under fume
hood #1, etc.). Once received, the proper SDS will be “paired” with the associated chemical(s)
within MSDSonline, and hard copies will be maintained on file.
SDSs should be reviewed prior to purchase to properly evaluate the hazards and risks
associated with the substances being considered for use. As part of the college’s ongoing
Hazard Communication Training Program, all laboratory employees will be trained to
read and understand the SDSs.
Each department head or designee is responsible for ensuring that an appropriate SDS is
forwarded with each initial product shipment. SDSs are also requested for purchases made
through the Research Foundation. If the SDS is not received with the initial shipment, it is the
responsibility of the ordering entity (department head/designee) to contact the supplier
(manufacturer/importer/distributor) and acquire an SDS, put a copy in the department’s SDS
binder, file, or appropriate area, and/or send a copy of the SDS to the Environmental Health and
Safety Officer as explained above.
In addition, each department head or designee is responsible for ensuring that SDSs that have
been replaced with a newer version and/or SDSs of discontinued materials are retained in
accordance with the General Retention and Disposition Schedule for NYS Government Records,
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and other applicable laws and regulations. As a general rule, SDSs are retained for at least 40
years after superseded or obsolete.
Alternatively, if SDSs are/have been forwarded to the Office of Environmental Health and
Safety, they will be maintained there for the required time period, and/or, will be “banked” in the
MSDSonline service database, which will be backlogged/archived/saved at least annually.
6.10 Waste Disposal
The College’s Chemical Hygiene Officer should ensure that laboratory chemicals are disposed in
compliance with appropriate regulations and in a manner which minimizes damage to human
health and the environment.
Every process that uses chemicals has the potential for producing hazardous waste. The
purchaser or producer of chemicals should take into consideration the waste that should be
produced and the cost of waste disposal. The product of a reaction or process only becomes
hazardous waste when it is removed from the reaction system, deemed to be a “waste” and is a
hazardous material (meets the definition of “hazardous waste”). Disposal of hazardous waste
must be done by a licensed contractor through a permitted facility.
The following are specific guidelines for hazardous waste disposal:
Chemicals should be ordered in quantities that are likely to be consumed in one year or less.
Potential waste materials are surplus, old, and/or unnecessary chemicals. Every attempt must
be made to avoid accumulating such chemicals.
No flammable, combustible, or water-immiscible material will be poured down the drain
unless specifically allowed for by law and with prior approval by the Chemical Hygiene
Officer.
Separate waste containers should be provided for heavy metal compounds, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, and nonchlorinated hydrocarbons. Separation of wastes in this manner will
make disposal less costly.
Acids and bases may be neutralized before disposal down the drain only with prior training
and approval by the Chemical hygiene Officer.
Hazardous waste should never be placed in the common solid trash container(s).
Waste chemicals should be stored in appropriately labeled containers, inside secondary
containment.
The products of projects, experiments, or other chemical procedures should be recycled
and/or decontaminated whenever possible.
All waste containers should have an up-to-date log of the material that is in the container.
Each entry for an addition to the container should be dated and initialed by the instructor, or
person who puts the waste in the container. The entry should provide the correct chemical
name and amount of chemical added.
When feasible and safe, a large container of a given waste should be used instead of several
small containers of the same material for financial reasons.
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Waste materials should not be allowed to accumulate in laboratories or preparation rooms.
The sealed containers should be removed to the designated waste storage location. There are
regulatory limits depending on quantity which need to be verified with local officials.
Waste materials should be identified using a chemical identification form and/or label
ensuring sufficient information for their safe transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal.
The disposal of hazardous wastes should follow the guidelines established by the appropriate
local, State, and federal regulations.
Section 7: PROCEDURES FOR INSPECTIONS
All employees should be alert to unsafe conditions and should inform the Department Chair and
the Chemical Hygiene Officer in writing, when an unsafe condition occurs.
7.1 Laboratory Equipment
The presence of necessary safety equipment, in proper working condition (a reference list of
which is provided in Appendix E), should be maintained in each department and laboratory area
and assessed at least biannually. Safety equipment should be replenished/replaced as soon as
feasible if found to be missing, used or obsolete. The following general standards will apply:
Each hood will have a face velocity of 60–100 linear feet per minute.
Each shower will be capable of supplying a continuous flow of tepid, potable water. (ANSI
Standard Z358.1-1990)
Every eye wash will be capable of supplying a continuous gentle flow of aerated, tepid,
potable water to both eyes. (ANSI Standard Z358.1-1990)
Each fire extinguisher will be fully charged.
Every goggle sanitizer will have its UV bulb and timer operating properly.
Equipment will be tagged following the inspection, showing the date, inspector, and results.
7.2 Safety Inspections
Inspections in the laboratory shall be conducted at least annually. Inspection records will be kept
by the Department Chair and Chemical Hygiene Officer. A form for conducting these
inspections is shown in Appendix F. Laboratory inspections will be coordinated by the Chemical
Hygiene Officer.
Written (or digital) records of all inspections will be maintained by the Chemical Hygiene
Officer.
Section 8: SPECIFIC EXPOSURE CONTROL MEASURES
This section addresses criteria that would invoke the use of specific exposure control measures,
which are more stringent than those procedures specified as standard operating procedures or
general laboratory safety rules. These specific exposure control measures are designed to reduce
the exposure of instructors, aides, students, and other employees to especially hazardous
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chemicals. Employees should read and understand these practices before commencing a
procedure using one or more of these chemicals.
8.1 Toxic Chemicals
The SDSs and labels for many of the chemicals used in the laboratory recommend specific limits
for exposure. Other limitations may be specified by OSHA-mandated limits. Typical limits are
threshold limit values (TLVs), permissible exposure limits (PELs), and action levels. When such
limits are stated, they should be used to assist the Chemical Hygiene Officer and the technical
staff in determining the safety precautions, control measures, and safety apparel.
When a TLV or PEL value is less than 50 ppm or 100 mg/m3, the user should use it in an
operating fume hood, glove box, vacuum line, or other device equipped with appropriate traps. If
none are available, no work should be performed using that chemical.
If a TLV, PEL, or comparable value is not available, the animal or human median inhalation
lethal concentration information, LC50, should be used as a guideline. If that value is less than
200 ppm or 2000 mg/m3 when administered continuously for one hour or less, then the chemical
should be used in an operating fume hood, glove box, vacuum line, or similar device, equipped
with appropriate traps. In none are available, no work should be performed using that chemical.
Whenever laboratory handling of toxic substances with moderate or greater vapor pressures is
likely to exceed air concentration limits, work with such liquids and solids should be conducted
in a fume hood, glove box, vacuum line, or similar device, equipped with appropriate traps. If
none are available, no work should be performed using that chemical.
Examples of toxic chemicals that were commonly used in the past are benzene, chloroform,
formaldehyde, bromine, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, cyanide salts, and hydrofluoric
acid. The use of these chemicals has been substantially reduced in the past few years because of
their toxicity.
8.2 Flammable Chemicals
In general, the flammability of a chemical is determined by its flash point, the lowest temperature
at which an ignition source can cause the chemical to ignite momentarily under certain controlled
conditions.
Chemicals with a flash point below 200°F (93.3°C) should be considered “fire-hazard
chemicals.” Any chemical whose SDS or label states “Flammable” is in this category.
OSHA standards and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) guidelines or local fire
regulations should be consulted on the proper use of flammable chemicals in the laboratory.
Specific references are found in Appendix G.
Fire-hazard chemicals in excess of 500 mL should be stored in a flammable solvent storage area,
safety cans, or in storage cabinets designed for flammable materials.
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Examples of commonly used flammable chemicals are diethyl ether, acetone, methanol, ethanol,
glacial acetic acid, heptane, and petroleum ether (ligroin).
8.3 Reactive Chemicals
Reactivity information may be given in manufacturers’ SDSs and on labels. The most complete
and reliable reference on chemical reactivity is the current edition of Bretherick’s Handbook of
Reactive Chemical Hazards, edited by P.G. Urben, published by Butterworths. Other useful
references are cited in Appendix G.
A potentially reactive chemical is one that:
Is described as such on the label, in the SDS, or by Bretherick.
Is ranked by the NFPA as 3 or 4 for reactivity.
Is identified by the Department of Transportation (DOT) as an oxidizer, an organic peroxide,
or an explosive (Class A, B, or C).
Fits the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) definition of reactive in 40 CFR 261.23.
Is known or found to be reactive with other substances.
Reactive chemicals should be handled with all proper safety precautions, including segregation in
storage and prohibition of mixing even small quantities with other chemicals without prior
approval and appropriate personal protection and precautions.
Examples of commonly encountered reactive chemicals are ammonium dichromate, nitric acid,
perchloric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium chlorate.
8.4 Corrosive Chemicals and Contact-Hazard Chemicals
Corrosivity, allergen, and sensitizer information is provided in manufacturers’ SDSs and on
labels. Other guidelines on which chemicals are determined to be corrosive can be found in the
publications cited in Appendix G.
A corrosive chemical is one that:
Fits the OSHA definition of corrosive in 29 CFR 1910.1450 or 29 CFR 1910.1200.
Fits the EPA definition of corrosive in 40 CFR 262.22 (has a pH greater than or equal to 12,
or less than or equal to 2.5).
Is known to be reactive to living tissue, causing visible destruction of, or irreversible
alterations of, tissue at the site of contact.
A contact-hazard chemical is an allergen or sensitizer that:
Is so identified or described in the SDS or on the label.
Is so identified or described in medical or industrial hygiene literature.
Is known to be an allergen or sensitizer.
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Corrosive and contact-hazard chemicals will be handled with all proper safety precautions,
including wearing safety goggles, gloves tested for the absence of pinholes and known to be
resistant to permeation or penetration by the chemical, and a laboratory apron or laboratory coat.
Examples of corrosive chemicals are hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, and perchloric
acids (all acids in greater than 1 Molar concentration), and potassium hydroxide (either solid or
in aqueous solution of greater than 1 Molar concentration).
8.5 Reproductive Toxins
A reproductive toxin is a compound that:
Is described as such in the applicable SDS or label, or;
There is statistically evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with
established scientific principles that acute or chronic reproductive health effects may occur in
exposed employees.
If such chemicals are used, they should be handled only in a hood and when satisfactory
performance of the hood has been confirmed. Skin contact should be avoided by using gloves
and wearing protective apparel. Persons using such substances should always wash hands and
arms immediately after working with these materials. Unbreakable containers of these
substances should be stored in a well-ventilated area and will be labeled properly.
Examples of reproductive toxins are organomercurial compounds and ethidium bromide, a
reagent used with DNA analysis.
8.6 Select Carcinogens
All work with these substances should be conducted in a Designated Area, such as a fume hood,
glove box, or portion of a laboratory designated for use of chronically toxic substances. Such a
Designated Area should be clearly marked with warning and restricted access signs.
Any procedure that may result in a generation of aerosols or vapors should be performed in a
hood whose performance is known to be satisfactory.
Skin contact should be avoided by using gloves and other protective apparel as appropriate. Any
protective clothing should be removed before leaving the Designated Area and placed in a
labeled container. Hands, arms, face, and neck should be washed after working with these
materials.
Select carcinogens should be stored in unbreakable containers in a ventilated area with controlled
access. All containers should be labeled with the identity and hazard of the substance.
Immediately upon completion of the project, all unused reproductive toxin should be disposed of
following standard hazardous waste disposal procedures.
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Examples of select carcinogens are benzene, nickel metal dust, and vinyl chloride.
8.7 Exposure Potential
The routes of exposure to chemicals are inhalation, ingestion, contact with skin or eyes, or
injection.
Inhalation of chemical vapors, aerosols, gases, or dusts can produce poisoning through the
mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, throat and lungs. The degree of injury resulting from
exposure to these chemicals depends on the toxicity of the material, its solubility in tissue fluids,
its concentration, and the duration of exposure.
Ingestion is extremely dangerous. The relative acute toxicity can be evaluated by comparing the
LD50, which is defined as the quantity of chemical that will cause the death of 50% of the test
animals when ingested. Many chemicals will directly damage the tissue of the mouth, throat,
nose, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract.
Contact with skin and eyes can lead to local irritation as well as significant chemical injury. In
addition, many chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and may cause systemic poisoning.
Alkaline materials, phenols, and strong acids can cause permanent loss of vision upon contact
with the eye.
Injection of chemicals can occur through mechanical injection from glass or other materials
contaminated with chemicals.
Section 9: TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES
The College should provide training opportunities for all employees. These training
opportunities should include the transfer of information about the hazards of chemicals present in
the laboratory and about sources of information. In particular, the training program should cover
information found in the Laboratory Standard, manufacturers’ safety data sheets, this Chemical
Hygiene Plan, and the responsibilities of the employee.
Employees should be trained on the potential chemical hazards in the employees’ work areas and
on appropriate sections of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This training should be provided to all
employees who actually work in the laboratory as well as to other employees whose assignments
may require that they enter a laboratory where exposure to hazardous chemicals might occur.
Employees who are responsible for receiving and handling shipments of new chemicals or
chemical wastes should also be informed of the potential hazards and appropriate protective
measures for chemicals they may receive.
Employees should receive information and training at the time of their initial assignment to a
laboratory and before assignments involving new exposure situations. Opportunities to refresh
their working knowledge should be provided at least once a year. As indicated earlier, the
training of laboratory personnel should be documented and made a part of the permanent record.
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9.1 Information Program
Laboratory employees should be informed of at least the following information:
The contents of appropriate governing standards, as shown in Appendix A.
The location and availability of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
The location and availability of known reference materials on the hazards, safe handling,
storage, and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory.
The use and location of safety data sheets.
9.2 Employee Training Program
Laboratory employees should be trained on the applicable details of the Chemical Hygiene Plan,
including a review of the general rules for laboratory safety. The training program should
describe appropriate sections of the standard operating procedures, particularly those procedures
that require prior approval of the Chemical Hygiene Officer. Employees should be informed as
to the responsibilities of the Chemical Hygiene Officer responsible for the laboratory in which
they work. Emergency procedures adopted by the College, including response to spills, fires,
explosion, evacuation, and decontamination, should be described. Employees should be trained
in measures they may take to protect themselves from exposure to hazardous chemicals,
including the location and proper use of protective apparel and emergency equipment. In
addition, the training must also include a discussion of inventory procedures to be followed,
proper storage and ordering rules, and hazardous waste disposal procedures. A ‘Record of
Training’ form is provided as Appendix H.
9.3 Training of Students
The College requires that instruction in laboratory safety practices be provided to all students
involved in laboratory studies before experiments take place. Such training must be
appropriate to their level of chemical handling and potential exposure to hazardous chemicals.
The extent of training should be based on their grade level, courses of study, the laboratory
facility, and the individual policies of the College as stated in the Chemical Hygiene Plan. The
education of students is particularly important, because they are near the beginning of their
experience with science, chemicals, and chemical safety. Instruction in safety should include the
importance of the label and the SDS as important reference sources. As appropriate, the student
should also be introduced to other sources of chemical safety information.
Section 10: EMERGENCY PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
10.1 Standard Emergency Procedures
Emergency procedures should address a failure in the ventilation systems, evacuation, fire and
spill response, or the failure of other procedures to limit exposure of employees to hazardous
chemicals. These emergency procedures should be established, regularly practiced, and should
be posted in appropriate public places. These procedures should include the routes of egress
31
from the laboratory, procedures by which to notify appropriate individuals, and telephone
numbers of fire, police, ambulance, and College authorities.
The laboratory should have a plan for everyone to follow if an evacuation is necessary. The
employees should be sure that they know the main and alternative routes, as well as the
procedure for accounting for each person after an evacuation. The most appropriate response to a
serious fire is evacuation and subsequent action by the fire department.
10.2 Specific Emergency Response Procedures
When helping another person, employees should evaluate the potential danger to themselves
before taking action. Do not move any injured persons unless they are in immediate danger from
chemical exposure or fire.
Report the nature and location of the emergency to University Police by dialing (631) 420-2111.
The employee should follow the facilitys emergency response procedures. These procedures
have been established, documented, and practiced.
Other important emergency response contacts, particularly when campus facilities and/or
equipment are involved, a fire is evident or suspected, or if there is a threat of release of a
hazardous substance to the environment:
FSC Physical Plant (7 a.m. – 4 p.m.): (631) 420-2017
FSC Heating Plant (after 4 p.m.): (631) 420-2605
FSC Fire Marshall: (631) 420-2603
East Farmingdale Fire Department: (631) 249-0047
10.3 First Aid
Suitable first aid equipment should be available in the laboratory area, including a blanket, a
general first aid kit, and small bandages for minor cuts and abrasions. The College should have
personnel trained in first aid available during working hours to render assistance until medical
help can be obtained. Personal injury beyond the purely superficial requires professional medical
treatment. Additional information may be obtained from the Red Cross or references in
Appendix G.
10.4 Emergency Equipment
Each Department and the Chemical Hygiene Officer should ensure that adequate emergency
equipment is available in the laboratory and inspected periodically to ensure that it is functioning
properly. All personnel should be properly trained in the use of each item. It is recommended
that students also be trained to use the fire blanket, eye wash fountain, safety drench shower, and
telephone for safety purposes.
Equipment items that should be available in the laboratory include:
32
Eye wash fountain.
Fire extinguisher of an appropriate type.
Safety drench shower.
Telephone, with access to an outside line, for emergency response.
Fire blanket.
Identification signs.
10.5 Fire Prevention
The best way to fight a fire is to prevent it. Fires can be prevented or their severity considerably
reduced by proper housekeeping and by thoughtful reflection about what is being done. This
includes the prompt removal of waste, separation of flammable liquids from combustible
material, storage of only limited quantities of flammable material, and the maintenance of
unobstructed aisles and exits.
10.6 Dealing with a Fire
In preparation for dealing with a fire, a copy of the current Chemical Inventory List should be
available outside the work area. Laboratories should be posted with the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) diamond, which provides much emergency information. The information
on the NFPA warning must be current. Since fires involving laboratory chemicals increase the
possibility of explosions, special care should be taken to keep fire or excessive heat from volatile
solvents, compressed gas cylinders, reactive metals, and explosive compounds.
If a fire occurs, the following actions should be followed, depending on its severity:
A fire contained in a small vessel should be suffocated by covering the vessel. The vessel
should not be picked up, nor covered with dry towels or cloths.
Nearby flammable materials should be removed to avoid spread of the fire.
If a fire burns over a larger area, all persons should evacuate the area, except those trained
and equipped to fight structural fires.
The fire extinguisher should be used only by trained people, and only from a position from
which escape is possible.
Stairs, not elevators, should be used to leave the area of the fire.
The fire alarm should be activated and the fire department called.
Firefighters should be informed of what chemicals are involved.
As soon as possible, all extinguishers that were used should be recharged or replaced with full
extinguishers.
The facility’s fire protection plan should be documented and posted.
LOCAL PRACTICE MUST BE IN COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL FIRE CODES.
33
10.7 Personal Injuries Involving Fires
Persons whose clothing is ablaze should STOP–DROPandROLL. If a safety shower is
immediately available, the individual may be doused with water. Once the fire is out, the
individual should be wrapped to avoid shock and exposure. The individual should be kept warm,
and medical attention should be promptly sought.
If a fire blanket is available, it should be used to smother the fire. The person should not be
wrapped to avoid the chimney effect with the fire blanket.
10.8 Chemical Spills on Personnel
For spills covering small amounts of skin, the area should be washed immediately with flowing
water for 15 minutes. To facilitate cleaning, jewelry should be removed. If there is no visible
burn, the 15-minute wash with water is sufficient. If a burn is visible, medical attention should
be sought after the washing has been completed. After washing, the SDS should be consulted to
determine if any delayed effects should be expected. Depending on the information from the
SDS, follow-up medical attention may be necessary.
For larger spills, the same procedures should apply, except that it may be appropriate to use the
safety drench shower to assure thorough and complete washing.
For spills on clothing and whenever necessary, the clothes as well as shoes and jewelry to
facilitate washing should be removed as quickly as possible. The safety drench shower should be
used for 15 minutes and any affected skin should be thoroughly flooded for 15 minutes. The
washing should be resumed if pain continues. No creams, salves, or lotions should be placed on
the affected area, and medical attention should be sought as soon as possible.
Special care should be taken to prevent chemicals from entering the eyes. Contaminated clothes
should be washed separately from other personal clothing, or disposed of as a hazardous waste
(depending on the contamination source).
10.9 Splashes in the Eyes
Whenever potentially harmful chemicals enter the eye(s), the eye(s) should be immediately
flushed with tempered potable water from a gently flowing source for at least 15 minutes. The
eyelids should be held away from the eyeball, while the eyeball is moved up, down, and sideways
to wash behind the eyelid(s). Assistance is absolutely necessary at this time. If contact lenses are
worn, they should be removed as soon as possible to allow complete rinsing of the eye(s).
10.10 Dealing with Medical Help
Medical personnel should be fully informed about the chemical involved in the spill and the
circumstances of the spill. Whenever possible a safety data sheet should be provided to the
medical person providing assistance.
34
10.11 Other Accidents Involving Personal Injury
Anyone overcome with smoke or fumes should be removed to uncontaminated air and treated for
shock. Potential rescuers should evaluate the possibility of harm to themselves before entering or
remaining in a toxic environment.
If hazardous chemicals are ingested, the first aid treatment shown on the label or in the safety
data sheet should be undertaken.
If an injured person is not breathing, the rescuer should provide mouth-to-mouth resuscitation,
using appropriate methods. Special training is required to provide cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR). Consult the local Red Cross for details.
Bleeding should be controlled by compressing the wound with a clean cloth or other appropriate
compress. However, because of the possibility of infection with one or more bloodborne
pathogens, such as the HIV virus, adequate personal protection should be used. The injury
should be elevated above the level of the heart. After bleeding is controlled, the injured person
should be covered to avoid shock. Medical attention should be called for as soon as possible.
If a person is in contact with a live electrical circuit, the power should be shut off at the most
convenient switch. The person should not be touched until the power has been disconnected.
10.12 General Chemical Spills
All spills should be cleaned up promptly. Any individual at risk of involvement should be
warned about the spill. Local procedures should be established and followed for determining
when evacuation is necessary.
The spread of chemicals in a spill is important, and so absorbent material should be used to
surround the spill area. After the spill has been contained, it can be cleaned up with appropriate
tools, including commercial spill control kits, for example. If the spilled material is a hazardous
chemical, that chemical and all the cleanup material must be treated as hazardous chemical waste
and properly disposed.
10.13 Accident Reports
All accidents and near accidents should be carefully investigated. The results of that
investigation and recommendations for the prevention of similar occurrences should be
forwarded to the Department Chair and Chemical Hygiene Officer. Accident reports should be
kept on file, as indicated in the record-keeping section of this document.
Section 11: SPILL RESPONSE PROCEDURES
11.1 Personal Injury
35
In the event of a spill, the first response should be to determine if anyone has come in contact
with the spilled chemical. All persons who have been splashed should be assisted to the deluge
shower. A minimum 15-minute rinse is indicated. Remember if clothing is splashed, it must all
be removed, since the rinse is designed to remove chemicals only from the skin. Any suggestion
of splash in the eyes requires a 15-minute rinse at the eye wash. Hold the eyelids open and allow
the water to rinse the eye surface. If contact lenses are worn, they should be removed as soon as
possible to allow complete rinsing of the eye.
11.2 Identification of the Spill
If the spill appears to be organic solvents, ammonia, or other volatile reagents, evacuate the area
as soon as possible. Use fire drill procedures and ventilate the area. Be aware of the possibility
of sparks from electrical switches, open flames, or other sources of ignition.
If the chemical involved in the spill is judged to present an immediate hazard, the evacuation is
to be absolute, and the area isolated until a HAZMAT team is called.
11.3 Containment of the Spill
If there is no immediate danger to personnel, containment should be accomplished by use of spill
pillows, towels, rolls, or other devices that will keep it from spreading.
If practical, a dam to contain the spill may be formed using coarse vermiculite, kitty litter, or
another absorbent material.
Another inexpensive sorbent can be made from a mixture of sand and sodium carbonate. This is
particularly effective with corrosives because the soda will neutralize acids, and the sand
improves the footing and minimizes the possibility of slipping and falling into the spill. The use
of sodium bicarbonate is also effective, and it will neutralize caustic spills.
11.4 Cleanup
If hazardous vapors are present, the area should be isolated. Only persons trained in the use of
respirators may enter the area. This will frequently mean waiting for the arrival of the HAZMAT
team.
Cleanup can proceed once the area is vented and the spill is contained. Mops, shovels, scoops,
and buckets can be used in the usual manner.
Once the spill is thoroughly absorbed, the waste should be collected in heavy plastic bags, clearly
labeled, and isolated for disposal.
After all hazardous material has been removed, cleanup can be completed using standard
custodial cleaning procedures.
36
11.5 Protective Equipment
Protective equipment to be used in the cleanup process should include chemical splash goggles,
face shields, heavy rubber gloves, coveralls or aprons or lab coats, and either rubber boots or
plastic over-the-shoe protectors.
In no case should the cleanup of a major spill be undertaken by one not trained in these
procedures. No one should work alone. The buddy system is essential to protect the workers.
Further, the cleanup team should not begin work before contacting the Chemical Hygiene Officer
or other appropriate authorities.
11.6 Training Requirements
To undertake the cleanup of a major or extremely hazardous spill, all responders should have
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) training. This training is
available at various levels:
11.6.1 The “First Responder at the Awareness Level” must understand the nature of hazardous
materials and the associated risks, recognize the presence of hazardous materials in an
emergency, and understand the first responder’s role in the College’s emergency response plan,
which is to determine risk, assist injured, evacuate, and call for assistance.
11.6.2 The “First Responder at the Operating Level” will know the basic hazard and risk-
assessment techniques and terms, will select and use proper personal protective equipment, will
perform basic control, containment, and/or confinement operations using the capabilities
available within the school, will implement basic decontamination procedures, and will
understand the relevant standard operating procedures and termination procedures.
11.6.3 “HAZWOPER Third-and Fourth-Level Response” will require a trained HAZMAT team,
i.e., the fire department.
11.6.4 Training for all laboratory workers should include awareness level training which is
reviewed on an annual basis. The second level, the operations response team, should have
training sessions at least twice a year. If possible, this should be coordinated with local
HAZMAT, fire department, or other emergency response teams to improve efficiency during an
incident.
11.7 Disposal
If the spilled material was a hazardous chemical, all of the materials involved in the cleanup will
usually be considered hazardous waste and must be disposed of as such.
In those few instances in which the cleanup transformed the material to a nonhazardous form, the
cleanup residue may be disposed of in a local sanitary landfill. Check with local landfill
authorities before attempting to do this.
37
11.8 Record-Keeping
Complete records of the incident, including injuries, witnesses, response and cleanup procedures,
waste disposal, additional assistance, and final evaluation will be collected for the Department.
Chemical Hygiene Officer and/or the Environmental Health and Safety Officer.
38
Appendix A
THE LABORATORY STANDARD
OSHA Laboratory Standard
29 CFR 1910.1450
PART 1910-OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS
1. The authority citation for part 1910, subpart Z is amended by
adding the following citation at the end. (Citation which precedes
asterisk indicates general rulemaking authority.)
Authority: Secs. 6 and 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act,
29 U.S.C. 655, 657; Secretary of Labor's Orders Nos. 12-71 (36
FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), or 9-83 (48 FR 35736), as
applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
* * * Section 1910.1450 is also issued under sec. 6(b), 8(c) and
8(g)(2), Pub.L. 91-596, 84 Stat. 1593, 1599, 1600; 29 U.S.C. 655,
657.
2. Section 1910.1450 is added to subpart Z, part 1910 to read as
follows:
191.1450 Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in
laboratories.
(a) Scope and application. (1) This section shall apply to all
employers engaged in the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as
defined below.
(2) Where the section applies it shall supersede, for laboratories,
the requirements of all other OSHA health standards in 29 CFR
part 1910, subpart Z, except as follows:
(i) For any OSHA health standard, only the requirement to limit
employee exposure to the specific permissible exposure limit shall
apply for laboratories, unless that particular standard states
otherwise or unless the conditions of paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this
section apply.
(ii) Prohibition of eye and skin contact where specified by any
OSHA health standard shall be observed.
(iii) Where the action level (or in the absence of action level, the
permissible exposure limit) is routinely exceeded for an OSHA
regulated substance with exposure monitoring and medical
surveillance requirements, paragraphs (d0 and (g)(1)(ii) of this
section shall apply.
(3) This section shall not apply to:
(i) Uses of hazardous chemicals which do not meet the
definition of laboratory use, and in such cases, the employer shall
comply with the relevant standard in 29 CFR part 1910, subpart 2,
even if such occurs in a laboratory.
(ii) Laboratory uses of hazardous chemicals which provide no
potential for employee exposure. Examples of such conditions
might include:
(A) Procedures using chemically-impregnated test media such
as Dip-and-Read tests where a reagent strip is dipped into the
specimen to be tested and the results are interpreted by comparing
the color chart supplied by the manufacturer of the test strip; and
(B) Commercially prepared kits such as those used in
performing pregnancy tests in which all of the reagents needed to
conduct the test are contained in the kit.
(b) Definitions-
"Action level" means a concentration designated in 29 CFR part
1910 for a specific substance, calculated as an eight (8)-hour time-
weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such as
exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
"Assistant Secretary" means the Assistant Secretary of labor for
Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Labor, or
designee.
"Carcinogen" (see "select carcinogen").
"Chemical Hygiene Officer" means an employee who is
designated by the employer, and who is qualified by training or
experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and
implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
This definition is not intended to place limitation on the position
description or job classification that the designated individual shall
hold within the employer's organizational structure.
"Chemical Hygiene Plan" means a written program developed
and implemented by the employer which sets forth procedures,
equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that
(i) are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards
presented by hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace
and (ii) meets the requirements of paragraph (e) of this section.
"Combustible liquid" means any liquid having a flashpoint at or
above 100
o
F (37.8
o
C), but below 200
o
F (93.3
o
C), except any
mixture having components with flashpoints of 200
o
F (93.3
o
C),
or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of
the total volume of the mixture.
"Compressed Gas" means"
(i) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute
pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70
o
F (21.1
o
C); or
(ii) A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute
pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130
o
F (54.4
o
C) regardless of the
pressure at 70
o
F (21.1
o
C);or
(iii) A liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100
o
F
(37.8
o
C) as determined by ASTM D-323-72.
"Designated Area" means an area which may be used for work
with "select carcinogens" reproductive toxins or substances which
have a high degree of acute toxicity. A designated area may be the
entire laboratory, an area of a laboratory or a device such as a
laboratory hood.
"Emergency" means any occurrence such as, but not limited to,
equipment failure, rupture or containers or failure of control
equipment which results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous
chemical into the workplace.
"Employee" means an individual employed in a laboratory
workplace who may be exposed to hazardous chemicals in the
course of his or her assignments.
"Explosive" means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost
instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to
sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.
"Flammable" means a chemical that falls into one of the
following categories:
(i) "Aerosol, flammable" means an aerosol that, when tested by
the method described in 16 CFR 1500.45, yields a flame protection
exceeding 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flashback (a flame
extending back to the valve) at any degree of valve opening;
(ii) "Gas, flammable" means:
(A) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a
flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent b
volume or less; or
(B) A gas that, at ambient temperature and pressure, forms a
range of flammable mixtures with air wider that 12 percent by
volume, regardless of the lower limit.
(iii) "Liquid, flammable" means any liquid having a flashpoint
below 100
o
F (37.8
o
C), except any mixture having components
with flashpoints of 100
o
F (37.8
o
C) or higher, the total of which
make up 99 percent of more of the total volume of the mixture.
(iv) "Solid, flammable" means a solid, other than a blasting
agent or explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that is liable to cause
fire through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical
change, or retained heat from manufacturing or processing, or
which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so vigorously
and persistently as to create a serious hazard. A chemical shall be
considered to be a flammable solid if, when tested by the method
described in 16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-
sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth of an inch per
second along its major axis.
"Flashpoint" means the minimum temperature at which a liquid
gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite when tested
as follows:
(i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (See American National Standard
for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.7-1979 (STM D93-79))-
for liquids with a viscosity of less than 45 Saybolt Universal
Seconds (SUS) at 100
o
F (37.8
o
C), than do not contain suspended
solids and do not have a tendency to form a surface film under test;
or
(ii) Pensky-Martens Closed Tester (see American National
Standard Method of Test for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Tester, Z11.7-1979 (ASTM D 93-79))-for liquids with a
viscosity equal to or greater than 45SUS at 100
o
F (37.8
o
C), or that
contain suspended solids, or that have a tendency to form a surface
fulm under test; or
(iii)Setaflash Closed Tester (see American National standard
Method of Test for Flash Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM
D3278-78)).
Organic peroxides, which undergo autoaccelerating thermal
decomposition, are excluded from any of the flashpoint
determination methods specified above.
"Hazardous chemical" means a chemical for which there is
statistically significant evidence based on at least one study
conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that
acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees.
The term "health hazard" includes chemicals which are
carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins,
irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins,
neurotoxins, agents which act on the hemtopoietic systems, and
agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
Appendices A and B of the Hazard Communication Standard
(29CFR 1910.1200) provide further guidance in defining the scope
of health hazards and determining whether or not a chemical is to
be considered hazardous for purposes of this standard.
"Laboratory" means a facility where the "laboratory use of
hazardous chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively
small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-
production basis.
"Laboratory scale" means work with substances in which the
containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of
substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one
person. "Laboratory scale" excludes those workplaces whose
function is to produce commercial quantities of materials.
"Laboratory-type hood" means a device located in a laboratory,
enclosure on five sides with a moveable sash or fixed partial
enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to
draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape
of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical
manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure with out insertion
of any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms.
Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition
provided that the sashes are adjusted during use to that the airflow
and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and
employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of
airborne hazardous chemicals.
"Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" means handling or
use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are
met:
(i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory
scale;"
(ii)Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used;
(iii) The procedures involved are not part of a production
process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and
(iv) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" are
available and in common use to minimize the potential for
employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
"Medical consultation" means a consultation which takes place
between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of
determining what medical examination or procedures, if any, are
appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous
chemical may have taken place.
"Organic peroxides" means an organic compound that contains
the bivalent -O-O- structure and which may be considered to be a
structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one or both of the
hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical.
"Oxidizer" means a chemical other that a blasting agent or
explosive as defined in 1910.109(a), that initiates or promotes
combustion in other materials, thereby causing fire either of itself
or through the release of oxygen or other gases.
"Physical hazard" means a chemical for which there is
scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a
compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an
oxidizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.
"Protective laboratory practices and equipment" means those
laboratory procedures, practices and equipment accepted by
laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the
employer can show to be effective, in minimizing the potential for
employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
"Reproductive toxins" means chemicals which affect the
reproductive capabilities including chromosomal damage
(mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis)
"Select carcinogen" means any substance which meets one of
the following criteria:
(i) It is regulated by OSHA as a carcinogen; or
(ii) It is listed under the category, "known to be carcinogens," in
the Annual Report on Carcinogens published by the National
Toxicology Program (NTP) (latest edition); or
(iii) It is listed under Group 1 ("carcinogenic to humans") by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs (IARC)
(latest editions); or
(iv) It is listed in either Group 2A or @B by IARC or under the
category, "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by NTP, and
causes statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental
animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:
(A) After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per
week, for a significant portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than
10 mg/m
3
;
(B) After repeated skin application of less than 300 (mg/kg of
body weight) per week; or
(C) After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per
day.
"Unstable (reactive)" means a chemical which is the pure state,
or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize,
decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive under
conditions of shocks, pressure or temperature.
"Water-reactive" means a chemical that reacts with water to
release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.
(c) Permissible exposure limits. For laboratory uses of OSHA
regulated substances, the employer shall assure that laboratory
employees' exposures to such substances do not exceed the
permissible exposure limits specified in 26 CFR par 1910, subpart
Z.
(d)Employee exposure determination-(1)Initial monitoring. The
employer shall measure the employee's exposure to any substance
regulated by a standard which requires monitoring if there is
reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance routinely
exceed the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the
PEL.
(2) Periodic monitoring. If the initial monitoring prescribed by
paragraph (d)(1) of this section discloses employee exposure over
the action level (or in the absence of an action level, the PEL), the
employer shall immediately comply with the exposure monitoring
provisions of the relevant standard.
(3) Termination of monitoring. Monitoring may be terminated
in accordance with the relevant standard.
(4)Employee notification of monitoring results. The employer
shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of any monitoring
results, notify the employee of these results in writing either
individually or by posting results in an appropriate location that is
accessible to employees.
(e)Chemical hygiene plan-General. (Appendix A of this section
is non-mandatory but provides guidance to assist employers in the
development of the Chemical Hygiene Plan). (1) Where hazardous
chemicals as defined by this standard are used in the workplace,
the employer shall develop and carry out the provisions of a
written Chemical Hygiene Plan which is:
(i) Capable of protecting employees from health hazards
associated with hazardous chemicals in that laboratory and
(ii) Capable of keeping exposures below the limits specified in
paragraph (c) of this section.
(2) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall be readily available to
employees, employee representatives and, upon request, to the
Assistant Secretary.
(3) The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the
following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the
employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection:
(i) Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health
considerations tob e followed when laboratory work involves the
use of hazardous chemicals;
(ii) Criteria that the employer will use to determine and
implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to
hazardous chemicals including engineering controls, the use of
personal protective equipment and hygiene practices; particular
attention shall be given to the selection of control measure for
chemicals that are known to be extremely hazardous;
(iii) A requirement that fume hoods and other protective
equipment are functioning properly and specific measures that
shall be taken to ensure proper and adequate performance of such
equipment;
(iv) Provisions for employee information and training as
prescribed in paragraph (f) of this section;
(v) The circumstances under which a particular laboratory
operation, procedure or activity shall require prior approval from
the employer or the employer's designee before implementation;
(vi) Provisions for medical consultation and medical
examinations in accordance with paragraph (g) of this section;
(vii) Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of
Chemical Hygiene Plan including the assignment of a Chemical
Hygiene Officer and, if appropriate, establishment of a Chemical
Hygiene Committee; and
(viii) Provisions for additional employee protection for work
with particularly hazardous substances. These include "select
carcinogens," reproductive toxins and substances which have a
high degree of acute toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given
to the following provisions which shall be included where
appropriate:
(A) Establishment of a designated area;
(B) Use of containment devices such as fume hood or glove
boxes;
(C) Procedures for safe removal of contaminated waste; and
(D) Decontamination procedures.
(4) The employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of
the Chemical Hygiene Plan at least annually and update it as
necessary.
(f) Employee information and training. (1) The employer shall
provide employees with information and training to ensure that
they are apprised of the hazards of chemicals present in their work
area.
(2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an
employees' initial assignment to a work area where hazardous
chemicals are present and prior to assignments involving new
exposure situations. The frequency of refresher information and
training shall be determined by the employer.
(3) Information. Employees shall be informed of:
(i) The contents of this standard and its appendices which shall
be made available to employees;
(ii) The location and availability of the employer's Chemical
Hygiene Plan;
(iii) The permissible exposure limits for OSHA regulated
substances or recommended exposure limits for other hazardous
chemicals where there is no applicable OSHA standard;
(iv)Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous
chemicals used in the laboratory; and
(v) The location and availability of known reference material on
the hazards, safe handling, storage and disposal of hazardous
chemicals found in the laboratory including, but not limited to,
Material Safety Data Sheets received from the chemical supplier.
(4) Training. (I) Employee training shall include:
(A) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the
presence or release of a hazardous chemical (such as monitoring
conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, visual
appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released,
etc.);
(B) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work
area; and
(C) The measures employees can take to protect themselves
from these hazards, including specific procedures the employer has
implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous
chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency
procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
(ii) The employee shall be trained on the applicable details of
the employer's written Chemical Hygiene Plan.
(g) Medical consultation and medical examinations. (1) The
employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous
chemicals an opportunity to receive medical attention, including
any follow-up examinations which the examining physician
determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances:
(i) Whenever an employee develops signs or symptoms
associated with a hazardous chemical to which the employee may
have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be
provided an opportunity to receive an appropriate medical
examination.
(ii) Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level
routinely above the action level (or in the absence of an action
level, the PEL) for an OSHA regulated substance for which there
are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements,
medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee
as prescribed by the particular standard.
(iii) Whenever an event takes place in the work area such as a
spill, leak, explosion or other occurrence resulting in the likelihood
of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided
and opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultation
shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical
examination.
(2) All medical examinations and consultations shall be
performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed
physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee,
without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.
(3) Information provided to the physician. The employer shall
provide the following information to the physician:
(i) The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the
employee may have been exposed;
(ii) A description of the conditions under which the exposure
occurred including quantitative exposure data, if available; and
(iii) A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that
the employee is experiencing, if any.
(4) Physician's written opinion. (i) For examination or
consultation required under this standard, the employer shall obtain
a written opinion from the examining physician which shall
include the following:
(A) Any recommendation for further medical follow-up;
(B) The results of the medical examination and any associated
tests;
(C) Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course
of the examination which may place the employee at increased risk
as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical found in the
workplace; and
(D) A statement that the employee has been informed by the
physician of the results of the consultation or medical examination
and any medical condition that may require further examination or
treatment.
(ii) The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of
diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
(h) Hazard identification. (1) With respect to labels and material
safety data sheets:
(i) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of
hazardous chemicals are not removed or defaced.
(ii) Employers shall maintain any material safety data sheets
that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous chemicals,
and ensure that they are readily accessible to laboratory employees.
(2) The following provisions shall apply to chemical substances
developed in the laboratory:
(i) If the composition of the chemical substance which is
produced exclusively for the laboratory's use is known, the
employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical as defined in
paragraph (b) of this section. If the chemical is determined to be
hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as
required under paragraph (f) of this section.
(ii) If the chemical produced is a byproduct whose composition
is not known, the employer shall assume that the substance is
hazardous and shall implement paragraph (e) of this section.
(iii) If the chemical substance is produced for another user
outside of the laboratory, the employer shall comply with the
Hazard Communication Standard (26 CFR 1910.1200) including
requirements for preparation of material safety data sheets and
labeling.
(i) Use of respirators. Where the use of respirators is necessary
to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the
employer shall provide, at no cost to the employee, the proper
respiratory equipment. Respirators shall be selected and used in
accordance with the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134.
(j) Recordkeeping. (1) The employer shall establish and
maintain for each employee an accurate record of any
measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any
medical consultation and examinations including test or written
opinions required by this standard.
(2) The employer shall assure that such records are kept,
transferred, and made available in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.20.
(k) Dates-(1) Effective date. This section shall become effective
May 1, 1990.
(2) Start-up dates. (i) Employers shall have developed and
implemented a written Chemical Hygiene Plan no later than
January 31, 1991.
(ii) Paragraph (a)(2) of this section shall not take effect until the
employer has developed and implemented a written Chemical
Hygiene Plan.
(l) Appendices. The information contained in the appendices is
not intended, by itself, to create any additional obligations not
otherwise imposed or to detract from any existing obligation.
Appendix A to 1910.1450-National Research Council
Recommendations Concerning Chemical Hygiene in
Laboratories (Non-Mandatory)
Table of Contents
Foreword
Corresponding Sections of the Standard and This Appendix
A. General Principles
1. Minimize all chemical Exposures
2. Avoid Underestimation of Risk
3. Provide Adequate Ventilation
4. Institute a Chemical Hygiene Plan
5. Observe the PELs and TLVs
B. Responsibilities
1. Chief executive Officer
2. Supervisor of Administrative Unit
3. Chemical Hygiene Officer
4. Laboratory Supervisor
5. Project Director
6. Laboratory Worker
C. The Laboratory Facility
1. Design
2. Maintenance
3. Usage
4. Ventilation
D. Components of the Chemical Hygiene Plan
1. Basic Rules and Procedures
2. Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and Storage
3. Environmental Monitoring
4. Housekeeping, Maintenance and Inspections
5. Medical Program
6. Personal Protective Apparel and Equipment
7. Records
8. Signs and Labels
9. Spills and Accidents
10. Training and Information
11. Waste Disposal
E. General Procedures for Working With Chemicals
General Rules for all Laboratory Work with Chemicals
1. Allergens and Embryotoxins
2. Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute Toxicity
3. Chemical of High Chronic Toxicity
4. Animal work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity
F. Safety Recommendations
G. Material Safety Data Sheets
Foreword
As guidance for each employer's development of an appropriate
laboratory Chemical Hygiene Plan, the following non-mandatory
recommendations are provided. They were extracted from
"Prudent Practices for handling Hazardous Chemical in
Laboratories" (referred to below as "Prudent Practices"), which
was published in 1981 by the National Research Council and is
available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution
Ave., NW., Washington DC 20418.
"Prudent Practices" is cited because of its wide distribution and
acceptance and because of its preparation by members of the
laboratory community through the sponsorship of the National
Research Council. However, none of the recommendations given
here will modify any requirements of the laboratory standard. This
Appendix merely presents pertinent recommendations from
"Prudent Practices", organized into a form convenient for quick
reference during operation of a laboratory facility and during
development and application of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. Users
of this appendix should consult "Prudent Practices" for a more
extended presentation and justification for each recommendation.
"Prudent Practices" deals with both safety and chemical hazards
while the laboratory standard is concerned primarily with chemical
hazards. Therefore, only those recommendation directed primarily
toward control of toxic exposures are cited in this appendix, with
the term "chemical hygiene" being substituted for the word
"safety". However, since conditions producing or threatening
physical injury often pose toxic risks as well, page references
concerning major categories of safety hazards in the laboratory are
given in section F.
The recommendations from "Prudent Practices" have been
paraphrased, combined, or otherwise reorganized, and headings
have been added. However, their sense has not been changed.
Corresponding Sections of the Standard and this Appendix
The following table is given for the convenience of those who
are developing a Chemical Hygiene Plan which will satisfy the
requirements of paragraph (e) of the standard. It indicates those
sections of this appendix which are most pertinent to each of the
sections of paragraph (e) and related paragraphs.
Paragraph and topic in laboratory standard Relevant
appendix
section
(e)(3)(i) Standard operating procedures for
handling toxic chemicals.
C, D, E
(e)(3)(ii) Criteria to be used for
implementation of measures to reduce
exposure.
D
(e)(3)(iii) Fume hood performance C4b
(e)(3)(iv) Employee information and
training (including emergency
procedures).
D10, D9
(e)(3)(v) Requirements for prior approval of
laboratory activities.
E2b, E4b
(e)(3)(vi) Medical consultation and medical
examinations
D5, E4f
(e)(3)(vii) Chemical hygiene
responsibilities.
B
(e)(3)(viii) Special precautions for work
with particularly hazardous substances.
E2, E3, E4
In this appendix, those recommendations directed primarily at
administrators and supervisors are given in sections A-D. Those
recommendations of primary concern to employees who are
actually handling laboratory chemical are given in section E.
(Reference to page numbers in "Prudent Practices" are given in
parentheses.)
A. General Principles for Work with Laboratory Chemicals
In addition to the more detailed recommendations listed below
in sections B-E, "Prudent Practices" expresses certain general
principles, including the following:
1. It is prudent to minimize all chemical exposures. Because
few laboratory chemicals are without hazards, general precautions
for handling all laboratory chemicals should be adopted, rather
than specific guidelines for particular chemicals (2, 10). Skin
contact with chemicals should be avoided as a cardinal rule (198).
2. Avoid underestimation of risk. Even for substances of no
known significant hazard, exposure should be minimized; for work
with special precautions should be taken 910, 37, 38). One should
assume that any mixture will be more toxic than its most toxic
component (30,103) and that all substances of unknown toxicity
are toxic (3, 34).
3. Provide adequate ventilation. The best way to prevent
exposure to airborne substances is to prevent their escape into the
working atmosphere by use of hoods and other ventilation devices
(32, 198).
4. Institute a chemical hygiene program. A mandatory chemical
hygiene program designed to minimize exposures is needed; it
should be a regular, continuing effort, not merely a standby or
short-term activity (6, 11). Its recommendations should be
followed in academic teaching laboratories as ell as by full-time
laboratory workers (13).
5. Observe the PELs, TLVs. The Permissible Exposure Limits
of OSHA and the Threshold Limit Values of the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists should not be
exceeded (13).
B. Chemical Hygiene Responsibilities
Responsibility for chemical hygiene rest at all levels (6, 11, 21)
including the:
1. Chief executive officer, who has ultimate responsibility for
chemical hygiene within the institution, and must with other
administrators, provide continuing support for institutional
chemical hygiene (7, 11).
2. Supervisor of the department or other administrative unit,
who is responsible for chemical hygiene in that unit (7).
3. Chemical hygiene officer(s), whose appointment is essential
(7) and who must:
(a) Work with administrators and other employees to develop
and implement appropriate chemical hygiene policies and practices
(7);
(b) Monitor procurement, use, and disposal of chemicals used in
the lab (8);
(c) See that appropriate audits are maintained (8);
(d) Help project directors develop precautions and adequate
facilities (10);
(e) Know the current legal requirements concerning regulated
substances (50); and
(f) Seek ways to improve the chemical hygiene program (8, 11).
4. Laboratory supervisor, who has overall responsibility for
chemical hygiene in the laboratory (21) including responsibility to:
(a) Ensure that workers know and follow the chemical hygiene
rules, that protective equipment is available and in working order,
and that appropriate training has been provided (21, 22);
(b) Provide regular, formal chemical hygiene and housekeeping
inspections including routine inspections of emergency equipment
(21, 171);
(c) Know the current legal requirements concerning regulated
substances (50, 231);
(d) Determine the required levels of protective apparel and
equipment (156, 160, 162); and
(e) ensure that facilities and training for use of any material
being ordered are adequate (215).
5. Project director or director of other specific operation, who
has primary responsibility for chemical hygiene procedures for that
operation (7).
6. Laboratory worker, who is responsible for:
(a) Planning and conducting each operation in accordance with
the institutional chemical hygiene procedures (7, 21, 22, 230); and
(b) Developing good personal chemical hygiene habits (22).
C. The Laboratory Facility
1. Design. The laboratory facility should have:
(a) An appropriate general ventilation system (see C4 below)
with air intakes and exhausts located so as to avoid intake of
contaminated air (194);
(b) Adequate, well-ventilated stockrooms/storerooms (218,
219);
(c) Laboratory hoods and sinks (12, 162);
(d) Other safety equipment including eyewash fountains and
drench showers (162, 169); and
(e) Arrangements for waste disposal (12, 240).
2. Maintenance. Chemical-hygiene-related equipment (hoods,
incinerator, etc.) should undergo continuing appraisal and be
modified if inadequate (11, 12).
3. Usage. The work conducted (10) and its scale (12) must be
appropriate to the physical facilities available and, especially, to
the quality of ventilation (13).
4. Ventilation.-(a) General laboratory ventilation. This system
should: Provide a source of air for breathing and for input to local
ventilation devices (199); it should not be relied on for protection
from toxic substances released into the laboratory (198); ensure
that laboratory air is continually replaced, preventing increase of
air concentrations of toxic substances during the working day
(194); direct air flow into the laboratory from non-laboratory areas
and out to the exterior of the building (194).
(b) Hoods. A laboratory hood with 2.5 linear feet of hood space
per person should be provided for every 2 workers if they spend
most of their time working with chemicals (199); each hood should
have a continuous monitoring device to allow convenient
confirmation of adequate hood performance before use (200, 209).
If this is not possible, work with substances of unknown toxicity
should be avoided (13) or other types of local ventilation devices
should be provided (199). See pp. 201-206 for a discussion of
hood design, construction, and evaluation.
(c) Other local ventilation devices. Ventilated storage cabinets,
canopy hoods, snorkels, etc. should be provided as needed (199).
Each canopy hood and snorkel should have a separate duct (207).
(d) Special ventilation areas. Exhaust air from glove boxes and
isolation rooms should be passed through scrubbers or other
treatment before release into the regular exhaust system (208).
Cold rooms and warm rooms should have provisions for rapid
escape in the event of electrical failure (209).
(e) Modifications. Any alteration of the ventilation system
should be made only if thorough testing indicates that worker
protection from airborne toxic substances will continue to be
adequate (12, 193, 204).
(f) Performance. Rate: 4-12 room air changes/hour is normally
adequate general ventilation if local exhaust systems such as hoods
are used as the primary method of control (194).
(g) Quality. General air flow should not be turbulent and should
be relatively uniform throughout the laboratory, with no high
velocity or static areas (194,195); airflow into and within the hood
should not be excessively turbulent (200); hood face velocity
should be adequate (typically 60-100 lfm) (200, 204).
(h) Evaluation. Quality and quantity of ventilation should be
evaluated on installation (202), regularly monitored ( at least every
3 months) (6, 12, 14, 195), and reevaluated whenever a change in
local ventilation devices is made (12, 195, 207). See pp. 195-198
for methods of evaluation and for calculation of estimated airborne
contaminant concentrations.
D. Components of the chemical Hygiene Plan
1. Basic Rules and Procedures
(Recommendations for these are given in section E, below)
2. Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and Storage
(a) Procurement. Before a substance is received, information
on proper handling, storage, and disposal should be known to those
who will be involved (251, 216). No container should be accepted
without an adequate identifying label (216).
(b) Stockrooms/storerooms. Toxic substances should be
segregated in a well-identified area with local exhaust ventilation
(221). Chemicals which are highly toxic (227) or other chemicals
whose containers have been opened should be in unbreakable
secondary containers (219). Stored chemicals should be examined
periodically (at least annually) for replacement, deterioration, and
container integrity (218-19).
Stockrooms/storerooms should not be used as preparation or
repackaging areas, should be open during normal working hours,
and should be controlled by one person (219).
(c) Distribution. When chemicals are hand carried, the
container should be placed in an outside container or bucket.
Freight-only elevators should be used if possible (223).
(d) Laboratory storage. Amounts permitted should be as small
as practical. Storage on bench tops and in hoods is inadvisable.
Exposure to heat or direct sunlight should be avoided. Periodic
inventories should be conducted, with unneeded items being
discarded or returned to the storeroom/stockroom (225-6, 229).
3. Environmental Monitoring
Regular instrumental monitoring of airborne concentration is
not usually justified or practical in laboratories but may be
appropriate when testing or redesigning hoods or other ventilation
devised (12) or when a highly toxic substance is stored or used
regularly (e.g., 3 times/week) (13).
4. Housekeeping, Maintenance, and Inspections
(a) Cleaning. Floors should be cleaned regularly (24).
(b) Inspections. Formal housekeeping and chemical hygiene
inspections should be held at least quarterly (6, 21) for units which
have frequent personnel changes and semiannually for other;
informal inspections should be continual (21).
(c) Maintenance. Eye wash fountains should be inspected at
intervals of not less than 3 months (6). Respirators for routine use
should be inspected periodically by the laboratory supervisor
(169). Safety showers should be tested routinely (169). Other
safety equipment should be inspected regularly. (e.g., every 3-6
months) (6, 24,171). Procedures to prevent restarting of out-of-
service equipment should be established (25).
(d) Passageways. Stairways and hallways should not be used as
storage areas (24). Access to exits, emergency equipment, and
utility controls should never be blocked (24).
5. Medical Program
(a) Compliance with regulations. Regular medical surveillance
should be established to the extent required by regulations (12).
(b) Routine surveillance. Anyone whose work involves regular
and frequent handling of toxicologically significant quantities of a
chemical should consult a qualified physician to determine on an
individual basis whether a regular schedule of medical surveillance
is desirable (11, 50).
(c) First aid. Personnel trained in first aid should be available
during working hours and an emergency room with medical
personnel should be nearby (173). See pp. 176-178 for description
of some emergency first aid procedures.
6. Protective Apparel and Equipment
These should include for each laboratory:
(a) Protective apparel compatible with the required degree of
protection for substance being handled (158-161);
(b) An easily accessible drench-type safety shower (162, 169);
(c) An eyewash fountain (162);
(d) A fire extinguisher (162-164);
(e) Respiratory protection (164-9), fire alarm and telephone for
emergency use (162) should be available nearby; and
(f) Other items designated by the laboratory supervisor (156,
160).
7. Records
(a) Accident records should be written and retained (174).
(b) Chemical Hygiene Plan records should document that the
facilities and precautions were compatible with current knowledge
and regulations (7).
(c) Inventory and usage records for high-risk substances should
be kept as specified in sections E3e below.
(d) Medical records should be retained by the institution in
accordance with the requirements of state and federal regulations
(12).
8. Signs and Labels
Prominent signs and labels of the following types should be
posted:
(a) Emergency telephone numbers of emergency
personnel/facilities, supervisors, and laboratory workers (28);
(b) Identity labels, showing contents of containers (including
waste receptacles) and associated hazards (27, 48);
(c) Locations signs for safety showers, eyewash stations, other
safety and first aid equipment, exits (27) and areas where food and
beverage consumption and storage are permitted (24); and
(d) Warnings at areas or equipment where special or unusual
hazards exist (27).
9. Spills and Accidents
(a) A written emergency plan should be established and
communicated to all personnel; it should include procedures for
ventilation failure (200), evacuation, medical care, reporting, and
drills (172).
(b) There should be an alarm system to alert people in all parts
of the facility including isolation areas such as cold rooms (172).
(c) A spill control policy should be developed and should
include consideration of prevention, containment, cleanup, and
reporting (175).
(d) All accidents or near accidents should be carefully analyzed
with the results distributed to all who might benefit (8, 28).
10. Information and Training Program
(a) Aim: To assure that all individuals at risk are adequately
informed about the work in the laboratory, its risks, and what to do
if an accident occurs (5, 15).
(b) Emergency and Personal Protection Training: Every
laboratory worker should know the location and proper use of
available protective apparel and equipment (154, 169).
Some of the full-time personnel of the laboratory should be
trained in the proper use of emergency equipment and procedures
(6).
Such training as well as first aid instruction should be available
to (154) and encouraged for (176) everyone who might need it.
(c) Receiving and stockroom/storeroom personnel should know
about hazards, handling equipment, protective apparel, and
relevant regulations (217).
(d) Frequency of Training: The training and education program
should be a regular, continuing activity-not simply an annual
presentation (15).
(e) Literature/Consultation: Literature and consulting advice
concerning chemical hygiene should be readily available to
laboratory personnel, who should be encouraged to use these
information resources (14).
11. Waste Disposal Program
(a) Aim: To assure that minimal harm to people, other
organisms, and the environment will result from the disposal of
waste laboratory chemicals (5).
(b) Content (14,232, 233, 240): The waste disposal program
should specify how waste is collected, segregated, stored, and
transported and include consideration of what materials can be
incinerated. Transport from the institution must be in accordance
with DOT regulations (244).
(c) Discarding Chemical Stocks: Unlabeled containers of
chemicals and solutions should undergo prompt disposal; if
partially used, they should not be opened (24, 270.
Before a worker's employment in the laboratory ends, chemicals
for which that person was responsible should be discarded or
returned to storage (226).
(d) Frequency of Disposal: Waste should be removed from
laboratories to a central waste storage area at least once per week
and from the central waste storage area at regular intervals (14).
(e) Method of Disposal: Incineration in an environmentally
acceptable manner is the most practical disposal method for
combustible laboratory waste (14, 238, 241).
Indiscriminate disposal by pouring waste chemicals down the
drain (14, 231,242) or adding them to mixed refuse for landfill
burial is unacceptable (14).
Hoods should not be used as a means of disposal for volatile
chemical (40, 200).
Disposal by recycling (233, 243) or chemical decontamination
should be used when possible.
E. Basic Rules and Procedures for Working with Chemicals
The Chemical Hygiene Plan should require that laboratory
workers know and follow its rules and procedures. In addition to
the procedures of the sub programs mentioned above, these should
include the rules listed below.
1.General Rules
The following should be used for essentially all laboratory work
with chemicals:
(a) Accidents and spills-eye Contact: Promptly flush eyes with
water for a prolonged period (15 minutes) and seek medical
attention (33, 172).
Ingestion: Encourage the victim to drink large amounts of water
(178).
Skin Contact: Promptly flush the affected area with water (33,
172, 178) and remove any contaminated clothing (172, 178). If
symptoms persist after washing, seek medical attention (33).
Clean-up. Promptly clean up spills, using appropriate protective
apparel and equipment and proper disposal (24, 33). See pp. 233-
237 for specific clean-up recommendations.
(b) Avoidance of "routine" exposure; Develop and encourage
safe habits (230; avoid unnecessary exposure to chemicals by any
route (23);
Do not smell or taste chemicals (32). Vent apparatus which may
discharge toxic chemicals (vacuum pumps, distillation columns,
etc.) into local exhaust devices (199).
Inspect gloves (157) and test glove boxes (208) before use.
Do not allow release of toxic substances in cold rooms and
worm rooms, since these have contained recirculated atmospheres
(209).
(c) Choice of chemicals: Use only those chemicals for which the
quality of the available ventilation system is appropriate (13).
(d) Eating, smoking, etc.: Avoid eating, drinking, smoking, gum
chewing, or application of cosmetics in areas where laboratory
chemicals are present (22, 24, 32, 40); wash hands before
conducting these activities.
Avoid storage, handling, or consumption of food or beverages
in storage areas, refrigerators, glassware or utensils which are also
used for laboratory operations (23, 24, 226).
(e)Equipment and glassware: handle and store laboratory
glassware with care to avoid damage; do not use damaged
glassware (250. Use extra care with Dewar flasks and other
evacuated glass apparatus; shield or wrap them to contain
chemicals and fragments should implosion occur (25). Use
equipment only for its designed purpose (23, 26).
(f) Exiting: Wash areas of exposed skin well before leaving the
laboratory (23).
(h) Horseplay: Avoid practical jokes or other behavior which
might confuse, startle or distract another worker (23).
(i) Personal apparel: Confine long hair and loose clothing (23,
158). Wear shoes at all time in the laboratory but do not wear
sandals, perforated shoes, or sneakers (158).
(j) Personal housekeeping: Keep the work area clean and
uncluttered, with chemicals and equipment being properly labeled
and stored; clean up the work area on completion of an operation
or at the end of each day (24).
(k) Personal protection: Assure that appropriate eye protection
(154-156) is worn by all persons, including visitors, where
chemicals are stored or handled (22, 23, 33, 154).
Wear appropriate gloves when the potential for contact with
toxic materials exists (157); inspect the gloves before each use,
wash them before removal, and replace them periodically (157). (A
table of resistance to chemicals of common glove materials is
given p. 159).
Use appropriate (164-168) respiratory equipment when air
contaminant concentrations are not sufficiently restricted by
engineering controls (164-5), inspecting the respirator before use
(169).
Use any other protective and emergency apparel and equipment
as appropriate (22, 157-162).
Avoid use of contact lenses in the laboratory unless necessary;
if they are used, inform supervisor so special precautions can be
taken (155).
Remove laboratory coats immediately on significant
contamination (161).
(l) Planning: Seek information and advice about hazards (7),
plan appropriate protective procedures, and plan positioning of
equipment before beginning any new operation (22, 23).
(m) Unattended operations: Leave lights on, place an
appropriate sign on the door, and provide for containment of toxic
substance in the event of failure of a utility service (such as cooling
water) to an unattended operation (27, 128).
(n) Use of hood: use the hood for operations which might result
in release of toxic chemical vapors or dust (198-9).
As a rule of thumb, use a hood or other local ventilation device
when working with any appreciably volatile substance with a TLV
of less that 50 ppm (13).
Confirm adequate hood performance before use; keep hood
closed at all times except when adjustments within the hood are
being made (200); keep materials stored in hoods to a minimum
and do not allow them to block vents or air flow (200).
Leave the hood "on" when it is not in active use if toxic
substances are stored in it or if it is uncertain whether adequate
general laboratory ventilation will be maintained when it is "off"
(200).
(o) Vigilance: Be alert to unsafe conditions and see that they are
corrected when detected (22).
(p) Waste disposal: Assure that the plan for each laboratory
operation includes plans and training for waste disposal (230).
Deposit chemical waste in appropriately labeled receptacles and
follow all other waste disposal procedures of the Chemical
Hygiene Plan (22, 24).
Do not discharge to the sewer concentrated acids or bases (231);
highly toxic, malodorous, or lachrymatory substances (231); or any
substances which might interfere with the biological activity of
waste water treatment plants, create fire or explosion hazards,
cause structural damage or obstruct flow (242).
(q) Working alone: Avoid working alone in a building; do not
work alone in a laboratory if the procedures being conducted are
hazardous (28).
2. Working with Allergens and Embryotoxins
(a) Allergens (examples: diazomethane, isocyanates,
bichromates): Wear suitable gloves to prevent hand contact with
allergens or substances of unknown allergenic activity (35).
(b) Embryotoxins (34-5) (examples: organomercurials, lead
compounds, formamide): If you are a woman of childbearing age,
handle these substances only in a hood whose satisfactory
performance has been confirmed, using appropriate protective
apparel (especially gloves) to prevent skin contact.
Review each use of these materials with the research supervisor
and review continuing uses annually or whenever a procedural
change is made.
Store these substances, properly labeled, in an adequately
ventilated area in an unbreakable secondary container.
Notify supervisors of all incidents of exposure or spills; consult
a qualified physician when appropriate.
3. Work with Chemicals of Moderate Chronic or High Acute
Toxicity
Examples: diisopropylfluorophosphate (41), hydrofluoric acid
(43), hydrogen cyanide (45).
Supplemental rules to be followed in addition to those mention
above (Procedure B of "Prudent Practices"' pp. 39-41):
(a) Aim: To minimize exposure to these toxic substances by any
route using all reasonable precautions (39).
(b) Applicability: These precautions are appropriate for
substances with moderate chronic or high acute toxicity used in
significant quantities (39).
(c) Location: use and store these substances only in areas of
restricted access with special warning signs (40, 229).
Always use a hood (previously evaluated to confirm adequate
performance with a face velocity of at least 60 linear feet per
minute) (40) or other containment device for procedures which
may result in the generation of aerosols or vapors containing the
substance (39); trap released vapors to prevent their discharge with
the hood exhaust (40).
(d) Personal protection: Always avoid skin contact by use of
gloves and long sleeves (and other protective apparel as
appropriate) (39). Always wash hands and arms immediately after
working with these materials (40).
(e) Records: Maintain records of the amounts of these materials
on hand, amounts used, and the names of the workers involved (40,
229).
(f) Prevention of spills and accidents: Be prepared for accidents
and spills (41).
Assure that at least 2 people are present at all times if a
compound in use is highly toxic or of unknown toxicity (39).
Store breakable containers of these substances in chemically
resistant trays; also work and mount apparatus above such tray or
cover work and storage surfaces with removable, absorbent, plastic
backed paper (40).
If a major spill occurs outside the hood, evacuate the area;
assure that cleanup personnel wear suitable protective apparel and
equipment (41).
(g) Waste: Thoroughly decontaminate or incinerate
contaminated clothing or shoes (41). If possible, chemically
decontaminate by chemical conversion (40).
Store contaminated waste in closed, suitably labeled,
impervious containers (for liquids, in glass or plastic bottles half-
filled with vermiculite) (40).
4. Work with chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity
(Examples: dimethylmercury and nickel carbonyl (48), benzo-a-
pyrene (51), N-nitrosodiethylamine (54), other human carcinogens
or substances of known high chronic toxicity (in quantities above a
few milligrams to a few grams, depending on the substance) (47).
(Procedure A of "Prudent Practices" pp. 47-50).
(a) Access: Conduct all transfers and work with these substances
in a "controlled area": a restricted access hood, glove box, or
portion of a lab, designated for use of highly toxic substances, for
which all people with access are aware of the substance being used
and necessary precautions (48).
(b) Approvals: Prepare a plan for use and disposal of these
materials and obtain the approval of the laboratory supervisor (48).
(c) Non-contamination/Decontamination: protect vacuum
pumps against contamination by scrubbers or HEPA filters and
vent them into the hood (49). Decontaminate vacuum pumps or
other contaminated equipment, including glassware, in the hood
before removing them from the controlled area (49, 50).
Decontaminate the controlled area before normal work is
resumed there (50).
(d) Exiting: On leaving a controlled area, remove any protective
apparel (placing it in an appropriate, labeled container) and
thoroughly wash hands, forearms, face, and neck (49).
(e) Housekeeping: Use a wet mop or a vacuum cleaner equipped
with a HEPA filter instead of dry sweeping if the toxic substance
was a dry powder (50).
(f) Medical surveillance: If using toxicologically significant
quantities of such a substance on a regular basis (e.g., 3 times per
week), consult a qualified physician concerning desirability of
regular medical surveillance (50).
(g) Records: Keep accurate records of the amounts of these
substances stored (229) and used, the dates of use, and names of
users (48).
(h) Signs and labels: Assure that the controlled area is
conspicuously marked with warning and restricted access signs
(49) and that all containers of these substances are appropriately
labeled with identity and warning labels (48).
(i) Spills: Assure that contingency plans, equipment, and
materials to minimize exposures of people and property in case of
accident are available (233-4).
(j) Storage: Store containers of these chemicals only in a
ventilated, limited access (48, 227, 229) area in appropriately
labeled, unbreakable, chemically resistant, secondary containers
(48, 229).
(k) Glove boxes: For a negative pressure glove box, ventilation
rate must be at least 2 volume changes/hour and pressure at least
0.5 inches of water (48). For a positive pressure glove box,
thoroughly check for leaks before each use (49). In either case,
trap exit gases of filter them through a HEPA filter and then
release them into the hood (49).
(l) Waste: Use chemical decontamination whenever possible;
ensure that containers of contaminated waste (including washings
from contaminated flasks) are transferred from the controlled area
in a secondary container under the supervision of authorized
personnel (49, 50, 233).
5. Animal Work with Chemicals of High Chronic Toxicity
(a) Access: For large scale studies, special facilities with
restricted access are preferable (56).
(b) Administration of the toxic substance: When possible,
administer the substance by injection or gavage instead of in the
diet. If administration is in the diet, use a caging system under
negative pressure or under laminar air flow directed toward HEPA
filters (56).
(c) Aerosol suppression: Devise procedures which minimize
formation and dispersal of contaminated aerosols, including those
form food, urine, and feces (e.g., use HEPA filtered vacuum
equipment for cleaning, moisten contaminated bedding before
removal from the cage, mix diets in closed containers in a hood)
(55, 56).
(d) Personal protection: When working in the animal room,
wear plastic or rubber gloves, fully buttoned laboratory coat or
jumpsuit and, if needed because of incomplete suppression of
aerosols, other apparel and equipment (shoe and head coverings,
respirator) (56).
(e) Waste disposal: Dispose of contaminated animal tissues and
excreta by incineration if the available incinerator can convert the
contaminant to non-toxic products (238); otherwise package the
waste appropriately for burial in an EPA-approved site (239).
F. Safety Recommendations
The above recommendations from "Prudent Practices" do not
include those which are directed primarily toward prevention of
physical injury rather than toxic exposure. However, failure of
precautions against injury will often have the secondary effect of
causing toxic exposures. Therefore, we list below page references
for recommendations concerning some of the major categories of
safety hazards which also have implications for chemical hygiene:
1. Corrosive agents: (35-6)
2. Electrically powered laboratory apparatus: (179-92)
3. Fires, explosions: (26, 57-74, 162-4, 174-5,219-20, 226-7)
4. Low temperature procedures: (26, 88)
5. Pressurized and vacuum operations (including use of
compressed gas cylinders): (27, 75-101)
G. Material Safety Data Sheets
Material safety data sheets are presented in "Prudent Practices"
for the chemicals listed below. (Asterisks denote that
comprehensive material safety data sheets are provided).
*Acetyl peroxide (105)
*Acrolein (106)
*Acrylonilrile (107)
Ammonia (anhydrous) (91)
*Aniline (109)
*Benzene (110)
*Benzo[a]pyrene (112)
*Bis(chloromethyl) ether (113)
Boron trichloride (91)
Boron trifluoride (92)
Bromine (114)
*Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (148)
*Carbon disulfide (116)
Carbon monoxide (92)
*Carbon tetrachloride (118)
*Chlorine (119)
Chlorine trifluoride (94)
*Chloroform (121)
Chloromethane (93)
*Diethyl ether (122)
Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (41)
*Dimehylformamide (123)
*Dimethyl sulfate (125)
*Dioxane (126)
*Ethylene dibromide (128)
*Fluorine (95)
*Formaldehyde (130)
*Hydrazine and salts (132)
Hydrofluoric acid (43)
Hydrogen bromide (98)
Hydrogen chloride (98)
*Hydrogen sulfide (135)
Mercury and compounds (52)
*Methanol (137)
*Morpholine (138)
*Nickel carbonyl (99)
*Nitrobenzene (139)
Nitrogen dioxide (100)
N-nitrosodiethylamine (54)
*Peracetic acid (141)
*Phenol (142)
*Phosgene (143)
*Pyridine (144)
*Sodium azide (145)
*Sodium cyanide (147)
Sulfur dioxide (101)
*Trichloroethylene (149)
*Vinyl chloride (150)
Appendix B to 1910.1450-References (Non-Mandatory)
The following references are provided to assist the employer in
the development of a Chemical Hygiene Plan. The materials listed
below are offered as non-mandatory guidance. References listed
here do no imply specific endorsement of a book, opinion,
technique, policy or a specific solution for a safety or health
problem. Other references not listed here may better meet the
needs of a specific laboratory. (a) Materials for the development
of the Chemical Hygiene Plan:
1. American Chemical Society, Safety in the Academic
Chemistry Laboratories, 4
th
edition, 1985.
2. Fawcett, H.H. and W.S. Wood, Safety and Accident
Prevention in Chemical Operations, 2n
d
edition, Wiley-
Interscience, New York, 1982.
3. Flury, Patricia A., Environmental Health and Safety in the
Hospital Laboratory, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield IL.,
1978.
4. Green, Michael E. and Turk, Amos, Safety in Working with
Chemicals, Macmillan Publishing co., NY, 1978.
5. Kaufman, James a., Laboratory Safety Guidelines, Dow
Chemical Co., Box 1713, Midland MI 48640, 1977.
6. National Institutes of Health, NIH Guidelines for the
Laboratory use of Chemical Carcinogens, NIH Pub. No. 81-2385,
GPO Washington, DC 20402, 1981.
7. National Research Council, Prudent Practices for Disposal of
Chemicals from Laboratories, National Academy Press,
Washington DC, 1983.
8. National Research Council, Prudent Practices for Handling
Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Academy Press,
Washington DC, 1981.
9. Renfrew, Malcolm, Ed., Safety in the Chemical Laboratory,
Vol. IV, J. Chem. Ed., American Chemical Society, Easlon, PA,
1981.
10. Steere, Norman V., Ed., Safety in the Chemical Laboratory,
J. Chem. Ed. American Chemical Society, Easlon, PA 18042, Vol,
I, 1967, Vol. II, 1971, Vol. III 1974.
11. Steere, Norman, V., Handbook of Laboratory Safety, the
Chemical Rubber Company Cleveland, OH, 1971.
12. Young, Jay A., Ed., Improving safety in the Chemical
Laboratory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, 1987.
(b) Hazardous Substances Information:
1. American conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes,
P.O. Box 1937 Cincinnati, OH 45201 (latest edition).
2. Annual Report on Carcinogens, National Toxicology
Program U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC
(latest edition).
3. Best Company, Best Safety Directory, Vols. I and II,
Oldwick, N.J., 1981.
4. Bretherick, L., Handbook of reactive Chemical Hazards, 2
nd
editon, Butterworths, London, 1979.
5. Bretherick, L., Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory, 3
rd
edition, royal Society of Chemistry, London, 1986.
6. Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR part 1910 subpart Z.
U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washingotn, DC 20402 (latest edition).
7. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the carcinogenic
Risk of Chemicals to Man, World Health Organization
Publications Center, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany, New York
12210 (latest editions).
8. NIOSH/OSHA pocket Guide to Chemical hazards, NIOSH
Pub. No. 85-11, U.s. Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC, 1985 (or latest edition).
9. Occupational Health Guidelines, NIOSH/OSHA NIOSH Pub.
No. 81-123 U.S. Government Publishing Office, Washington, DC,
1981.
10. Patty, F.F., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, NY (five Volumes).
11. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Revised Annually, for sale from Superintendent
of Documents U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
12. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals and
Drugs, Merck and Company Inc., Rahway, N.J., 1976 (or latest
edition).
13. Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5
th
edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NY., 1979.
14. Sittig, Marshall, Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous
Chemicals, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, 1981.
(c) Information of Ventilation:
1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
Industrial Ventilation, 16
th
edition Lansing, MI, 1980.
2. American National Standards Institute, Inc. American
National Standards Fundamentals Governing the Design and
Operation of Local Exhaust Systems ANSI Z 9.2-1979 American
National Standards Institute, N.Y., 1979.
3. Imad, A.P. and Watson, C.L. Ventilation Index: An Easy
Way to Decide about Hazardous Liquids, Professional Safety pp
15-18, April 1980.
4. National Fire Protection Association, Fire Protection for
Laboratories Using Chemicals NFPA-45, 1982.
Safety Standard for Laboratories in Health Related Institutions,
NFPA, 56c, 1980.
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials, 7
th
edition, 1978.
National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park,
Quincy, MA 02269.
5. Scientific Apparatus Makers Association (SAMA), Standard
for Laboratory Fume Hoods, SAMA LF-71980, 1101 16
th
Street,
NW., Washington, C 20036.
(d) Information on Availability of Referenced Material:
1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430
Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
2. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916
Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control
number 1218-0131)
[FR Doc, 90-1717 filed 1-30-90; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-26-M
Appendix B
COMPRESSED GASES
225
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.102
(4) Scope. This section applies to all
radiations originating from radio sta-
tions, radar equipment, and other pos-
sible sources of electromagnetic radi-
ation such as used for communication,
radio navigation, and industrial and
scientific purposes. This section does
not apply to the deliberate exposure of
patients by, or under the direction of,
practitioners of the healing arts.
(b) [Reserved]
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 61
FR 9236, Mar. 7, 1996]
§ 1910.98 Effective dates.
(a) The provisions of this Subpart G
shall become effective on August 27,
1971, except as provided in the remain-
ing paragraphs of this section.
(b) The following provisions shall be-
come effective on February 15, 1972:
§1910.94 (a)(2)(iii), (a)(3), (a)(4), (b), (c)(2),
(c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), (c)(6)(i), (c)(6)(ii),
(d)(1)(ii), (d)(3), (d)(4), (d)(5), and (d)(7).
(c) Notwithstanding anything in
paragraph (a), (b), or (d) of this section,
any provision in any other section of
this subpart which contains in itself a
specific effective date or time limita-
tion shall become effective on such
date or shall apply in accordance with
such limitation.
(d) Notwithstanding anything in
paragraph (a) of this section, if any
standard in 41 CFR part 50–204, other
than a national consensus standard in-
corporated by reference in §50–
204.2(a)(1), is or becomes applicable at
any time to any employment and place
of employment, by virtue of the Walsh-
Healey Public Contracts Act, or the
Service Contract Act of 1965, or the Na-
tional Foundation on Arts and Human-
ities Act of 1965, any corresponding es-
tablished Federal standard in this Sub-
part G which is derived from 41 CFR
part 50–204 shall also become effective,
and shall be applicable to such employ-
ment and place of employment, on the
same date.
Subpart H—Hazardous Materials
A
UTHORITY
: Sections 4, 6, and 8 of the Occu-
pational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29
U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor’s Or-
ders Nos. 12–71 (36 FR 8754), 8–76 (41 FR 25059),
9–83 (48 FR 35736), 1–90 (55 FR 9033), 6–96 (62
FR 111), 3–2000 (65 FR 50017), or 5–2002 (67 FR
65008), as applicable; and 29 CFR part 1911.
Sections 1910.103, 1910.106 through 1910.111,
and 1910.119, 1910.120, and 1910.122 through 126
also issued under 29 CFR part 1911.
Section 1910.119 also issued under section
304, Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (Pub.
L. 101–549), reprinted at 29 U.S.C. 655 Note.
Section 1910.120 also issued under section
126, Superfund Amendments and Reauthor-
ization Act of 1986 as amended (29 U.S.C. 655
Note), and 5 U.S.C. 553.
§ 1910.101 Compressed gases (general
requirements).
(a) Inspection of compressed gas cyl-
inders. Each employer shall determine
that compressed gas cylinders under
his control are in a safe condition to
the extent that this can be determined
by visual inspection. Visual and other
inspections shall be conducted as pre-
scribed in the Hazardous Materials
Regulations of the Department of
Transportation (49 CFR parts 171–179
and 14 CFR part 103). Where those regu-
lations are not applicable, visual and
other inspections shall be conducted in
accordance with Compressed Gas Asso-
ciation Pamphlets C–6–1968 and C–8–
1962, which is incorporated by reference
as specified in §1910.6.
(b) Compressed gases. The in-plant
handling, storage, and utilization of all
compressed gases in cylinders, portable
tanks, rail tankcars, or motor vehicle
cargo tanks shall be in accordance with
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet
P–1–1965, which is incorporated by ref-
erence as specified in §1910.6.
(c) Safety relief devices for compressed
gas containers. Compressed gas cyl-
inders, portable tanks, and cargo tanks
shall have pressure relief devices in-
stalled and maintained in accordance
with Compressed Gas Association Pam-
phlets S–1.1–1963 and 1965 addenda and
S–1.2–1963, which is incorporated by ref-
erence as specified in §1910.6.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 61
FR 9236, Mar. 7, 1996]
§ 1910.102 Acetylene.
(a) Cylinders. The in-plant transfer,
handling, storage, and utilization of
acetylene in cylinders shall be in ac-
cordance with Compressed Gas Associa-
tion Pamphlet G–1–1966, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
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226
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.103
(b) Piped systems. The piped systems
for the inplant transfer and distribu-
tion of acetylene shall be designed, in-
stalled, maintained, and operated in
accordance with Compressed Gas Asso-
ciation Pamphlet G–1.3–1959, which is
incorporated by reference as specified
in §1910.6.
(c) Generators and filling cylinders.
Plants for the generation of acetylene
and the charging (filling) of acetylene
cylinders shall be designed, con-
structed, and tested in accordance with
the standards prescribed in Compressed
Gas Association Pamphlet G–1.4–1966,
which is incorporated by reference as
specified in §1910.6.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 61
FR 9236, Mar. 7, 1996]
§ 1910.103 Hydrogen.
(a) General—(1) Definitions. As used in
this section (i) Gaseous hydrogen sys-
tem is one in which the hydrogen is de-
livered, stored and discharged in the
gaseous form to consumer’s piping. The
system includes stationary or movable
containers, pressure regulators, safety
relief devices, manifolds, inter-
connecting piping and controls. The
system terminates at the point where
hydrogen at service pressure first en-
ters the consumer’s distribution pip-
ing.
(ii) Approved—Means, unless other-
wise indicated, listed or approved by a
nationally recognized testing labora-
tory. Refer to §1910.7 for definition of
nationally recognized testing labora-
tory.
(iii) Listed—See ‘‘approved’’.
(iv) ASME—American Society of Me-
chanical Engineers.
(v) DOT Specifications—Regulations
of the Department of Transportation
published in 49 CFR Chapter I.
(vi) DOT regulations—See §1910.103
(a)(1)(v).
(2) Scope—(i) Gaseous hydrogen sys-
tems. (a) Paragraph (b) of this section
applies to the installation of gaseous
hydrogen systems on consumer prem-
ises where the hydrogen supply to the
consumer premises originates outside
the consumer premises and is delivered
by mobile equipment.
(b) Paragraph (b) of this section does
not apply to gaseous hydrogen systems
having a total hydrogen content of less
than 400 cubic feet, nor to hydrogen
manufacturing plants or other estab-
lishments operated by the hydrogen
supplier or his agent for the purpose of
storing hydrogen and refilling portable
containers, trailers, mobile supply
trucks, or tank cars.
(ii) Liquefied hydrogen systems. (a)
Paragraph (c) of this section applies to
the installation of liquefied hydrogen
systems on consumer premises.
(b) Paragraph (c) of this section does
not apply to liquefied hydrogen port-
able containers of less than 150 liters
(39.63 gallons) capacity; nor to liquefied
hydrogen manufacturing plants or
other establishments operated by the
hydrogen supplier or his agent for the
sole purpose of storing liquefied hydro-
gen and refilling portable containers,
trailers, mobile supply trucks, or tank
cars.
(b) Gaseous hydrogen systems—(1) De-
sign—(i) Containers. (a) Hydrogen con-
tainers shall comply with one of the
following:
(1) Designed, constructed, and tested
in accordance with appropriate require-
ments of ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, Section VIII—Unfired
Pressure Vessels—1968, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
(2) Designed, constructed, tested and
maintained in accordance with U.S.
Department of Transportation Speci-
fications and Regulations.
(b) Permanently installed containers
shall be provided with substantial non-
combustible supports on firm non-
combustible foundations.
(c) Each portable container shall be
legibly marked with the name ‘‘Hydro-
gen’’ in accordance with ‘‘Marking
Portable Compressed Gas Containers to
Identify the Material Contained’’ ANSI
Z48.1—1954, which is incorporated by
reference as specified in §1910.6. Each
manifolded hydrogen supply unit shall
be legibly marked with the name Hy-
drogen or a legend such as ‘‘This unit
contains hydrogen.’’
(ii) Safety relief devices. (a) Hydrogen
containers shall be equipped with safe-
ty relief devices as required by the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII Unfired Pressure Vessels,
1968 or the DOT Specifications and
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227
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.103
Regulations under which the container
is fabricated.
(b) Safety relief devices shall be ar-
ranged to discharge upward and unob-
structed to the open air in such a man-
ner as to prevent any impingement of
escaping gas upon the container, adja-
cent structure or personnel. This re-
quirement does not apply to DOT Spec-
ification containers having an internal
volume of 2 cubic feet or less.
(c) Safety relief devices or vent pip-
ing shall be designed or located so that
moisture cannot collect and freeze in a
manner which would interfere with
proper operation of the device.
(iii) Piping, tubing, and fittings. (a)
Piping, tubing, and fittings shall be
suitable for hydrogen service and for
the pressures and temperatures in-
volved. Cast iron pipe and fittings shall
not be used.
(b) Piping and tubing shall conform
to Section 2—‘‘Industrial Gas and Air
Piping’’—Code for Pressure Piping,
ANSI B31.1–1967 with addenda B31.1–
1969, which is incorporated by reference
as specified in §1910.6.
(c) Joints in piping and tubing may
be made by welding or brazing or by
use of flanged, threaded, socket, or
compression fittings. Gaskets and
thread sealants shall be suitable for
hydrogen service.
(iv) Equipment assembly. (a) Valves,
gauges, regulators, and other acces-
sories shall be suitable for hydrogen
service.
(b) Installation of hydrogen systems
shall be supervised by personnel famil-
iar with proper practices with ref-
erence to their construction and use.
(c) Storage containers, piping, valves,
regulating equipment, and other acces-
sories shall be readily accessible, and
shall be protected against physical
damage and against tampering.
(d) Cabinets or housings containing
hydrogen control or operating equip-
ment shall be adequately ventilated.
(e) Each mobile hydrogen supply unit
used as part of a hydrogen system shall
be adequately secured to prevent move-
ment.
(f) Mobile hydrogen supply units
shall be electrically bonded to the sys-
tem before discharging hydrogen.
(v) Marking. The hydrogen storage lo-
cation shall be permanently placarded
as follows: ‘‘HYDROGEN—FLAM-
MABLE GAS—NO SMOKING—NO
OPEN FLAMES,’’ or equivalent.
(vi) Testing. After installations, all
piping, tubing, and fittings shall be
tested and proved hydrogen gas tight
at maximum operating pressure.
(2) Location—(i) General. (a) The sys-
tem shall be located so that it is read-
ily accessible to delivery equipment
and to authorized personnel.
(b) Systems shall be located above
ground.
(c) Systems shall not be located be-
neath electric power lines.
(d) Systems shall not be located close
to flammable liquid piping or piping of
other flammable gases.
(e) Systems near aboveground flam-
mable liquid storage shall be located
on ground higher than the flammable
liquid storage except when dikes, di-
version curbs, grading, or separating
solid walls are used to prevent accumu-
lation of flammable liquids under the
system.
(ii) Specific requirements. (a) The loca-
tion of a system, as determined by the
maximum total contained volume of
hydrogen, shall be in the order of pref-
erence as indicated by Roman numer-
als in Table H–1.
T
ABLE
H–1
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen system
Less than
3,000 CF
3,000 CF
to 15,000
CF
In excess
of 15,000
CF
Outdoors .................... I ............... IDI..
In a separate building II .............. II .............. II.
In a special room ...... III ............. III ............. Not per-
mitted.
Inside buildings not in
a special room and
exposed to other
occupancies.
IV ............. Not per-
mitted.
Not per-
mitted.
(b) The minimum distance in feet
from a hydrogen system of indicated
capacity located outdoors, in separate
buildings or in special rooms to any
specified outdoor exposure shall be in
accordance with Table H–2.
(c) The distances in Table H–2 Items
1 and 3 to 10 inclusive do not apply
where protective structures such as
adequate fire walls are located between
the system and the exposure.
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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.103
T
ABLE
H–2
Type of outdoor exposure Size of hydrogen system
Less than
3,000 CF
3,000 CF
to 15,000
CF
In excess
of 15,000
CF
1. Building or structure ............................... Wood frame construction
1
........................ 10 25 50
Heavy timber, noncombustible or ordinary
construction
1
.
0 10
2
25
Fire-resistive construction
1
........................ 0 0 0
2. Wall openings ......................................... Not above any part of a system ................ 10 10 10
Above any part of a system ...................... 25 25 25
3. Flammable liquids above ground. .......... 0 to 1,000 gallons ......................................
In excess of 1,000 gallons .........................
10
25
25
50
25
50
4. Flammable liquids below ground—0 to
1,000 gallons.
Tank ...........................................................
Vent or fill opening of tank ........................
10
25
10
25
10
25
5. Flammable liquids below ground—in ex-
cess of 1,000 gallons..
Tank ...........................................................
Vent or fill opening of tank ........................
20
25
20
25
20
25
6. Flammable gas storage, either high
pressure or low pressure..
0 to 15,000 CF capacity ............................
In excess of 15,000 CF capacity ...............
10
25
25
50
25
50
7. Oxygen storage ...................................... 12,000 CF or less
4
.................................... .................. .................. ..................
More than 12,000 CF
5
.............................. .................. .................. ..................
8. Fast burning solids such as ordinary lumber, excelsior or paper .................................. 50 50 50
9. Slow burning solids such as heavy timber or coal ......................................................... 25 25 25
10. Open flames and other sources of ignition ................................................................... 25 25 25
11. Air compressor intakes or inlets to ventilating or air-conditioning equipment .............. 50 50 50
12. Concentration of people
3
.............................................................................................. 25 50 50
1
Refer to NFPA No. 220 Standard Types of Building Construction for definitions of various types of construction. (1969 Ed.)
2
But not less than one-half the height of adjacent side wall of the structure.
3
In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker rooms, time-clock areas.
4
Refer to NFPA No. 51, gas systems for welding and cutting (1969).
5
Refer to NFPA No. 566, bulk oxygen systems at consumer sites (1969).
(d) Hydrogen systems of less than
3,000 CF when located inside buildings
and exposed to other occupancies shall
be situated in the building so that the
system will be as follows:
(1) In an adequately ventilated area
as in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(b) of this sec-
tion.
(2) Twenty feet from stored flam-
mable materials or oxidizing gases.
(3) Twenty-five feet from open
flames, ordinary electrical equipment
or other sources of ignition.
(4) Twenty-five feet from concentra-
tions of people.
(5) Fifty feet from intakes of ventila-
tion or air-conditioning equipment and
air compressors.
(6) Fifty feet from other flammable
gas storage.
(7) Protected against damage or in-
jury due to falling objects or working
activity in the area.
(8) More than one system of 3,000 CF
or less may be installed in the same
room, provided the systems are sepa-
rated by at least 50 feet. Each such sys-
tem shall meet all of the requirements
of this paragraph.
(3) Design consideration at specific loca-
tions—(i) Outdoor locations. (a) Where
protective walls or roofs are provided,
they shall be constructed of non-
combustible materials.
(b) Where the enclosing sides adjoin
each other, the area shall be properly
ventilated.
(c) Electrical equipment within 15
feet shall be in accordance with sub-
part S of this part.
(ii) Separate buildings. (a) Separate
buildings shall be built of at least non-
combustible construction. Windows
and doors shall be located so as to be
readily accessible in case of emer-
gency. Windows shall be of glass or
plastic in metal frames.
(b) Adequate ventilation to the out-
doors shall be provided. Inlet openings
shall be located near the floor in exte-
rior walls only. Outlet openings shall
be located at the high point of the
room in exterior walls or roof. Inlet
and outlet openings shall each have
minimum total area of one (1) square
foot per 1,000 cubic feet of room vol-
ume. Discharge from outlet openings
shall be directed or conducted to a safe
location.
(c) Explosion venting shall be pro-
vided in exterior walls or roof only.
The venting area shall be equal to not
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.103
less than 1 square foot per 30 cubic feet
of room volume and may consist of any
one or any combination of the fol-
lowing: Walls of light, noncombustible
material, preferably single thickness,
single strength glass; lightly fastened
hatch covers; lightly fastened swinging
doors in exterior walls opening out-
ward; lightly fastened walls or roof de-
signed to relieve at a maximum pres-
sure of 25 pounds per square foot.
(d) There shall be no sources of igni-
tion from open flames, electrical equip-
ment, or heating equipment.
(e) Electrical equipment shall be in
accordance with subpart S of this part
for Class I, Division 2 locations.
(f) Heating, if provided, shall be by
steam, hot water, or other indirect
means.
(iii) Special rooms. (a) Floor, walls,
and ceiling shall have a fire-resistance
rating of at least 2 hours. Walls or par-
titions shall be continuous from floor
to ceiling and shall be securely an-
chored. At least one wall shall be an
exterior wall. Openings to other parts
of the building shall not be permitted.
Windows and doors shall be in exterior
walls and shall be located so as to be
readily accessible in case of emer-
gency. Windows shall be of glass or
plastic in metal frames.
(b) Ventilation shall be as provided in
paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(b) of this section.
(c) Explosion venting shall be as pro-
vided in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(c) of this
section.
(d) There shall be no sources of igni-
tion from open flames, electrical equip-
ment, or heating equipment.
(e) Electric equipment shall be in ac-
cordance with the requirements of sub-
part S of this part for Class I, Division
2 locations.
(f) Heating, if provided, shall be by
steam, hot water, or indirect means.
(4) Operating instructions. For instal-
lations which require any operation of
equipment by the user, legible instruc-
tions shall be maintained at operating
locations.
(5) Maintenance. The equipment and
functioning of each charged gaseous
hydrogen system shall be maintained
in a safe operating condition in accord-
ance with the requirements of this sec-
tion. The area within 15 feet of any hy-
drogen container shall be kept free of
dry vegetation and combustible mate-
rial.
(c) Liquefied hydrogen systems—(1) De-
sign—(i) Containers. (a) Hydrogen con-
tainers shall comply with the fol-
lowing: Storage containers shall be de-
signed, constructed, and tested in ac-
cordance with appropriate require-
ments of the ASME Boiler and Pres-
sure Vessel Code, Section VIII—Unfired
Pressure Vessels (1968) or applicable
provisions of API Standard 620, Rec-
ommended Rules for Design and Con-
struction of Large, Welded, Low-Pres-
sure Storage Tanks, Second Edition
(June 1963) and appendix R (April 1965),
which is incorporated by reference as
specified in §1910.6.
(b) Portable containers shall be de-
signed, constructed and tested in ac-
cordance with DOT Specifications and
Regulations.
(ii) Supports. Permanently installed
containers shall be provided with sub-
stantial noncombustible supports se-
curely anchored on firm noncombus-
tible foundations. Steel supports in ex-
cess of 18 inches in height shall be pro-
tected with a protective coating having
a 2-hour fire-resistance rating.
(iii) Marking. Each container shall be
legibly marked to indicate ‘‘LIQUE-
FIED HYDROGEN—FLAMMABLE
GAS.’’
(iv) Safety relief devices. (a)(1) Sta-
tionary liquefied hydrogen containers
shall be equipped with safety relief de-
vices sized in accordance with CGA
Pamphlet S–1, Part 3, Safety Relief De-
vice Standards for Compressed Gas
Storage Containers, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
(2) Portable liquefied hydrogen con-
tainers complying with the U.S. De-
partment of Transportation Regula-
tions shall be equipped with safety re-
lief devices as required in the U.S. De-
partment of Transportation Specifica-
tions and Regulations. Safety relief de-
vices shall be sized in accordance with
the requirements of CGA Pamphlet S–
1, Safety Relief Device Standards, Part
1, Compressed Gas Cylinders and Part
2, Cargo and Portable Tank Containers.
(b) Safety relief devices shall be ar-
ranged to discharge unobstructed to
the outdoors and in such a manner as
to prevent impingement of escaping
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230
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.103
liquid or gas upon the container, adja-
cent structures or personnel. See para-
graph (c)(2)(i)(f) of this section for
venting of safety relief devices in spe-
cial locations.
(c) Safety relief devices or vent pip-
ing shall be designed or located so that
moisture cannot collect and freeze in a
manner which would interfere with
proper operation of the device.
(d) Safety relief devices shall be pro-
vided in piping wherever liquefied hy-
drogen could be trapped between clo-
sures.
(v) Piping, tubing, and fittings. (a) Pip-
ing, tubing, and fittings and gasket and
thread sealants shall be suitable for
hydrogen service at the pressures and
temperatures involved. Consideration
shall be given to the thermal expansion
and contraction of piping systems
when exposed to temperature fluctua-
tions of ambient to liquefied hydrogen
temperatures.
(b) Gaseous hydrogen piping and tub-
ing (above ¥20 °F.) shall conform to
the applicable sections of Pressure Pip-
ing Section 2—Industrial Gas and Air
Piping, ANSI B31.1–1967 with addenda
B31.1–1969. Design of liquefied hydrogen
or cold (¥20 °F. or below) gas piping
shall use Petroleum Refinery Piping
ANSI B31.3–1966 or Refrigeration Pip-
ing ANSI B31.5–1966 with addenda
B31.5a–1968 as a guide, which are incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
(c) Joints in piping and tubing shall
preferably be made by welding or braz-
ing; flanged, threaded, socket, or suit-
able compression fittings may be used.
(d) Means shall be provided to mini-
mize exposure of personnel to piping
operating at low temperatures and to
prevent air condensate from contacting
piping, structural members, and sur-
faces not suitable for cryogenic tem-
peratures. Only those insulating mate-
rials which are rated nonburning in ac-
cordance with ASTM Procedures D1692–
68, which is incorporated by reference
as specified in §1910.6, may be used.
Other protective means may be used to
protect personnel. The insulation shall
be designed to have a vapor-tight seal
in the outer covering to prevent the
condensation of air and subsequent ox-
ygen enrichment within the insulation.
The insulation material and outside
shield shall also be of adequate design
to prevent attrition of the insulation
due to normal operating conditions.
(e) Uninsulated piping and equipment
which operate at liquefied-hydrogen
temperature shall not be installed
above asphalt surfaces or other com-
bustible materials in order to prevent
contact of liquid air with such mate-
rials. Drip pans may be installed under
uninsulated piping and equipment to
retain and vaporize condensed liquid
air.
(vi) Equipment assembly. (a) Valves,
gauges, regulators, and other acces-
sories shall be suitable for liquefied hy-
drogen service and for the pressures
and temperatures involved.
(b) Installation of liquefied hydrogen
systems shall be supervised by per-
sonnel familiar with proper practices
and with reference to their construc-
tion and use.
(c) Storage containers, piping, valves,
regulating equipment, and other acces-
sories shall be readily accessible and
shall be protected against physical
damage and against tampering. A shut-
off valve shall be located in liquid
product withdrawal lines as close to
the container as practical. On con-
tainers of over 2,000 gallons capacity,
this shutoff valve shall be of the re-
mote control type with no connections,
flanges, or other appurtenances (other
than a welded manual shutoff valve) al-
lowed in the piping between the shutoff
valve and its connection to the inner
container.
(d) Cabinets or housings containing
hydrogen control equipment shall be
ventilated to prevent any accumula-
tion of hydrogen gas.
(vii) Testing. (a) After installation,
all field-erected piping shall be tested
and proved hydrogen gas-tight at oper-
ating pressure and temperature.
(b) Containers if out of service in ex-
cess of 1 year shall be inspected and
tested as outlined in (a) of this subdivi-
sion. The safety relief devices shall be
checked to determine if they are oper-
able and properly set.
(viii) Liquefied hydrogen vaporizers. (a)
The vaporizer shall be anchored and its
connecting piping shall be sufficiently
flexible to provide for the effect of ex-
pansion and contraction due to tem-
perature changes.
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.103
(b) The vaporizer and its piping shall
be adequately protected on the hydro-
gen and heating media sections with
safety relief devices.
(c) Heat used in a liquefied hydrogen
vaporizer shall be indirectly supplied
utilizing media such as air, steam,
water, or water solutions.
(d) A low temperature shutoff switch
shall be provided in the vaporizer dis-
charge piping to prevent flow of lique-
fied hydrogen in the event of the loss of
the heat source.
(ix) Electrical systems. (a) Electrical
wiring and equipment located within 3
feet of a point where connections are
regularly made and disconnected, shall
be in accordance with subpart S of this
part, for Class I, Group B, Division 1 lo-
cations.
(b) Except as provided in (a) of this
subdivision, electrical wiring, and
equipment located within 25 feet of a
point where connections are regularly
made and disconnected or within 25
feet of a liquid hydrogen storage con-
tainer, shall be in accordance with sub-
part S of this part, for Class I, Group B,
Division 2 locations. When equipment
approved for class I, group B
atmospheres is not commercially avail-
able, the equipment may be—
(1) Purged or ventilated in accord-
ance with NFPA No. 496–1967, Standard
for Purged Enclosures for Electrical
Equipment in Hazardous Locations,
(2) Intrinsically safe, or
(3) Approved for Class I, Group C
atmospheres. This requirement does
not apply to electrical equipment
which is installed on mobile supply
trucks or tank cars from which the
storage container is filled.
(x) Bonding and grounding. The lique-
fied hydrogen container and associated
piping shall be electrically bonded and
grounded.
(2) Location of liquefied hydrogen stor-
age—(i) General requirements. (a) The
storage containers shall be located so
that they are readily accessible to mo-
bile supply equipment at ground level
and to authorized personnel.
(b) The containers shall not be ex-
posed by electric power lines, flam-
mable liquid lines, flammable gas lines,
or lines carrying oxidizing materials.
(c) When locating liquified hydrogen
storage containers near above-ground
flammable liquid storage or liquid oxy-
gen storage, it is advisable to locate
the liquefied hydrogen container on
ground higher than flammable liquid
storage or liquid oxygen storage.
(d) Where it is necessary to locate
the liquefied hydrogen container on
ground that is level with or lower than
adjacent flammable liquid storage or
liquid oxygen storage, suitable protec-
tive means shall be taken (such as by
diking, diversion curbs, grading), with
respect to the adjacent flammable liq-
uid storage or liquid oxygen storage, to
prevent accumulation of liquids within
50 feet of the liquefied hydrogen con-
tainer.
(e) Storage sites shall be fenced and
posted to prevent entrance by unau-
thorized personnel. Sites shall also be
placarded as follows: ‘‘Liquefied Hydro-
gen—Flammable Gas—No Smoking—
No Open Flames.’’
(f) If liquified hydrogen is located in
(as specified in Table H–3) a separate
building, in a special room, or inside
buildings when not in a special room
and exposed to other occupancies, con-
tainers shall have the safety relief de-
vices vented unobstructed to the out-
doors at a minimum elevation of 25 feet
above grade to a safe location as re-
quired in paragraph (c)(1)(iv)(b) of this
section.
(ii) Specific requirements. (a) The loca-
tion of liquefied hydrogen storage, as
determined by the maximum total
quantity of liquified hydrogen, shall be
in the order of preference as indicated
by Roman numerals in the following
Table H–3.
T
ABLE
H–3—M
AXIMUM
T
OTAL
Q
UANTITY OF
L
IQUEFIED
H
YDROGEN
S
TORAGE
P
ERMITTED
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)
39.63 (150 liters)
to 50
51 to 300 301 to 600 In excess of 600
Outdoors ................................................................. I ......................... I ......................... I ......................... I.
In a separate building ............................................. II ........................ II ........................ II ........................ Not permitted.
In a special room .................................................... III ....................... III ....................... Not permitted .... Do.
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29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.103
T
ABLE
H–3—M
AXIMUM
T
OTAL
Q
UANTITY OF
L
IQUEFIED
H
YDROGEN
S
TORAGE
P
ERMITTED
Continued
Nature of location
Size of hydrogen storage (capacity in gallons)
39.63 (150 liters)
to 50
51 to 300 301 to 600 In excess of 600
Inside buildings not in a special room and ex-
posed to other occupancies.
IV ....................... Not permitted .... ......do ................ Do.
N
OTE
: This table does not apply to the storage in dewars of the type generally used in laboratories for experimental purposes.
(b) The minimum distance in feet
from liquefied hydrogen systems of in-
dicated storage capacity located out-
doors, in a separate building, or in a
special room to any specified exposure
shall be in accordance with Table H–4.
T
ABLE
H–4—M
INIMUM
D
ISTANCE
(F
EET
) F
ROM
L
IQUEFIED
H
YDROGEN
S
YSTEMS TO
E
XPO
-
SURE
1,2
Type of exposure
Liquefied hydrogen storage
(capacity in gallons)
39.63
(150 li-
ters) to
3,500
3,501 to
15,000
15,001
to
30,000
1. Fire-resistive building and
fire walls
3
......................... 5 5 5
2. Noncombustible building
3
25 50 75
3. Other buildings
3
.............. 50 75 100
4. Wall openings, air-com-
pressor intakes, inlets for
air-conditioning or ven-
tilating equipment ............. 75 75 75
5. Flammable liquids (above
ground and vent or fill
openings if below ground)
(see 513 and 514) ........... 50 75 100
6. Between stationary lique-
fied hydrogen containers 5 5 5
7. Flammable gas storage .. 50 75 100
8. Liquid oxygen storage
and other oxidizers (see
513 and 514) ................... 100 100 100
9. Combustible solids .......... 50 75 100
10. Open flames, smoking
and welding ...................... 50 50 50
11. Concentrations of peo-
ple .................................... 75 75 75
1
The distance in Nos. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 in Table H–4
may be reduced where protective structures, such as firewalls
equal to height of top of the container, to safeguard the lique-
fied hydrogen storage system, are located between the lique-
fied hydrogen storage installation and the exposure.
2
Where protective structures are provided, ventilation and
confinement of product should be considered. The 5-foot dis-
tance in Nos. 1 and 6 facilitates maintenance and enhances
ventilation.
3
Refer to Standard Types of Building Construction, NFPA
No. 220–1969 for definitions of various types of construction.
In congested areas such as offices, lunchrooms, locker
rooms, time-clock areas.
(iii) Handling of liquefied hydrogen in-
side buildings other than separate build-
ings and special rooms. Portable lique-
fied hydrogen containers of 50 gallons
or less capacity as permitted in Table
H–3 and in compliance with subdivision
(i)(f) of this subparagraph when housed
inside buildings not located in a special
room and exposed to other occupancies
shall comply with the following min-
imum requirements:
(a) Be located 20 feet from flammable
liquids and readily combustible mate-
rials such as excelsior or paper.
(b) Be located 25 feet from ordinary
electrical equipment and other sources
of ignition including process or analyt-
ical equipment.
(c) Be located 25 feet from concentra-
tions of people.
(d) Be located 50 feet from intakes of
ventilation and air-conditioning equip-
ment or intakes of compressors.
(e) Be located 50 feet from storage of
other flammable-gases or storage of
oxidizing gases.
(f) Containers shall be protected
against damage or injury due to falling
objects or work activity in the area.
(g) Containers shall be firmly secured
and stored in an upright position.
(h) Welding or cutting operations,
and smoking shall be prohibited while
hydrogen is in the room.
(i) The area shall be adequately ven-
tilated. Safety relief devices on the
containers shall be vented directly out-
doors or to a suitable hood. See para-
graphs (c)(1)(iv)(b) and (c)(2)(i)(f) of
this section.
(3) Design considerations at specific lo-
cations—(i) Outdoor locations. (a) Out-
door location shall mean outside of any
building or structure, and includes lo-
cations under a weather shelter or can-
opy provided such locations are not en-
closed by more than two walls set at
right angles and are provided with
vent-space between the walls and vent-
ed roof or canopy.
(b) Roadways and yard surfaces lo-
cated below liquefied hydrogen piping,
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Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.103
from which liquid air may drip, shall
be constructed of noncombustible ma-
terials.
(c) If protective walls are provided,
they shall be constructed of non-
combustible materials and in accord-
ance with the provisions of paragraph
(c)(3)(i)(a) of this section.
(d) Electrical wiring and equipment
shall comply with paragraph (c)(1)(ix)
(a) and (b) of this section.
(e) Adequate lighting shall be pro-
vided for nighttime transfer operation.
(ii) Separate buildings. (a) Separate
buildings shall be of light noncombus-
tible construction on a substantial
frame. Walls and roofs shall be lightly
fastened and designed to relieve at a
maximum internal pressure of 25
pounds per square foot. Windows shall
be of shatterproof glass or plastic in
metal frames. Doors shall be located in
such a manner that they will be readily
accessible to personnel in an emer-
gency.
(b) Adequate ventilation to the out-
doors shall be provided. Inlet openings
shall be located near the floor level in
exterior walls only. Outlet openings
shall be located at the high point of the
room in exterior walls or roof. Both the
inlet and outlet vent openings shall
have a minimum total area of 1 square
foot per 1,000 cubic feet of room vol-
ume. Discharge from outlet openings
shall be directed or conducted to a safe
location.
(c) There shall be no sources of igni-
tion.
(d) Electrical wiring and equipment
shall comply with paragraphs (c)(1)(ix)
(a) and (b) of this section except that
the provisions of paragraph (c)(1)(ix)(b)
of this section shall apply to all elec-
trical wiring and equipment in the sep-
arate building.
(e) Heating, if provided, shall be by
steam, hot water, or other indirect
means.
(iii) Special rooms. (a) Floors, walls,
and ceilings shall have a fire resistance
rating of at least 2 hours. Walls or par-
titions shall be continuous from floor
to ceiling and shall be securely an-
chored. At least one wall shall be an
exterior wall. Openings to other parts
of the building shall not be permitted.
Windows and doors shall be in exterior
walls and doors shall be located in such
a manner that they will be accessible
in an emergency. Windows shall be of
shatterproof glass or plastic in metal
frames.
(b) Ventilation shall be as provided in
paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(b) of this section.
(c) Explosion venting shall be pro-
vided in exterior walls or roof only.
The venting area shall be equal to not
less than 1 square foot per 30 cubic feet
of room volume and may consist of any
one or any combination of the fol-
lowing: Walls of light noncombustible
material; lightly fastened hatch covers;
lightly fastened swinging doors open-
ing outward in exterior walls; lightly
fastened walls or roofs designed to re-
lieve at a maximum pressure of 25
pounds per square foot.
(d) There shall be no sources of igni-
tion.
(e) Electrical wiring and equipment
shall comply with paragraph (c)(1)(ix)
(a) and (b) of this section except that
the provision of paragraph (c)(1)(ix)(b)
of this section shall apply to all elec-
trical wiring and equipment in the spe-
cial room.
(f) Heating, if provided, shall be
steam, hot water, or by other indirect
means.
(4) Operating instructions—(i) Written
instructions. For installation which re-
quire any operation of equipment by
the user, legible instructions shall be
maintained at operating locations.
(ii) Attendant. A qualified person
shall be in attendance at all times
while the mobile hydrogen supply unit
is being unloaded.
(iii) Security.
Each mobile liquefied
hydrogen supply unit used as part of a
hydrogen system shall be adequately
secured to prevent movement.
(iv) Grounding. The mobile liquefied
hydrogen supply unit shall be grounded
for static electricity.
(5) Maintenance. The equipment and
functioning of each charged liquefied
hydrogen system shall be maintained
in a safe operating condition in accord-
ance with the requirements of this sec-
tion. Weeds or similar combustibles
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234
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.104
shall not be permitted within 25 feet of
any liquefied hydrogen equipment.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 53 FR 12121, Apr. 12,
1988; 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6, 1990; 58 FR 35309,
June 30, 1993; 61 FR 9236, 9237, Mar. 7, 1996; 69
FR 31881, June 8, 2004]
§ 1910.104 Oxygen.
(a) Scope. This section applies to the
installation of bulk oxygen systems on
industrial and institutional consumer
premises. This section does not apply
to oxygen manufacturing plants or
other establishments operated by the
oxygen supplier or his agent for the
purpose of storing oxygen and refilling
portable containers, trailers, mobile
supply trucks, or tank cars, nor to sys-
tems having capacities less than those
stated in paragraph (b)(1) of this sec-
tion.
(b) Bulk oxygen systems—(1) Definition.
As used in this section: A bulk oxygen
system is an assembly of equipment,
such as oxygen storage containers,
pressure regulators, safety devices, va-
porizers, manifolds, and inter-
connecting piping, which has storage
capacity of more than 13,000 cubic feet
of oxygen, Normal Temperature and
Pressure (NTP), connected in service or
ready for service, or more than 25,000
cubic feet of oxygen (NTP) including
unconnected reserves on hand at the
site. The bulk oxygen system termi-
nates at the point where oxygen at
service pressure first enters the supply
line. The oxygen containers may be
stationary or movable, and the oxygen
may be stored as gas or liquid.
(2) Location—(i) General. Bulk oxygen
storage systems shall be located above
ground out of doors, or shall be in-
stalled in a building of noncombustible
construction, adequately vented, and
used for that purpose exclusively. The
location selected shall be such that
containers and associated equipment
shall not be exposed by electric power
lines, flammable or combustible liquid
lines, or flammable gas lines.
(ii) Accessibility. The system shall be
located so that it is readily accessible
to mobile supply equipment at ground
level and to authorized personnel.
(iii) Leakage. Where oxygen is stored
as a liquid, noncombustible surfacing
shall be provided in an area in which
any leakage of liquid oxygen might fall
during operation of the system and fill-
ing of a storage container. For pur-
poses of this paragraph, asphaltic or bi-
tuminous paving is considered to be
combustible.
(iv) Elevation. When locating bulk ox-
ygen systems near above-ground flam-
mable or combustible liquid storage
which may be either indoors or out-
doors, it is advisable to locate the sys-
tem on ground higher than the flam-
mable or combustible liquid storage.
(v) Dikes. Where it is necessary to lo-
cate a bulk oxygen system on ground
lower than adjacent flammable or com-
bustible liquid storage suitable means
shall be taken (such as by diking, di-
version curbs, or grading) with respect
to the adjacent flammable or combus-
tible liquid storage to prevent accumu-
lation of liquids under the bulk oxygen
system.
(3) Distance between systems and expo-
sures—(i) General. The minimum dis-
tance from any bulk oxygen storage
container to exposures, measured in
the most direct line except as indicated
in paragraphs (b)(3) (vi) and (viii) of
this section, shall be as indicated in
paragraphs (b)(3) (ii) to (xviii) of this
section inclusive.
(ii) Combustible structures. Fifty feet
from any combustible structures.
(iii) Fire resistive structures. Twenty-
five feet from any structures with fire-
resistive exterior walls or sprinklered
buildings of other construction, but
not less than one-half the height of ad-
jacent side wall of the structure.
(iv) Openings. At least 10 feet from
any opening in adjacent walls of fire
resistive structures. Spacing from such
structures shall be adequate to permit
maintenance, but shall not be less than
1 foot.
(v) Flammable liquid storage above-
ground.
Distance (feet) Capacity (gallons)
50 .................................................. 0 to 1000.
90 .................................................. 1001 or more.
(vi) Flammable liquid storage below-
ground.
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235
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.104
Distance measured
horizontally from oxy-
gen storage container
to flammable liquid
tank (feet)
Distance from oxygen
storage container to
filling and vent con-
nections or openings
to flammable liquid
tank (feet)
Capacity gal-
lons
15 .............................. 50 .............................. 0 to 1000.
30 .............................. 50 .............................. 1001 or
more.
(vii) Combustible liquid storage above-
ground.
Distance (feet) Capacity (gallons)
25 .................................................. 0 to 1000.
50 .................................................. 1001 or more.
(viii) Combustible liquid storage below-
ground.
Distance measured hori-
zontally from oxygen storage
container to combustible liq-
uid tank (feet)
Distance from oxygen stor-
age container to filling and
vent connections or openings
to combustible liquid tank
(feet)
15 ........................................... 40.
(ix) Flammable gas storage. (Such as
compressed flammable gases, liquefied
flammable gases and flammable gases
in low pressure gas holders):
Distance (feet) Capacity (cu. ft. NTP)
50 .................................................. Less than 5000.
90 .................................................. 5000 or more.
(x) Highly combustible materials. Fifty
feet from solid materials which burn
rapidly, such as excelsior or paper.
(xi) Slow-burning materials. Twenty-
five feet from solid materials which
burn slowly, such as coal and heavy
timber.
(xii) Ventilation. Seventy-five feet in
one direction and 35 feet in approxi-
mately 90° direction from confining
walls (not including firewalls less than
20 feet high) to provide adequate ven-
tilation in courtyards and similar con-
fining areas.
(xiii) Congested areas. Twenty-five
feet from congested areas such as of-
fices, lunchrooms, locker rooms, time
clock areas, and similar locations
where people may congregate.
(xiv)–(xvii) [Reserved]
(xviii) Exceptions. The distances in
paragraphs (b)(3) (ii), (iii), (v) to (xi) in-
clusive, of this section do not apply
where protective structures such as
firewalls of adequate height to safe-
guard the oxygen storage systems are
located between the bulk oxygen stor-
age installation and the exposure. In
such cases, the bulk oxygen storage in-
stallation may be a minimum distance
of 1 foot from the firewall.
(4) Storage containers—(i) Foundations
and supports. Permanently installed
containers shall be provided with sub-
stantial noncombustible supports on
firm noncombustible foundations.
(ii) Construction—liquid. Liquid oxy-
gen storage containers shall be fab-
ricated from materials meeting the im-
pact test requirements of paragraph
UG–84 of ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, Section VIII—Unfired
Pressure Vessels—1968, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6. Containers operating at pres-
sures above 15 pounds per square inch
gage (p.s.i.g.) shall be designed, con-
structed, and tested in accordance with
appropriate requirements of ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec-
tion VII—Unfired Pressure Vessels—
1968. Insulation surrounding the liquid
oxygen container shall be noncombus-
tible.
(iii) Construction—gaseous. High- pres-
sure gaseous oxygen containers shall
comply with one of the following:
(a) Designed, constructed, and tested
in accordance with appropriate require-
ments of ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code, Section VIII—Unfired
Pressure Vessels—1968.
(b) Designed, constructed, tested, and
maintained in accordance with DOT
Specifications and Regulations.
(5) Piping, tubing, and fittings—(i) Se-
lection. Piping, tubing, and fittings
shall be suitable for oxygen service and
for the pressures and temperatures in-
volved.
(ii) Specification. Piping and tubing
shall conform to Section 2—Gas and
Air Piping Systems of Code for Pres-
sure Piping, ANSI, B31.1–1967 with ad-
denda B31.10a–1969, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
(iii) Fabrication. Piping or tubing for
operating temperatures below ¥20 °F.
shall be fabricated from materials
meeting the impact test requirements
of paragraph UG–84 of ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section
VIII—Unfired Pressure Vessels—1968,
when tested at the minimum operating
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236
29 CFR Ch. XVII (7–1–07 Edition) § 1910.104
temperature to which the piping may
be subjected in service.
(6) Safety relief devices—(i) General.
Bulk oxygen storage containers, re-
gardless of design pressure shall be
equipped with safety relief devices as
required by the ASME code or the DOT
specifications and regulations.
(ii) DOT containers. Bulk oxygen stor-
age containers designed and con-
structed in accordance with DOT speci-
fication shall be equipped with safety
relief devices as required thereby.
(iii) ASME containers. Bulk oxygen
storage containers designed and con-
structed in accordance with the ASME
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Sec-
tion VIII—Unfired Pressure Vessel—
1968 shall be equipped with safety relief
devices meeting the provisions of the
Compressed Gas Association Pamphlet
‘‘Safety Relief Device Standards for
Compressed Gas Storage Containers,’’
S–1, Part 3, which is incorporated by
reference as specified in §1910.6.
(iv) Insulation. Insulation casings on
liquid oxygen containers shall be
equipped with suitable safety relief de-
vices.
(v) Reliability. All safety relief de-
vices shall be so designed or located
that moisture cannot collect and freeze
in a manner which would interfere with
proper operation of the device.
(7) Liquid oxygen vaporizers—(i)
Mounts and couplings. The vaporizer
shall be anchored and its connecting
piping be sufficiently flexible to pro-
vide for the effect of expansion and
contraction due to temperature
changes.
(ii) Relief devices. The vaporizer and
its piping shall be adequately protected
on the oxygen and heating medium sec-
tions with safety relief devices.
(iii) Heating. Heat used in an oxygen
vaporizer shall be indirectly supplied
only through media such as steam, air,
water, or water solutions which do not
react with oxygen.
(iv) Grounding. If electric heaters are
used to provide the primary source of
heat, the vaporizing system shall be
electrically grounded.
(8) Equipment assembly and installa-
tion—(i) Cleaning. Equipment making
up a bulk oxygen system shall be
cleaned in order to remove oil, grease
or other readily oxidizable materials
before placing the system in service.
(ii) Joints. Joints in piping and tubing
may be made by welding or by use of
flanged, threaded, slip, or compression
fittings. Gaskets or thread sealants
shall be suitable for oxygen service.
(iii) Accessories. Valves, gages, regu-
lators, and other accessories shall be
suitable for oxygen service.
(iv) Installation. Installation of bulk
oxygen systems shall be supervised by
personnel familiar with proper prac-
tices with reference to their construc-
tion and use.
(v) Testing. After installation all field
erected piping shall be tested and
proved gas tight at maximum oper-
ating pressure. Any medium used for
testing shall be oil free and nonflam-
mable.
(vi) Security. Storage containers, pip-
ing, valves, regulating equipment, and
other accessories shall be protected
against physical damage and against
tampering.
(vii) Venting. Any enclosure con-
taining oxygen control or operating
equipment shall be adequately vented.
(viii) Placarding. The bulk oxygen
storage location shall be permanently
placarded to indicate: ‘‘OXYGEN—NO
SMOKING—NO OPEN FLAMES’’, or an
equivalent warning.
(ix) Electrical wiring. Bulk oxygen in-
stallations are not hazardous locations
as defined and covered in subpart S of
this part. Therefore, general purpose or
weatherproof types of electrical wiring
and equipment are acceptable depend-
ing upon whether the installation is in-
doors or outdoors. Such equipment
shall be installed in accordance with
the applicable provisions of subpart S
of this part.
(9) Operating instructions. For instal-
lations which require any operation of
equipment by the user, legible instruc-
tions shall be maintained at operating
locations.
(10) Maintenance. The equipment and
functioning of each charged bulk oxy-
gen system shall be maintained in a
safe operating condition in accordance
with the requirements of this section.
Wood and long dry grass shall be cut
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237
Occupational Safety and Health Admin., Labor § 1910.106
back within 15 feet of any bulk oxygen
storage container.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43
FR 49746, Oct. 24, 1978; 61 FR 9237, Mar. 7,
1996]
§ 1910.105 Nitrous oxide.
The piped systems for the in-plant
transfer and distribution of nitrous
oxide shall be designed, installed,
maintained, and operated in accord-
ance with Compressed Gas Association
Pamphlet G–8.1–1964, which is incor-
porated by reference as specified in
§1910.6.
[39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 61
FR 9237, Mar. 7, 1996]
§ 1910.106 Flammable and combustible
liquids.
(a) Definitions. As used in this sec-
tion:
(1) Aerosol shall mean a material
which is dispensed from its container
as a mist, spray, or foam by a propel-
lant under pressure.
(2) Atmospheric tank shall mean a
storage tank which has been designed
to operate at pressures from atmos-
pheric through 0.5 p.s.i.g.
(3) Automotive service station shall
mean that portion of property where
flammable or combustible liquids used
as motor fuels are stored and dispensed
from fixed equipment into the fuel
tanks of motor vehicles and shall in-
clude any facilities available for the
sale and service of tires, batteries, and
accessories, and for minor automotive
maintenance work. Major automotive
repairs, painting, body and fender work
are excluded.
(4) Basement shall mean a story of a
building or structure having one-half
or more of its height below ground
level and to which access for fire fight-
ing purposes is unduly restricted.
(5) Boiling point shall mean the boil-
ing point of a liquid at a pressure of
14.7 pounds per square inch absolute
(p.s.i.a.) (760 mm.). Where an accurate
boiling point is unavailable for the ma-
terial in question, or for mixtures
which do not have a constant boiling
point, for purposes of this section the
10 percent point of a distillation per-
formed in accordance with the Stand-
ard Method of Test for Distillation of
Petroleum Products, ASTM D–86–62,
which is incorporated by reference as
specified in §1910.6, may be used as the
boiling point of the liquid.
(6) Boilover shall mean the expulsion
of crude oil (or certain other liquids)
from a burning tank. The light frac-
tions of the crude oil burnoff producing
a heat wave in the residue, which on
reaching a water strata may result in
the expulsion of a portion of the con-
tents of the tank in the form of froth.
(7) Bulk plant shall mean that por-
tion of a property where flammable or
combustible liquids are received by
tank vessel, pipelines, tank car, or
tank vehicle, and are stored or blended
in bulk for the purpose of distributing
such liquids by tank vessel, pipeline,
tank car, tank vehicle, or container.
(8) Chemical plant shall mean a large
integrated plant or that portion of
such a plant other than a refinery or
distillery where flammable or combus-
tible liquids are produced by chemical
reactions or used in chemical reac-
tions.
(9) Closed container shall mean a
container as herein defined, so sealed
by means of a lid or other device that
neither liquid nor vapor will escape
from it at ordinary temperatures.
(10) Crude petroleum shall mean hy-
drocarbon mixtures that have a flash
point below 150 °F. and which have not
been processed in a refinery.
(11) Distillery shall mean a plant or
that portion of a plant where flam-
mable or combustible liquids produced
by fermentation are concentrated, and
where the concentrated products may
also be mixed, stored, or packaged.
(12) Fire area shall mean an area of a
building separated from the remainder
of the building by construction having
a fire resistance of at least 1 hour and
having all communicating openings
properly protected by an assembly hav-
ing a fire resistance rating of at least 1
hour.
(13) Flammable aerosol shall mean an
aerosol which is required to be labeled
‘‘Flammable’’ under the Federal Haz-
ardous Substances Labeling Act (15
U.S.C. 1261). For the purposes of para-
graph (d) of this section, such aerosols
are considered Class IA liquids.
(14) Flashpoint means the minimum
temperature at which a liquid gives off
vapor within a test vessel in sufficient
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Appendix C
FORM TO REQUEST PRIOR APPROVAL
FORM TO REQUEST PRIOR APPROVAL
Date:
Location where experimentSURFHGXUH will take place
Building:
Department:
Room Number:
Person Seeking Approval:
Contact Phone Number:
Email Address:
EXPERIMENT&+(0,&$/$&48,6,7,21 OR PROCEDURE REQUIRING 35,25$33529$/
Prior approval LVUHTXLUHGbefore doing any procedure DQGRUSULRUWRDFTXLULQJDQ\
FKHPLFDOVWKDWFRXOGUHVXOWLQ one or more of the following conditions (check all that apply):
Potential for a rapid rise in temperature.
Potential for a rapid increase in pressure.
Potential for chemical explosion.
Potential for spontaneous combustion.
Potential for the emission of toxic gases that could produce concentrations in the air that
H[FHHGWR[LFOLPLWV
Prior approval should also be obtained before again performing any procedure after there has
been aQLQFLGHQWRUH[SRVXUHDVDUHVXOWRIWKHfailure of any of the equipment RUV\VWHPV
needed for the VDIHprocess, KDQGOLQJVWRUDJHDQGXVHRIWKHPDWHULDOLHfume hoodIDLOXUH
ILUHH[SORVLRQRUDQ\RWKHUXQVDIHFRQGLWLRQGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHPDWHULDOLGHQWLILHGKHUHLQ.
Detailed Explanation of 3URFHGXUH5HDVRQIRU3ULRU$SSURYDO5HTXHVW (add addl page(s), as necessary):
APPROVED
DISAPPROVED (if so, CHO shall provide a written explanation)
SIGNATURE:
DATE:______________
Chemical Hygiene Officer
Appendix D
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL EXPOSURE INCIDENT REPORT FORM
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
INSTRUCTIONS: Use the forms in this package to document routes and circumstances of a
hazardous chemical exposure incident.
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
NAME OF
FORM
PAGE
ACTION
Part
1
1 – 2
1. Completed by employee
2. Employee receives a copy
3. Human Resources receives a copy
Part
2
3
1. Completed by Environmental Health and Safety Officer
2. Employee receives a copy
3. Human Resources receives a copy
Part
3
4
1. Completed by Exposed Employee’s Medical Care Provider
2. Medical Care Provider mails direct to Human Resources
3. Medical Care Provider mails direct to Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Part 3A
6
1. Completed by the Exposed Employee to record Medical Evaluation follow up
2. Employee mails direct to Human Resources
3. Employee mails direct to Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Part 3B
7
1. Completed by the Exposed Employee’s Medical Care Provider to
record Medical
Evaluation Follow-up
2. Medical Care Provider mails direct to Human Resources
3. Medical Care Provider mails direct to Environmental Health
and
S
afety Officer
Page 1
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
Part 1 (to be completed by Employee)
P
lease print or type all information
DEMOGRAPHICS
Department:
Work Telephone:
Employee’s Last Name:
Employee’s First Name:
Date of Birth:
Social Security #:
Home Telephone #:
Other Contact # (i.e. mobile):
EXPOSURE INCIDENT
Date of Exposure:
Time of Exposure (be sure to note a.m. or p.m.):
Where Did the Incident Take Place (be as specific as possible)?
Nature of the Incident (i.e. injured body part, difficulty breathing, chemical burn, etc.)?
What Tasks Were You Performing When the Exposure Took Place (please indicate if task(s) were routine or
if they varied from your regular work duties). If varied, please explain why you were engaging in said
activity(ies) [include additional page(s), as necessary]?
List chemical(s), amount and concentration in use at time of exposure [include additional page(s), as
necessary]:
Chemical Name
Amt.
Conc.
Chemical Name
Amt.
Conc.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 2
CONTROLS MEASURES
Provide details about any control measures in use at the time of exposure (i.e. Fume Hood, Dust Mask, etc.):
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT - PPE
Were you wearing any Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) [i.e. safety glasses, lab coat, ear muffs, nitrile
gloves, etc.)?:
YES
NO
If YES, Describe what type:
Did the PPE Fail?
YES
NO
If YES, Describe how (provide additional detail
below, as needed):
Additional detail:
INCIDENT EXPOSURE
What Part(s) of your Body was Exposed?
Estimate the Size or Area of your Body that was
Exposed:
How Long Did The Exposure Last (# of seconds, min., hours, etc.)?
Is a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) attached to this Report? YES NO
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Did you develop or experience any signs or symptoms as a result of the exposure?
Y
ES
NO
If yes, list them below (i.e. headache, nausea, rash, etc.):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Are signs and symptoms currently present (at time of form completion)?
Y
ES
NO
Are the signs and symptoms those documented on the SDS? YES
NO N/A
Is Exposure monitoring data available?
YES
NO N/A
Employee Signature Supervisor’s Signature
Date Date
As stipulated and in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20, the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard 29
CFR 1910.1450, form and related documentation will be kept on file by Farmingdale State College for the length of employment and 30 years
thereafter. This form and related documentation will remain confidential. Personal identifying information will be released with your consent only.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 3
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
Part 2 (to be completed by Environmental Health and Safety Officer)
Please print or type all information
DEMOGRAPHICS
Date (of form completion):
Name of EH&S Officer Completing
Form:
EH&S Officer Work Telephone:
Employee’s Last Name:
Employee’s First Name:
Employee Date of Birth:
Employee Social Security #:
Employee Home Telephone #:
Employee Other Contact # (i.e. mobile):
REPORTING
Is a Comprehensive Accident Report Detailing This Incident On file?
YES
NO
Is a SH 900 and Related Documents Detailing this Incident On File?
Y
ES
NO N/A
EH&S Officer Comment:
EH&S OFFICER TO SUBMIT
COMPLETED COPIES OF FORMS
PART 1 AND 2 TO:
[enter exposed employee’s name and address]
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Marybeth Incandela
Director of Human Resources
Whitman Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2107
fax (631) 420-2489
marybeth.incandela@farmingdale.edu
Environmental Health and Safety Officers Signature Supervisors Signature
Date Date
As stipulated and in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20, the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard 29
CFR 1910.1450, form and related documentation will be kept on file by Farmingdale State College for the length of employment and 30 years
thereafter. This form and related documentation will remain confidential. Personal identifying information will be released with your consent only.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 4
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
Part 3 (to be completed by Exposed Employee’s Medical Care Provider)
Please print or type all information
EXPOSED EMPLOYEE
Employee’s Last Name: Employee’s First Name:
Date of Birth:
Social Security #:
Work Site Name:
Work Telephone:
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDER
Health Care Professional Name: Title:
Office Location (Street and Number, City, State, Zip):
Office Telephone:
Office Fax Number:
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDERS REPORT
Did You Treat The Patient/Employee Directly?
YES
NO
If YES, Specify Treatment Regimen [include additional page(s), as necessary]:
Other Pertinent Information [include additional page(s), as necessary]:
Medical Care Provider’s Signature Date
As stipulated and in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20, the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard 29
CFR 1910.1450, form and related documentation will be kept on file by Farmingdale State College for the length of employment and 30 years
thereafter. This form and related documentation will remain confidential. Personal identifying information will be released with your consent only.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 5
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDER
TO SUBMIT COMPLETED
COPY OF FORM PART 3 TO:
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Marybeth Incandela
Director of Human Resources
Whitman Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2107
fax (631) 420-2489
marybeth.incandela@farmingdale.edu
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Jeff Carter, CHMM, MPS
Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Horton Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2105
fax (631) 420-9173
jeff.carter@farmingdale.edu
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 6
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
Part 3A (to be completed by Exposed Employee to record Medical Evaluation follow up)
Please pr
int or type all information
EXPOSED EMPLOYEE
Date (of form completion):
Department:
Work Telephone:
Employee’s Last Name:
Employee’s First Name:
Social Security #:
Job Title at Time of Exposure:
Date and Time of Exposure:
Date of Follow Up:
Name and Location of Medical Treatment Facility:
Reason for Follow Up:
EMPLOYEE TO SUBMIT
COMPLETED COPY OF
FORM PART 3A TO:
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Marybeth Incandela
Director of Human Resources
Whitman Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2107
fax (631) 420-2489
marybeth.incandela@farmingdale.edu
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Jeff Carter, CHMM, MPS
Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Horton Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2105
fax (631) 420-9173
jeff.carter@farmingdale.edu
Supervisor’s Statement/Comments (enter N/Aif no additional information/detail warranted):
Employee Signature Supervisor’s Signature
Date Date
As stipulated and in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20, the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard 29
CFR 1910.1450, form and related documentation will be kept on file by Farmingdale State College for the length of employment and 30 years
thereafter. This form and related documentation will remain confidential. Personal identifying information will be released with your consent only.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Page 7
Hazardous Chemical Exposure Incident Report
Part 3B (to be completed by the Exposed Employee’s Medical Care Provider to record Medical
Evaluation
follow up)
Please print or type all information
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDER
Health Care Professional Name: Title:
Office Location (Street and Number, City, State, Zip):
Office Telephone:
Office Fax Number:
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDERS REPORT
Employee Health File Reviewed?
YES
NO
Date of Review:
Medical Care Providers Findings & Observations:
Is Additional Follow Up Needed (if so, explain why):
Other Pertinent Information:
MEDICAL CARE PROVIDER
TO SUBMIT COMPLETED
COPY OF FORM PART 3B TO:
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Marybeth Incandela
Director of Human Resources
Whitman Hall
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2107
fax (631) 420-2489
marybeth.incandela@farmingdale.edu
Farmingdale State College
ATTN: Jeff Carter, CHMM, MPS
Environmental Health and Safety Officer
Horton Hall/Administration and Finance
2350 Broadhollow Road
Farmingdale, NY 11735
ph. (631) 420-2105
fax (631) 420-9173
jeff.carter@farmingdale.edu
Medical Care Provider’s Signature Date
As st
ipulated and in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.20, the Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard 29
CFR 1910.1450, form and related documentation will be kept on file by Farmingdale State College for the length of employment and 30 years
thereafter. This form and related documentation will remain confidential. Personal identifying information will be released with your consent only.
Office of Environmental Health and Safety Rev. 04/14
Appendix E
LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
LABORATORY SAFETY EQUIPMENT
(for reference purposes only)
Personal Clothing and Equipment
Aprons, rubber or plastic Extends to or below the knees.
Gloves The material from which the glove is made must be
carefully chosen so that the glove is not permeable to the
liquids or vapors anticipated for the experiment.
Chemical splash goggles Meets ANSI Standard Z87.1 for chemical splash-proof
goggles. Indirect ventilation. NOT the same as most
goggles sold in hardware stores!
Face shield When used, should be worn with goggles.
Laboratory Coat, Tyvek, Has long sleeves.
Dacron & cotton, cotton Has Velcro or snap fasteners.
Extends to or below the knees.
Self-contained breathing apparatus Use restricted to professionals who have been properly
trained and have maintained certification.
Laboratory Safety Equipment
Drench shower Ceiling and wall-mounted showers should operate by chain
pull valve. Should deliver tepid, potable water for at least
15 minutes without need to hold valve.
Eye wash fountain Should deliver tepid, potable water to both eyes.
Should provide a steady, gentle flow for at least 15 minutes
without need to hold valve.
Fire blanket, wool Most useful to keep a victim warm while waiting for
medical attention. A blanket should be available but not on
a roller. The purpose of the blanket is to cover the victim,
Not encircle. Wrapping a burning victim may cause
additional burns to neck and face due to the chimney effect.
Fire extinguisher Should be suitable for Class A, B & C fires.
First aid kit Any good, general purpose first aid kit is suitable.
Flammable storage cabinet May be made of wood or metal.
Should be vented directly to the outside.
Check local fire codes.
Fume Hood Should have a face velocity of 60–100
linear feet per minute.
Should be vented to the outside.
May have a vertical or horizontal sash.
Should be kept clean and uncluttered.
Safety cans Some occasions demand that volatile,
flammable or combustible solvents be stored
in safety cans. Each can should have a
flame arrestor in good working order.
Check local fire codes and NFPA standards 30 and 45.
Signs Signs are useful for designating the location of safety
equipment, means of ingress and egress, etc.
Signs should be chosen to be in conformity with
state guidelines and recommendations.
Smoke alarm Check local fire codes.
Laboratory Spill Protection
General purpose A general purpose adsorbent, such as a mixture of kitty
litter, sand, and vermiculite is suitable for containing
many chemical spills.
Acid spills Best treated with sodium bicarbonate,
which may be mixed with kitty litter and/or sand.
Base spills Best treated with sodium bisulfate,
which may be mixed with kitty litter
and/or sand.
Halogen spills Best treated with sodium thiosulfate,
which may be mixed with kitty litter and/or sand.
Appendix F
LABORATORY SAFETY INSPECTION FORM
Building: __________________ Room #: _________ Inspector: _____________________ Date: ____/____/_____
Q #
Laboratory Safety Inspection Form
No Deficiency
Observed
Deficiency
Not Inspected
N/A
General Safety
1 Lab is maintained secure; door is locked when no one is in lab.
2 Appropriate clothing (no shorts or sandals) worn by everyone in lab.
3
Personal protective equipment (PPE) (i.e. lab coats, nitrile gloves, safety glasses, etc.) is available in labs
handling chemicals, infectious materials, or any other health/physical hazard.
4 Work and storage areas clear of clutter; access to exit is unrestricted.
5 No food or drinks found in labs.
6 Emergency phone numbers & plan posted next to phone.
7 Eyewash not blocked; can be accessed easily.
8 Fume hood free of clutter and stored chemicals.
9 No visible mold growth evident (i.e. ceiling tiles with dark/black mold, mold patches on walls, etc.).
Chemical Safety
10 Appropriate labels are found on all hazardous chemical containers.
11 Flammable liquid storage is limited to 25 gallons/room w/o flammable cabinet.
12 No flammable chemicals stored in regular refrigerator.
13 All compressed gas cylinders secured in upright position.
14 All compressed gas cylinders capped when not in use.
15 Shelves and chemical containers in good condition (no leaks, rust).
16 Spill control equipment (neutralizers, absorbent pads) are present.
17 Incompatible materials are stored separately from one another.
Hazardous Waste
18 Satellite Accumulation Area (SAA) is located at or near where hazardous waste is generated.
19 Maximum SAA storage capacity not exceeded (55-gallons per hazardous waste stream).
20 Hazardous waste containers are in good condition (not leaking, rusted, bulging or damaged).
21 Each hazardous waste container is marked with the words “Hazardous Waste”.
22
Each hazardous waste container is marked with full chemical names identifying the contents stored
inside (no abbreviations or formulas).
23 Hazardous waste containers are kept closed unless adding waste.
24
Waste containers storing liquid hazardous waste at or near sinks and drains are stored within
secondary containment.
25 Secondary containment is in good condition (free of cracks, gaps and impervious to leaks).
26 Incompatible hazardous wastes are stored separately from one another.
Biological Safety
27 Sharps are disposed in a proper container that is kept closed unless waste is being added.
28
Regulated medical waste is placed in red bags within boxes that are properly labeled or in another
suitable container (e.g. 55-gallon fiberboard drum).
29
Biological materials are not stored in hallways or chaseways in unlocked freezers or refrigerators.
30 Disinfectants are on hand for sanitizing bench tops and treating spills.
31 Biohazard signs are posted in labs handling infectious materials (BSL2 >).
32 Lab coats, gowns or scrubs are in use in labs handling infectious materials (BSL2 >).
33 Biological safety cabinet(s) (in labs BSL2>) were certified within the last 12 months.
Radiation Safety
34 If radioactive material is present, a proper sign is posted on the lab door.
35 Radioactive and/or mixed waste containers are properly labeled.
36 The GM meter(s) is calibrated at least once per year.
37 The radioactive material use area is marked properly.
38 The radioactive material storage freezer is properly labeled.
39 Vials of radioactive material within a freezer are stored in a proper "lock box".
Comments:
Q #
Laboratory Safety Inspection Form Responses
1
The laboratory door must be closed and locked when no one is in the lab. Hazardous chemicals/biological
material/radioactive material must be kept secured from unauthorized access.
2
Legs and feet must be covered when working in a lab. No shorts or sandals are permitted in a lab.
3
Depending on the specific hazard analysis for said lab (which is the responsibility of the Dept. Head or Principal
Investigator), proper personal protective equipment must be used whenever there is a risk of exposure and when
engineering controls are not a viable option.
4
The aisles must be clear for walking to the emergency eyewash and exit door in case of an emergency. The laboratory
floor should not be used to store boxes and chemical containers.
5
Food and drink are strictly prohibited in laboratories, including desks in labs and areas where hazardous chemicals,
biological materials and/or radioactive materials are stored and used.
6
Post the University Police phone number, the name and 24 hour contact information for the responsible person(s) (i.e.
Principal Investigator), and the lab emergency plan near the phone or by the door (or both!).
7
Do not block the emergency eyewash with lab equipment. Lab workers should be able to find the eyewash with their
eyes closed.
8
Fume hoods are not to be used to store chemicals. They are designed to be used to protect lab workers handling
hazardous materials. Storage and clutter will interfere with proper air flow.
9
Indoor mold growth can and should be prevented or controlled by maintaining proper moisture (humidity) levels
indoors. If there is mold growth, it must be cleaned up and
the water problem fixed.
10
Chemical containers must be identified with the product name and the appropriate hazard warning. Containers that
come from the manufacturer (primary container) are labeled by the manufacturer. Any secondary container (rinse
bottles, etc) that will not be under the control of the lab worker at all times must be labeled by the lab worker.
11
The total amount of flammable liquids (new, in use and waste) on bench tops and open shelves cannot exceed 25
gallons. If additional flammable liquids must be kept in the room, an approved flammable storage cabinet must be used.
12
Flammable chemicals can not be safely stored in domestic refrigerators. Flammable chemicals that need to be
refrigerated must be stored in a laboratory safe refrigerator.
13
Cylinders must be transported, stored and used upright (with the valve up), and must be securely fastened to prevent
them from falling or being knocked over. Suitable racks, straps, chains or stands are required to support cylinders.
14
Cylinder valves are to be protected with the protective cap when not in use (empty or full). “In Use” means that the
cylinder and regulator are attached to another piece of equipment or the gas is in use during that work day.
15
Shelves and containers must be inspected weekly to confirm that no containers are leaking, bulging or have labels
falling off and that the shelves are not rusted or have spilled materials on them.
16
Spill control equipment must be readily available to quickly respond to minor releases of the types of chemicals used
and hazardous waste generated in your laboratory. It is the responsibility of each laboratory to purchase their own spill
kits.
17
Incompatible materials (i.e. acids and bases, oxidizers and organics) must be separated by either secondary
containment or by distance (preferred).
18
Satellite Accumulation Area (SAA) must be under the control of the individual directly responsible for the process that
generates the waste. SAA must be at or near each specific point of generation where wastes initially accumulate.
Q# LaboratorySafetyInspectionFormResponses
19 MaximumcapacityofcontainersstoredateachSAAis55gallonsofhazardouswasteand/oronequartofacutely
hazardouswaste.Whentheamountofhazardouswasteexceeds55gallonsortheamountofacutelyhazardouswaste
exceedsonequart,theexcesswasteshallbedatedimmediatelyandwithin3
days,movedtothemainstorageareaand
comeintocompliancewithallregulationspertainingtothatarea.Toarrangeforahazardouswastepickupforwaste
thathasexceededitsstoragecapacity,submitaWorkOrderorcall6314202105forfurtherinstruction.
20 Containersmustbeingoodcondition
(freeofrustand/orstructuraldamage).
21 Eachcontainershallbemarkedwiththewords"HazardousWaste".
22 Eachcontainershallbemarkedwiththefullchemicalnamesofallhazardousconstituents(e.g.,acetone,toluene); do
notuseabbreviationsorformulas.
23 Allhazardouswastestoragecontainersmustbekeptclosedunlessaddingorremovingwaste.
24 Secondarycontainmentcapableofcontaining10%ofthetotalvolumeofallwastecontainersbeingstoredor110%of
thelargestcontainermustbeusedforallliquidhazardouswastecontainersstoredatornear
adrain.Secondary
containmentbinscanbeobtainedbycallingtheEH&SOfficerat6314202105
25 Secondarycontainmentcapableofcontaining10%ofthetotalvolumeofallliquidwastecontainersbeingstoredor
110%ofthelargestliquidcontainermustbeingoodcondition(freeofcracks,gapsand
impervioustoleaks).Secondary
containmentbinscanbeobtainedbycallingtheEH&SOfficerat6314202105.
26 Incompatiblehazardouswastes(i.e.acidsandbases,oxidizersandorganics)mustbeseparatedbyeithersecondary
containmentorbydistance(preferred).
27 Allsharpswastemustbedisposedofinaproperlylabeled,
punctureresistantcontainerthatiskeptclosedwhennotin
use.
28 AllRMWmustbedisposedofbyusingaredRMWbagandstoredwithinaproperlylabeledoutercardboardboxorin
anotherapproved ,alternativecontainer(i.e.55gallonfiberboarddrum).
29 Allbiologicalmaterialsmustbestoredin
asecurelocationtoensurethattheyaresafefrominadvertentexposuresand
misusebyunauthorizedusers.
30 Alllabsworkingwithbiologicalmaterialsmustdisinfectbenchtopsdailyandafteranyspillswithadisinfectanteffective
forthebiologicalagentsinuse.
31 Alllabsusingorstoringinfectiousagentsmustposta
biohazardsignthatappropriatelyidentifiesthehazard(s).
32 AllpersonnelworkingatBSL2orabovemustwearprotectiveclothing(labcoats,gowns,orscrubs)whenworkingwith
biohazardousmaterials.
33 BiologicalSafetyCabinetsrequireannualcertificationtoensurethattheywillcontainbiohazardousmaterialsand
adequatelyprotectlabpersonnel.
34 Allroomsauthorized
forusewithradioactivematerialsmusthavea"CautionRadioactiveMaterials"signpostedonthe
exteriordoor.
35 Allcontainersusedtodisposeofradioactivewastemusthavearadioactiveinventorylogsheetanda"caution
radioactivematerials"stickerontheexteriorofthecontainer.
36 Allinstrumentsusedinthelaboratory
todetectandmonitorradioactivitymustbecalibratedatleastonceperyear.
37 Allareasinthelaboratorythatareusedforresearchwithradioactivematerialsmustbeclearlydelineatedfrom
nonradioactivematerialuseareas.
38 Thefreezer,refrigerator,cabinetusedtostorevialsofradioactivematerialsmustbeposted
witha"CautionRadioactive
Materials"sticker.
39 Vialscontainingradioactivematerialwithinafreezermustbesecuredinsidea"lockbox".
Appendix G
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Air Contaminants, 29 CFR 1910.1000, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances (1993).
American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Eye and Face Protection Devices.
ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2010.
Annual Report on Carcinogens. National Toxicology Program U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, Public Health Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,
(latest edition).
ANSI/AIHA Z102005, “Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems.
Bretherick, L. Bretherick’s Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. 4th edition. Boston, MA:
Butterworth and Company, 1990.
Code of Federal Regulations, 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart Z. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC (latest edition).
DHHS, NIH, ORF and ORS NIH Waste Disposal Guide. Version 1, from
http://orf.od.nih.gov/environmentalprotection/wastedisposal/Pages/default.aspx
EPA’s Chemical Compatibility Chart, retrieved March 3, 2014, from
http://www.ehs.harvard.edu/sites/ehs.harvard.edu/files/chemical_waste_chemical_compatibility_
chart.pdf
Facility Management. National Institutes of Health Office of Research Facilities, from
http://orf2.od.nih.gov/PropertyManagement/FacilityManagement.asp
Gottesman, Dr. Michael. (2008, June 26). Appropriate Laboratory Clothing and Mandatory Use
of PPE. National Institutes of Health Office of Research Services, from
http://www.ors.od.nih.gov/sr/dohs/Documents/AppropriateLabClothing.pdf
Handbook of Laboratory Safety. 5th edition, Ed. A. Keith Furr. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc.,
2000.
Hazard Communication, 29 CFR 1910.1200 (1994, revised 2012).
Introduction to Laboratory Safety. National Institutes of Health Office of Management, Division
of Occupational Health and Safety, from https://www.safetytraining.nih.govNIH Division of
Occupational Health and Safety | March 2014 | 18
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Albany
NY: World Health Organization Publications Center, (latest edition).
National Research Council (US) Committee on Prudent Practices in the Laboratory. Prudent
Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Management of Chemical Hazards: Updated Version.
Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55878/.
NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection
Association, 2008.
NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids. Quincy,
MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1994.
NFPA 45 Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals. Quincy, MA: National Fire
Protection Association, 2011.
NFPA 491M Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection
Association, 1991.
NIH Policy Manual, Chapter 26101-42-F: Shipping Policies and Procedures. (2008, February
26). Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http://oma1.od.nih.gov/manualchapters/acquisitions/26101-
42-F/
NIH Policy Manual, 3015: Admittance of Minors to Hazardous Areas. (2010, June 1). Retrieved
March 3, 2014, from http://oma1.od.nih.gov/manualchapters/intramural/3015/.
NIH Supply Catalog, National Institutes of Health Office of Logistics and Acquisition
Operations, from http://nihsc.od.nih.gov/Forms/NIH%20SC%20Supply%20Catalog.pdf
NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. NIOSH Pub. No. 85-114, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1985 (or latest edition).
Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, 29 CFR 1910.1450 (1990).
Pohanish, Richard P., Green, S. A. Wiley. Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities, 3rd Edition.
New York, NY: John and Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009.
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. Washington, DC:
National Academies Press, 1995.NIH Division of Occupational Health and Safety | March 2014 |
19
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, revised annually, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Respiratory Protection, 29 CFR 1910.134 (1998).
Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. 7
th edition. Washington, DC: American Chemical
Society, 2003. (2 volume set).
Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratories. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003.
Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (latest edition)
Twelfth Report on Carcinogens. (2011). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National
Toxicology Program, from http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf.
Appendix H
RECORD OF TRAINING
RECORD OF TRAINING
Employee Name:
SS Number or RAM ID:
Job Assignment:
Job Location:
The above-named employee has received training, as specified in the applicable Chemical
Hygiene Plan, in the following areas (check all that apply):
Federal & state chemical hygiene
standards
Location and content of the
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Hazards of chemicals in the
workplace
Proper procedures for requesting
authorization to obtain and use
chemicals considered too hazardous
for general school laboratories
Labeling and storage practices,
and information to interpret labels
Location and content of SDSs
Location of safety references
Location and proper use of
protective apparel & equipment
Appropriate first aid techniques
Procedures for responding to
chemical exposures
Procedures for reporting accidents
Methods to detect presence or
release of hazardous chemicals
used in the laboratory
Proper operation of fire extinguisher
Trainer: ___________________________ ___________________________ _____________
Printed Name Signature Date
Employee: _________________________ ___________________________ _____________
Printed Name Signature Date
Submit this original, signed Record of Training to the Chemical Hygiene Officer at Horton
Hall and maintain a copy for your records.
Chemical Hygiene Officer Date of Receipt: _____________
Chemical Hygiene Officer: _________________________ ___________________________
Printed Name Signature