The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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Finding the Beauty in Suffering
After failing to catch a single fish for 84 days, old Cuban fisherman, Santiago, makes the catch of
a lifetime: a massive marlin too strong to reel in. For three days, Santiago struggles against the
monstrous and beautiful fish in an epic battle between man and beast. What will this battle
teach Santiago about nature, suffering, and ultimately, himself?
Be a Better Reader
As you work through the study guide for The Old Man and the Sea, you’ll also practice these skills, which
will help you when you read novels in the future, for school assignments or just for fun.
1. Describe how characters in a novel are developed.
2.
D
escribe the plot development and structure of a novel.
3.
D
escribe and analyze the role of setting in a novel.
4. Identify and analyze the themes in a novel.
5.
I
dentify and analyze an author’s purpose and perspective.
6.
E
xplain how historical context affects readers’ understanding and appreciation of a novel.
Behind the Scenes
At the age of 18, American author Ernest Hemmingway volunteered as a Red Cross ambulance
driver during World War One. During a battle in Italy, he was badly injured by shrapnel and
forced out of service. His first novel, A Farewell to Arms, fictionalized his wartime experience
and ultimately led him to his new career as a writer. His sparse description and short sentences
revolutionized the literary world, and he soon became known for his hyper-masculine
representation of men. This depiction, however, was actually a representation of Hemingway
himself, who enjoyed fishing, hunting, boxing, and even bullfighting!
In the 1930’s, Hemingway moved to a coastal town in Cuba, surrounding himself with beautiful
scenery in where he found great inspiration. While writing for Esquire Magazine, Hemingway
documented the real-life story of a Cuban fisherman and his battle with a massive marlin. The
fisherman was dragged out to sea by the fish, and during an epic-battle, sharks destroyed the
fisherman’s prized catch. The fisherman was rescued days later, dehydrated and delirious. As
he had done with A Farewell to Arms, Hemmingway fictionalized the moving, real-life events to
create a bestselling novel, The Old Man and the Sea.
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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The Plot
The Old Man and the Sea has a straightforward, linear plot line as Santiago battles against the
massive marlin. How do you think Santiago’s struggle will end? As you read The Old Man and
the Sea, fill in the boxes for each element of the novel’s plot.
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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The Characters
The two main characters in the novel, Santiago and the marlin, are actually very similar even
though one is a man and one is a fish. Both are engaged in an epic battle and face the
harrowing moment in which one must kill or be killed. Hemmingway writes about both
characters in a very similar way!
Use the diagram below to note the characteristics and descriptions Hemingway gives to each
character. Note the description Hemingway gives Santiago in the left circle, and the description
Hemingway gives the marlin in the right circle. Note the characteristics Santiago and the Marlin
share in the center circle.
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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The Setting
For the majority of the novel, Santiago is alone in the middle of the sea. Through Hemingway’s
description, the novel’s setting the sea almost becomes a character in its own right. Use the
diagram below to note descriptions of the sea using all five senses: touch, sight, sound, smell,
and taste. Be sure to include direct quotes from the novelphrases and sentences that are
used to describe the sea as well as explanations in your own words about what these details
suggest.
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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Tracking Themes
What is Ernest Hemmingway trying to say about life and its struggles through Santiago’s battle
with the marlin? The main themes of The Old Man and the Sea are related to determination,
honoring struggle, and death. See if you can identify and analyze those themes.
Step 1: What parts of the plot seem related to a possible theme in the novel? (Think about the
main conflict and how it get resolved or worked out.)
Step 2: Which characters seem related to a possible theme? Consider the secondary characters
(not just Santiago and the marlin). What do these characters suggest about life, struggles, and
death?
Step 3: How does Ernest Hemingway utilize symbols to hint at the novel’s themes? What
objects, people, or places stand for something “bigger” in the story?
Step 4: What does the novel’s title suggest about the novel’s theme? Why do you think
Hemingway named this novel The Old Man and the Sea rather than The Old Man and the
Marlin?
Step 5: Write one or two of the novel’s main themes in your own words.
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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Talk About It
What do you think about Ernest Hemingway’s great novel about a man and a fish? Is it like
other books you’ve read? In the space below each question, write an answer based on your
own experiences and your own understanding of the plot. Include some textual evidence or
examples that helped you arrive at your answer.
1. When The Old Man and the Sea was first released, some literary critics felt Hemingway was
lashing out at them. They read the novel as a symbol for Hemingway’s writing career, in
which Hemingway was symbolized by Santiago and the sharks symbolized the critics. What
message do you think Hemmingway was sending readers through Santiago’s struggle at
sea?
Textual Evidence
2. The ending of The Old Man and the Sea has divided readers for generations. At the end of
the novel, do you think Santiago’s story is one of sadness or of hope? Does it change your
opinion to know that Hemmingway committed suicide after a lifelong struggle with
depression?
Textual Evidence
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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Represent!
Show what you know about The Old Man and the Sea and its message about overcoming
obstacles. Choose one of these projects to complete and share with your teacher, classmates,
and others.
Choice 1: Fictionalizing Personal Struggle
Every day, we face struggles in our lives and must make the decision to give up or continue
battling. The Old Man and the Sea is an epic narrative of one man’s struggle to bring home a
giant marlin, a struggle that lasts three whole days. Santiago’s story is one of great
determination, sadness, and beauty. Throughout our own struggles, we face these same
emotions, but typically on a smaller scale. This resonance is one of the main reasons why The
Old Man and the Sea has been read, studied, and discussed for generations.
For this project, you will create a short story based on a personal struggle that you overcame.
The story can be about any personal struggle, not only a struggle with nature. For example,
your story could be about facing a fear, overcoming an illness, or learning a new skill. The only
requirement is that your story follows a traditional plot structure with rising action, a climax,
and falling action. Remember, you are fictionalizing your personal struggle, so your story should
contain characters, dialogue, and conflict, just like The Old Man and the Sea does!
You can document your three-day struggle as a written diary (which will be delivered as a word
document), or as a recorded and uploaded video diary. As you document your project, be sure
to comment on how your emotional journey compares / contrasts to Santiago’s!
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The Old Man and the Sea Study Guide
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Choice 2: Mapping the Story
The novel’s setting, of the coast of Havana, Cuba almost becomes a character in its own right
through Hemmingway’s evocative descriptions. The sea is present in every element of the
story’s plot, and the world created through Hemmingway’s world is huge, despite the fact that
the story is confined to a small geographical region. In this way, The Old Man and the Sea
creates two vivid maps for the readers: a literal geographical map of the area, and a story map
of the novel’s rising and falling action.
For this project, you will merge the two maps of The Old Man and the Sea together into one
cohesive story map. Using an actual map of Cuba and the novel’s descriptions, create a replica
map of Cuba. Each point of interest on the map should relate to a scene from the novel. For
example, you might note on the map where Santiago’s home is, where the Cuban fishermen
generally cast their lines, and where Santiago hooks the marlin. Your map should contain at
least 10 points of interest from the novel.
There are many different ways in which you may complete this project. You may choose to
illustrate the map, build a topographical map with paper-Mache or clay, or create an animated
or digital map. If you decide illustrate or build a model of the map, upload a your scanned
images / photographs. If you create an animated or digital map, upload a link or compress your
video to make it less than 10 MB, and upload your video file.
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