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2
52
✯
Chapter 3
Why It Matters Now
The landforms, waterways, trees,
and plants give each subregion
its unique character.
TERMS & NAMES OBJECTIVES MAIN IDEA
subregion, Coastal Plains
region, escarpment, growing
season, North Central
Plains region, steppe, Great
Plains region, aquifer,
Mountains and Basins
region
1. Identify the location of each natural
subregion of Texas.
2. Compare the regions and subregions
of Texas.
As you learned in Chapter 1, Texas
can be divided into four regions.
Now you will see how the lands
within each region can be further
divided. By analyzing similarities
and differences, we can further
classify Texas into 11 subregions.
Identifying the
Four Regions of Texas
Identifying the
Four Regions of Texas
subregion a smaller division
of a geographic region
escarpment a cliff or abrupt
break in the land’s surface
Write your response
to Interact with History
in your Texas Notebook.
WHAT Would You Do?
Imagine that you are a member of the Texas Film Commission. Your
job is to persuade moviemakers to shoot their films in Texas. To do
this, you must be able to direct them to a location that matches the
setting of their story. Where in Texas might you send a film crew to
shoot a horror movie about a mysterious forest creature? What if the
movie were about rock climbers? What if it were about being stranded
on an uninhabited planet? Explain your reasoning.
Dividing Up Texas
Natural regions are determined by physical geography features such
as landforms, climate, and vegetation. Texas can be divided into four
large natural regions: the Coastal Plains, North Central Plains, Great
Plains, and Mountains and Basins regions. The first three natural regions
can also be divided into smaller
subregions. The Mountains and Basins
region does not have subregions.
Coastal Plains Region
The Coastal Plains region includes about one-third of Texas. It
extends east and south from the Balcones
Escarpment to the Gulf of
Mexico. Most of Texas’s large cities are in the Coastal Plains. As a result,
the Coastal Plains region is home to more people than any other part of
Texas. About two out of every three Texans live in the Coastal Plains.
Piney Woods
The name Piney Woods accurately reflects this area of pine forests in
Texas. This subregion extends from the Texas-Louisiana border to the
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Page 1 of 6
west for about 125 miles. It also extends from the Oklahoma state line
south to where the coastal prairies begin, about 25 miles from the coast.
The Piney Woods is the rainiest part of Texas, receiving about 45 to
60 inches of precipitation per year. Its
growing season is about 230 to
265 days. Its elevation is low, only 100 to 400 feet above sea level.
Post Oak Belt
The Post Oak Belt is west of the Piney Woods. It is a long, narrow zone
where pine trees are replaced by oak, hickory, and other hardwood trees.
Prairie grasslands are scattered throughout the area as well. The climate in
the Post Oak Belt is drier than in the Piney Woods, with
about 30 to 45 inches of precipitation per year. Its growing
season ranges from 230 to 280 days. The elevation is slightly
higher than the Piney Woods—from 250 to 500 feet above
sea level.
Blackland Prairie
The Blackland Prairie, another long, narrow area, from
15 to 70 miles wide and nearly 300 miles long. The Blackland
Prairie follows the Balcones Escarpment from near the
Oklahoma border down to San Antonio and beyond, to the
United States–Mexico border.
Texas Regions
✯
53
El Paso
Beaumont
Austin
San Antonio
Corpus Christi
Laredo
Brownsville
Kingsville
Orange
Killeen
Temple
Piney
Woods
High
Plains
Rolling
Plains
MOUNTAINS
AND
BASINS
Edwards
Plateau
Llano
Basin
South
Texas
Plain
Cross
Timbers
Grand
Prairie
Blackland
Prairie
Post
Oak
Belt
G
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f
C
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s
t
a
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P
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a
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G
R
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A
T
P
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A
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S
NORTH CENTRAL PLAINS
C
O
A
S
T
A
L
P
L
A
I
N
S
Guadalupe
Peak
B
a
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c
o
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s
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C
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0
200 Miles
300 Kilometers
0
MOUNTAINS AND BASINS
Piney Woods
South Texas Plain
Post Oak Belt
Gulf Coastal Plain
Blackland Prairie
COASTAL PLAINS
Grand Prairie
Cross Timbers
Rolling Plains
NORTH CENTRAL PLAINS GREAT PLAINS
Llano Basin
High Plains
Edwards Plateau
MOUNTAINS
AND
BASINS
GREAT
PLAINS
NORTH
CENTRAL
PLAINS
COASTAL
PLAINS
N
Wichita Falls
Abilene
Fort Worth
Houston
Dallas
Odessa
Midland
Lubbock
Amarillo
growing season the average
number of days between the last
killing frost of spring and the
first killing frost of fall
Texas’s four natural regions can be divided into 11 subregions. The Mountains and Basins region has no subregions.
●
In which subregion
is Laredo located?
▲
Caddo Lake in the Piney Woods
subregion of the Coastal Plains is
known for its giant cypress trees,
floating lotus, and plentiful fish.
It is Texas’s only natural lake.
●
Why
do you think this area was popular
among Native Texans?
▲
Subregions of Texas
TXSE_1_03_p046-067 11/21/02 4:29 PM Page 53
Page 2 of 6
Spanish and Mexican settlers
lived in the South Texas Plain
before the Texas Revolution,
and many families still live
there. Since then, others have
continued to move in, creat-
ing a largely Hispanic popula-
tion in the area. In fact, in
most counties in the South
Texas Plain, the population
is over 75 percent Hispanic;
in some counties, it is over
90 percent Hispanic.
●
If you
were to visit South Texas,
what languages would you
most likely hear?
PLACE
The Blackland Prairie receives 30 to 45 inches of rain per year. The
growing season is from 230 days in the north to 280 days in the south.
Elevation ranges from 400 feet to nearly 800 feet above sea level. The soils
of the Blackland Prairie are not good for growing most trees, so the vege-
tation is largely tall prairie grasses with a few hardwood trees.
Gulf Coastal Plain
The Gulf Coastal Plain forms a large arc that follows the coast of
the Gulf of Mexico from the Sabine River westward for about 260 miles
to Kingsville. It extends inland about 30 to 60 miles. Elevations in the
Gulf Coastal Plain are generally below 100 feet, and the climate is
humid. Rainfall varies from 50 inches near Beaumont to 25 inches in the
Corpus Christi area. Temperatures are warm, and the growing season is
long, from 240 days near Beaumont and Orange to as much as 309 days
in Corpus Christi.
South Texas Plain
If you were to draw an imaginary line from San Antonio to
Kingsville, the South Texas Plain would fall between that line and the
Rio Grande. This area is about 270 miles long from north to south and
about 250 miles wide from east to west. Elevations range from sea level
to just under 1,000 feet above sea level. In this southernmost part of
Texas, the climate is warm year round. The growing season ranges from
265 days near San Antonio to 341 days at Brownsville. Maximum rain-
fall is about 30 inches per year near San Antonio. The minimum is less
than 20 inches near Laredo.
North Central Plains Region
The North Central Plains region begins at the Balcones Escarpment
and extends west as far as the Caprock Escarpment. The North Central
Plains is an area of rolling plains often covered by small oak trees, mesquite,
brush, and scattered grasses. The subregions of the
North Central Plains are a series of land belts extend-
ing north and south through the north-central part
of the state. These subregions become increasingly
drier and higher in elevation from east to west.
Grand Prairie
This long, narrow belt extends from near the
Red River southward almost to Temple and Killeen.
Elevations range from 800 to 1,700 feet. The area
gets about 30 inches of precipitation per year, with
more rainfall in the east and less in the west. The
growing season is from 230 to 260 days. Soils in the
Grand Prairie are not good for growing trees. The
vegetation mostly consists of tall grasses and scat-
tered hardwood trees, especially along streams in
the area.
54
✯
Chapter 3
Most of the North Central Plains
region is relatively flat and dry.
●
What are the main types of vegeta-
tion in this region?
▲
TXSE_1_03_p046-067 11/21/02 4:29 PM Page 54
Page 3 of 6
Texas Regions
✯
55
steppe a vast, treeless plain
T
he pecan tree, native to more
than 150 counties in Texas,
has become a major source of
income for the Lone Star State.
It is the only nut grown in
Texas for profit. In 1910 over
5 million pounds of pecans
were produced in Texas. By the
end of the 1990s,
production topped
35 million
pounds and
brought in
more than
$52 million.
TEXAS PECANS
Cross Timbers
The Cross Timbers subregion surrounds the Grand Prairie. Because
of this, it is divided into the Eastern Cross Timbers and the Western
Cross Timbers. The main difference between the Cross Timbers and the
Grand Prairie is that soils in the Cross Timbers are capable of growing
trees such as post oaks, hickories, pecans, and elms. Rainfall in the Cross
Timbers measures about 30 inches per year. The elevation ranges from
900 to 1,500 feet, and the growing season is about 240 days.
Rolling Plains
The Rolling Plains is the largest subregion of the North Central
Plains. It begins west of the Cross Timbers and ends at the Caprock
Escarpment. Rainfall in the Rolling Plains varies as you travel east to west.
The eastern areas get around 30 inches per year, but the western areas
usually get less than 20 inches. Elevations range from 900 feet in the east
to over 2,000 feet in the west. The growing season is about 220 days.
The Rolling Plains subregion is largely a
steppe. That is, the land is
relatively flat and treeless. Vegetation generally consists of mixed short
grasses along with mesquite and other brushy plants. Much of the Rolling
Plains serves as grazing lands for large ranches.
Great Plains Region
The Great Plains region has three subregions. Two are large
plateaus—the High Plains and the Edwards Plateau. The third subregion,
the Llano Basin, is an area that is very different from any other part
of Texas.
Llano Basin
The Llano Basin lies almost in the center of Texas. It forms an egg-
shaped area south of the North Central Plains and east of the Balcones
Escarpment. The Llano Basin is made up of granite, a very hard rock
that is formed when molten rock cools slowly under the
earth’s surface. The pink granite that was used to build
the Texas Capitol building in Austin came from the
Llano Basin. The elevation of this subregion ranges
between 1,000 and 1,800 feet above sea level.
Precipitation averages about 30 inches per year, and the
growing season lasts about 230 days. The vegetation is
made up of mesquite, live oak and post oak trees, and
short grasses. Pecan and oak trees often grow in low
areas and along streams.
Edwards Plateau
The Edwards Plateau makes up the southern part of
the Great Plains region. It lies north and west of the
Balcones Escarpment. The plateau is primarily made of
limestone, which has dissolved in spots to form a number
The vast, treeless High Plains subre-
gion of the Great Plains is broken by
Palo Duro Canyon (at bottom of
photo), which was formed by
erosion.
●
What challenges might
farmers in this region face?
▲
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Page 4 of 6
56
✯
Chapter 3
T
he Edwards Aquifer extends
under parts of 10 Texas
counties and supplies water
for communities from San
Antonio to the Gulf Coast.
In 1975 the San Antonio
section of the aquifer was
the first in the nation to be
named a Sole-Source Aquifer
by the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. A Sole-Source
Aquifer provides 50 percent
or more of the drinking water
for a particular area.
EDWARDS AQUIFER
of caves and underwater streams. The Edwards Aquifer is a large bed of
water-bearing rock that supplies water for San Antonio and many other
communities below the Balcones Escarpment.
The Edwards Plateau is mainly between 1,000 and 3,000 feet above
sea level. Precipitation ranges from about 18 to 30 inches per year. The
growing season is estimated to last from 210 to 220 days each year.
High Plains
The High Plains, also known as the Llano Estacado, is one of the
flattest places on earth. It was once covered with vast stretches of short
grasses, like a steppe. Today, the High Plains is a major farming area.
The High Plains subregion extends west from the Rolling Plains to
the Pecos River in New Mexico. The climate is dry, with precipitation
amounting to less than 20 inches per year. The elevation of the High
Plains ranges from 3,000 feet to over 4,000 feet above sea level. The
growing season ranges from 220 days in the south to only about 180 days
in the north along the Oklahoma border.
Mountains and Basins Region
This part of Texas is made up of tall mountains separated by large
basins, or closed valleys. Most of the mountains receive enough rainfall
to support forests of oak, piñon, and ponderosa pine trees. In contrast,
the lower elevations and basins are desert country, with cactus, shrubs,
short grasses, and other kinds of vegetation that can live a long time
without water. Overall, this region receives litttle rain, ranging from a
low of 8.8 inches per year near El Paso to almost 20 inches per year in
higher areas. The growing season is usually between 220 and 245 days.
Elevations in the Mountains and Basins region vary widely. For
instance, this region contains the highest point in Texas—Guadalupe
Peak, which stands 8,751 feet tall. On the other hand, some parts of this
region reach an elevation of only about 2,500 feet.
Summing Up Texas Regions
With so many plains, plateaus, and mountains, Texas
boasts a very diverse landscape. In fact, learning to identify
the many different regions in Texas can be difficult. How
can you make Texas geography a little easier to understand?
One way is by generalizing, or finding common character-
istics among specific areas in Texas. Different parts of the
state have different kinds of landforms. By making gener-
alizations, we can simplify how we study these landforms.
One generalization you might make is that some areas
have lower elevations and some have higher elevations. The
Balcones Escarpment is very important because it divides
the lowest parts of Texas from higher areas. The Coastal
Plains areas east and south of the Balcones Escarpment
aquifer an underground layer
of porous rock, gravel, or sand
containing water that may
reach the surface through springs
or wells
The Guadalupe Mountains in the
Mountains and Basins Region rise
high above the surrounding desert.
●
What kind of climate would you
expect in this region?
▲
TXSE_1_03_p046-067 11/21/02 4:29 PM Page 56
Page 5 of 6
Texas Regions
✯
57
are all low and flat. West of the Balcones Escarpment the land is more
varied. Also, the North Central Plains region is higher and hillier than
the Coastal Plains. You can see the difference right away when you cross
the Balcones Escarpment.
The Great Plains is largely an elevated plateau. It is even flatter than
the Coastal Plains, but it contains deep canyons in some areas. Steep
cliffs mark part of the plateau’s edge. Only in the Llano Basin does the
land become hilly.
The Mountains and Basins region is the only part of Texas where
there are mountains. It is a large area of land with high mountain ranges
separated by broad, flat-bottomed valleys called basins. This is the most
distinctive landscape in Texas.
At the Balcones Escarpment, the
Blackland Prairie breaks sharply into
the Hill Country. Austin, San Antonio,
and other cities along Interstate 35
are located on or near the escarp-
ment.
●
Why is the Balcones Escarp-
ment an important physical landmark?
▲
Terms & Names
Identify:
• subregion
• escarpment
•growing season
• steppe
• aquifer
Organizing Information
Use a diagram like the one
shown to categorize each
subregion as having a rela-
tively high elevation or low
elevation. In the ovals, list
the common characteristics
of all the subregions
contained in each box.
Critical Thinking
1. Which region of Texas is
least like the other
regions of the state?
Why?
2. Which of the regions or
subregions of Texas might
be best suited for farming?
for ranching? for neither?
Why?
Interact with History
Review your response to
Interact with History in
your Texas Notebook. How
would you refine your
instructions to each
moviemaker? Explain in
detail which area of Texas
you would choose for each
movie location and why.
ACTIVITY
Geography
Determine which region you live in. Then choose a different region, and create a chart to compare the
regions. How are they similar? How are they different?
2
SUBREGIONS OF TEXAS
Higher Elevations
Lower Elevations
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Page 6 of 6
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