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Recognizing Effects Use
a chart to list the effects
of scientific and
technological
developments.
TAKING NOTES
Communica
t
ion
s
H
ealth a
nd
M
edicin
e
G
ree
n
R
evolu
t
io
n
Developmen
ts
E
ffec
ts
Global Interdependence 1071
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Advances in technology after
World War II led to increased
global interaction and improved
quality of life.
Advances in science and
technology affect the lives of
people around the world.
• International
Space Station
• Internet
• genetic
engineering
• cloning
•green
revolution
1
SETTING THE STAGE Beginning in the late 1950s, the United States and the
Soviet Union competed in the exploration of space. The Soviets launched Earth’s
first artificial satellite and put the first human in orbit around the planet. By the
late 1960s, however, the United States had surpassed the Soviets. U.S. astronauts
landed on the moon in 1969. The heavy emphasis on science and technology that
the space race required led to the development of products that changed life for
people across the globe.
Exploring the Solar System and Beyond
In its early years, competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in
the space race was intense. Eventually, however, space exploration became one
of the world’s first and most successful arenas for cooperation between U.S. and
Soviet scientists.
Cooperation in Space In 1972, years before the end of the Cold War, the United
States and Soviet space programs began work on a cooperative project—the dock-
ing of U.S. and Soviet spacecraft in orbit. This goal was achieved on July 17,
1975, when spacecraft from the two countries docked some 140 miles above
Earth. Television viewers across the globe watched as the hatch between the space
vehicles opened and crews from Earth’s fiercest rival countries greeted each other.
This first cooperative venture in space between the United States and the
Soviet Union was an isolated event. People from different countries, however,
continued to work together to explore space. The Soviets were the first to send
an international crew into space. The crew of Soyuz 28, which orbited Earth in
1978, included a Czech cosmonaut. Since the mid-1980s, crews on United States
space shuttle flights have included astronauts from Saudi Arabia, France,
Germany, Canada, Italy, Japan, Israel, and Mexico. (Space shuttles are larger
than other spacecraft and are reusable.) Shuttle missions put crews in orbit
around Earth to accomplish a variety of scientific and technological tasks.
The space shuttle is being used in the most ambitious cooperative space ven-
ture. The project, sponsored by the United States, Russia, and 14 other nations,
involves the building of the
International Space Station (ISS). Since 1998,
U.S. shuttles and Russian spacecraft have transported sections of the ISS to be
assembled in space. By the time it is completed, the ISS will cover an area the size
The Impact of
Science and Technology
Page 1 of 4
1072 Chapter 36
of a football field and house a crew of six. Since October 2000, smaller crews have
been working aboard the ISS. By early 2003, they had conducted more than 100
experiments. However, the suspension of the shuttle program after the crash of the
shuttle Columbia in February 2003 put the future of the ISS in question.
Exploring the Universe Unmanned space probes have been used to study the far-
ther reaches of the solar system. The Soviet Venera spacecraft in the 1970s and the
U.S. probe Magellan in 1990 provided in-depth information about Venus. On a 12-
year journey that began in 1977, the U.S. Voy ag e r 2 sent dazzling pictures of Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune back to Earth. Both the United States and the Soviet
Union have shown particular interest in the planet Mars. The United States probe
Pathfinder, which landed on Mars in 1997, provided spectacular results.
In 1990, the U.S. space agency, NASA, and the European space agency, ESA,
worked together to develop and launch the Hubble Space Telescope. This orbiting
telescope continues to observe and send back images of objects in the most remote
regions of the universe.
Expanding Global Communications
Since the 1960s, artificial satellites launched into orbit around Earth have aided
worldwide communications. With satellite communication, the world has been
gradually transformed into a global village. Today, political and cultural events
occurring in one part of the world often are witnessed live by people thousands of
miles away. This linking of the globe through worldwide communications is made
possible by the miniaturization of the computer.
Smaller, More Powerful Computers In the 1940s, when computers first came
into use, they took up a huge room. The computer required fans or an elaborate air-
conditioning system to cool the vacuum tubes that powered its operations. In the
years since then, however, the circuitry that runs the computer has been miniatur-
ized and made more powerful. This change is due, in part, to the space program,
for which equipment had to be downsized to fit into tiny space
capsules. Silicon chips replaced the bulky vacuum tubes used ear-
lier. Smaller than contact lenses, silicon chips hold millions of
microscopic circuits.
Following this development, industries began to use computers
and silicon chips to run assembly lines. Today a variety of con-
sumer products such as microwave ovens, telephones, keyboard
instruments, and cars use computers and chips. Computers have
become essential in most offices, and millions of people around
the globe have computers in their homes.
Hypothesizing
Why might rival
nations cooperate
in space activities
but not on Earth?
▲
This view of the
ISS was taken from
the space shuttle
Endeavor.
▼ Some
computers are
so small that
they can be held
in the hand.
Page 2 of 4
Percentage of Population
Online aged 16+
0
20
40
60
80
100
SpainFranceItalyGermanyGreat
Britain
Hong
Kong
AustraliaNether-
lands
United
States
Sweden
Source: Nielsen/NetRatings
Access to the Internet, 2002
Some Major Internet Nations (By Percentage of Population Online)Internet Users Worldwide
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
Europe
Middle East
Canada and U.S.
Latin America
6.31 million
187.24 million
190.91 million
5.12 million
182.67 million
33.35 million
605.60 millionWorldwide
Source: Nua Internet Surveys
Global Interdependence 1073
Summarizing
What types of
technology have
recently changed
the workplace?
Communications Networks Starting in the 1990s, businesses and individuals
began using the
Internet.The Internet is the voluntary linkage of computer net-
works around the world. It began in the late 1960s as a method of linking scientists
so they could exchange information about research. Through telephone-line links,
business and personal computers can be hooked up with computer networks. These
networks allow users to communicate with people across the nation and around the
world. Between 1995 and late 2002, the number of worldwide Internet users soared
from 26 million to more than 600 million.
Conducting business on the Internet has become a way of life for many. The
Internet, along with fax machines, transmits information electronically to remote
locations. Both paved the way for home offices and telecommuting—working at
home using a computer connected to a business network. Once again, as it has
many times in the past, technology has changed how and where people work.
Transforming Human Life
Advances with computers and communications networks have transformed not only
the ways people work but lifestyles as well. Technological progress in the sciences,
medicine, and agriculture has improved the quality of the lives of millions of people.
Health and Medicine Before World War II, surgeons seldom performed operations
on sensitive areas such as the eye or the brain. However, in the 1960s and 1970s,
new technologies, such as more powerful microscopes, the laser, and ultrasound,
were developed. Many of these technologies advanced surgical techniques.
Advances in medical imaging also helped to improve health care. Using data
provided by CAT scans and MRI techniques, doctors can build three-dimensional
images of different organs or regions of the body. Doctors use these images to
diagnose injuries, detect tumors, or collect other medical information.
In the 1980s, genetics, the study of heredity through research on genes, became
a fast-growing field of science. Found in the cells of all organisms, genes are
hereditary units that cause specific traits, such as eye color, in every living organ-
ism. Technology allowed scientists to isolate and examine individual genes that are
responsible for different traits. Through
genetic engineering, scientists were able
to introduce new genes into an organism to give that organism new traits.
Another aspect of genetic engineering is
cloning. This is the creation of identi-
cal copies of DNA, the chemical chains of genes that determine heredity. Cloning
actually allows scientists to reproduce both plants and animals that are identical to
SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Charts and Graphs
1. Comparing In which world region do most Internet users live?
2. Drawing Conclusions How would you describe most of the nations with large percentages
of their populations online?
Page 3 of 4
existing plants and animals. The application of genetics
research to everyday life has led to many breakthroughs,
especially in agriculture.
The Green Revolution In the 1960s, agricultural scientists
around the world started a campaign known as the
green
revolution. It was an attempt to increase food production
worldwide. Scientists promoted the use of fertilizers, pesti-
cides, and high-yield, disease-resistant strains of a variety of
crops. The green revolution helped avert famine and
increase crop yields in many parts of the world.
However, the green revolution had its negative side.
Fertilizers and pesticides often contain dangerous chemicals
that may cause cancer and pollute the environment. Also,
the cost of the chemicals and the equipment to harvest more
crops was far too expensive for an average peasant farmer.
Consequently, owners of small farms received little benefit
from the advances in agriculture. In some cases, farmers
were forced off the land by larger agricultural businesses.
Advances in genetics research seem to be helping to fulfill
some of the goals of the green revolution. In this new “gene
revolution,” resistance to pests is bred into plant strains,
reducing the need for pesticides. Plants being bred to tolerate
poor soil conditions also reduce the need for fertilizers. The
gene revolution involves some risks, including the accidental
creation of disease-causing organisms. However, the revolution holds great promise
for increasing food production in a world with an expanding population.
Science and technology have changed the lives of millions of people. What peo-
ple produce and even their jobs have changed. These changes have altered the
economies of nations. Not only have nations become linked through communica-
tions networks but they are also linked in a global economic network, as you will
see in Section 2.
Molecular Medicine
In 2003, scientists employed on the
Human Genome Project completed
work on a map of the thousands of
genes contained in DNA—human
genetic material. The information
provided by this map has helped in
the development of a new field of
medicine. Called “molecular
medicine,” it focuses on how genetic
diseases develop and progress.
Researchers in molecular medicine
are working to identify the genes that
cause various diseases. This will help
in detecting diseases in their early
stages of development. Another area
of interest to researchers is gene
therapy. This involves replacing a
patient’s diseased genes with normal
ones. The ultimate aim of workers in
this field is to create “designer drugs”
based on a person’s genetic makeup.
1074 Chapter 36
TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• International Space Station • Internet • genetic engineering • cloning • green revolution
USING YOUR NOTES
2. Which of the three develop-
ments do you think has had
the greatest global effect?
Why?
MAIN IDEAS
3. How does the development of
the International Space Station
show that space exploration
has become a cooperative
endeavor?
4. How has the development of
the computer and the Internet
changed the way people work?
5. What areas of medicine have
benefited from scientific and
technological developments?
SECTION ASSESSMENT
1
CREATING A GRAPH
Conduct research into how people use the Internet. Use your findings to
construct a graph showing the most common Internet activities.
CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING
6. MAKING INFERENCES Why do you think that space
exploration became an arena for cooperation between
the Soviet Union and the United States?
7. HYPOTHESIZING How do you think the Internet will affect
the world of work in the future?
8. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Is there a limit to
how far cloning should go? Why or why not?
9. WRITING ACTIVITY Use
encyclopedia yearbooks and science magazines to identify
a technological advance made in the last year. Write a brief
report on the impact this advance has had on daily life.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CONNECT TO TODAY
Communication
s
H
ealth a
nd
M
edicin
e
G
reen
R
evolu
t
io
n
Develo
p
men
ts
E
ffec
ts
Recognizing
Effects
What are some
of the positive and
negative effects of
genetic engineering?
Page 4 of 4
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