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The first Great Wall of China was built more
than 2,000 years ago to keep out invaders.
The current wall, which is about 4,000 miles
long, was built about 500 years ago.
c. 1750 B.C.
Shang dynasty
begins
1045 B.C.
Wu Wang
creates
Zhou dynasty
551 B.C.
Confucius
is born
c. A.D. 100
Silk Road
established
1800 B.C. 1150 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 150
1800 B.C. 1150 B.C. 500 B.C. A.D. 150
Early China
D.E. Cox/Getty Images
220-223 CO7-824133 3/9/04 7:56 AM Page 220
Chapter Preview
The ancient Chinese, like the Egyptians, established
long-ruling dynasties. The Chinese valued three great
philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.
View the Chapter 7 video in the World History:
Journey Across Time Video Program.
Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.com for a preview
of Chapter 7.
Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize information
about the important people in the early history of China.
Reading and Writing
As you read the chapter,
list important people and
what they did or taught
during these periods in
Chinese history.
Step 1 Fold a
sheet of paper
in half from
side to side.
221
This will make
three tabs.
China’s
First
Civilizations
Chinese
Philosophers
Qin
and Han
Fold it so the left
edge lies about
inch from the
right edge.
1
2
Step 2 Turn the paper
and fold it into thirds.
Step 3 Unfold and cut the
top layer only along both folds.
Step 4 Turn the paper
and label it as shown.
China’s First Civilizations
Chinese civilization was shaped by geography such
as mountains and large rivers. Long-lasting dynasties
gained power through strong armies.
Life in Ancient China
Early Chinese society had three main social classes:
aristocrats, farmers, and merchants. During periods
of unrest, ideas such as Confucianism and Daoism
developed.
The Qin and Han Dynasties
Both the Qin and Han dynasties created strong
central governments. New inventions developed
during the Han dynasty helped to improve the
lives of Chinese people.
220-223 CO7-824133 3/9/04 8:02 AM Page 221
222
Headings and Punctuation
As you read this chapter, pay attention to bold headings and
punctuation. They are used by authors to help you better understand
what you are reading. Look at the heading on page 235, Chinese
Thinkers. By putting these words in red, the author lets you know,
even before you begin reading, that this part of the chapter is about
famous thinkers in Chinese history. Paying attention to punctuation
marks also can help you understand the text. Look at the punctuation
marks in the paragraph below.
Quotation marks
have several uses.
Here they are used to
set off words taken
from another source.
Text Structure
A colon (:)
tells you that
the words that
follow are an
illustration or
an explana-
tion of the
first part of
the sentence.
Words are
indented to
show where
a new para-
graph and
a new idea
begin.
To Confucius, the best
way to behave was simi-
lar to an idea known as
the Golden Rule: “Do
unto others as you would
have others do unto you.”
—from page 236
Read a section out loud.
Say the names of the
punctuation marks as
you read. This will help
you remember why cer-
tain punctuation marks
are used.
220-223 CO7-824133 3/9/04 8:04 AM Page 222
file photo
223
Winged dragon
from Zhou dynasty
Punctuation Clues
Look at the heading and punctuation in the following
paragraph and answer the questions that follow.
As you read the chapter, jot down
punctuation or section headings that
you do not understand. Write them
in your notebook to discuss later.
Suppose you had a
younger brother, sister,
or friend who was just
learning to read. How
could you explain the
use of punctuation marks
to this person? Write a
step-by-step explanation
of what he or she would
need to know about
periods, commas, colons,
and quotation marks.
Read to Write
1. Based on the heading, what do you
think this section will be about?
2. Why do you think the phrase
“Period of the Warring States”
is in quotation marks?
3. How will you know when a new
paragraph begins?
The Zhou Empire Falls Over time,
the local rulers of the Zhou territories
became powerful. They stopped
obeying the Zhou kings and set up
their own states. In 403 B.C. fighting
broke out. For almost 200 years, the
states battled each other. Historians
call this time the “Period of the
Warring States.”
—from page 231
220-223 CO7-824133 3/21/04 10:03 AM Page 223
C
hina’s
F
irst
C
ivilizations
What’s the Connection?
In earlier chapters, you learned
that many civilizations developed
in river valleys. The civilizations of
China also began in river valleys.
However, other features of the land,
such as mountains and deserts,
affected China’s history as well.
Focusing on the
• Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped
shape China’s civilization.
(page 225)
• Rulers known as the Shang became
powerful because they controlled
land and had strong armies.
(page 226)
• Chinese rulers claimed that the
Mandate of Heaven gave them
the right to rule.
(page 229)
Locating Places
Huang He (HWAHNG HUH)
Chang Jiang (CHAHNG JYAHNG)
Anyang (AHN•YAHNG)
Meeting People
Wu Wang (WOO WAHNG)
Building Your Vocabulary
dynasty (DY•nuh•stee)
aristocrat (uh•RIHS•tuh•KRAT)
pictograph (PIHK•tuh•GRAF)
ideograph (IH•dee•uh•GRAF)
bureaucracy (byu•RAH•kruh•see)
mandate (MAN•DAYT)
Dao (DOW)
Reading Strategy
Summarizing Information Complete
a chart like the one below describing
the characteristics of the Shang and
Zhou dynasties.
c. 1750 B.C.
Shang dynasty
begins
1045 B.C.
Wu Wang
creates Zhou
dynasty
221 B.C.
Qin dynasty
begins
Luoyang
Anyang
1750 B.C.975 B.C. 200 B.C.
1750 B.C.975 B.C. 200 B.C.
224 CHAPTER 7 Early China
Zhou
Dynasty
Shang
Dynasty
Dates
Leadership
Accomplishments
224-231 C7S1-824133 3/9/04 8:29 AM Page 224
China’s Geography
Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped
shape China’s civilization.
Reading Focus Why do you think so many cities and
towns were built beside rivers? Read to learn why rivers
were important to the development of China.
The Huang He (HWAHNG HUH), or
Yellow River, flows across China for more
than 2,900 miles (4,666 km). It gets its name
from the rich yellow soil it carries from
Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean.
Like rivers in early Mesopotamia and
Egypt, China’s Huang He flooded the land.
The flooding was good and bad for the
Chinese. When the river overflowed, many
people drowned and many homes were
destroyed. As a result, the Chinese called
the Huang He “China’s sorrow.”
The river, however, also brought a gift.
When the river flooded, it left behind rich
topsoil in the Huang He valley. As a result,
farmers could grow large amounts of food
on very small farms.
China also has another great river,
called the Chang Jiang
(CHAHNG JYAHNG),
or the Yangtze River. The Chang Jiang is
even longer than the Huang He. It flows
for about 3,400 miles (5,471 km) east across
central China where it empties into the
Yellow Sea. Like the Huang He valley, the
valley of the Chang Jiang also has rich
soil for farming.
CHAPTER 7 Early China 225
600 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
600 mi.
0
N
S
WE
120°E
100°E
80°E
40°N
20°N
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Yellow
Sea
Sea of
Japan
(East Sea)
East
China
Sea
South
China
Sea
e
H
i
e
W
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e
R
.
)
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
CHINA
INDIA
MONGOLIA
JAPAN
GOBI
TAKLIMAKAN
DESERT
KOREAN
PENINSULA
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
T
I
A
N
S
H
A
N
K
U
N
L
U
N
S
H
A
N
A
L
T
U
N
M
T
S
.
Taiwan
Hainan
PLATEAU
OF TIBET
A
L
T
A
Y
M
O
U
N
T
A
I
N
S
The Geography of China
While the country of China has one of
the world’s largest populations, little of
its land can be farmed.
1. What is the name of the desert on
China’s northern border near Mongolia?
2. What effect did China’s mountains and
deserts have on its history?
Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
Motion
In
224-231 C7S1-875047 9/13/06 2:03 PM Page 225
400 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
400 mi.
0
N
S
WE
120°E
40°N
W
e
i
H
e
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e
R
.
)
Yellow
Sea
East
China
Sea
Anyang
226 CHAPTER 7 Early China
The Shang probably built the first
Chinese cities.
1. What rivers were found within
the borders of the Shang dynasty?
2. In what part of the Shang
kingdom was Anyang found?
Even though China has rich soil along
its rivers, only a little more than one-tenth
of its land can be farmed. That is because
mountains and deserts cover most of the
land. The towering Himalaya close off
China to the southwest. The Kunlun Shan
and Tian Shan are mountain ranges on
China’s western border. The Gobi, a vast,
cold, rocky desert, spreads east from the
mountains. These mountains and deserts
shaped much of Chinese history. They were
like a wall around the Chinese, separating
them from most other peoples.
Over time, the Chinese people united to
form one kingdom. They called their home-
land “the Middle Kingdom.” To them, it
was the world’s center and its leading civi-
lization. The Chinese developed a way of
life that lasted into modern times.
Identify
Name two rivers
important to early Chinese civilizations.
The Shang Dynasty
Rulers known as the Shang became
powerful because they controlled land and had
strong armies.
Reading Focus Who are the leaders in your commu-
nity? What gives them their power? Read to learn
why some people in early China had more power than
others.
Little is known about how Chinese civi-
lization began. Archaeologists, however,
have found pottery in the Huang He valley
dating back thousands of years. These arti-
facts show that the Huang He valley was
the first center of Chinese civilization.
Archaeologists think that people stayed in
the valley and farmed the land because of
rich soil. As their numbers rose, they began
building towns, and soon after, the first
Chinese civilization began.
China’s first rulers were probably part of
the Xia (SYAH) dynasty. A dynasty (DY•
nuh •stee) is a line of rulers who belong
to the same family. Little is known
about the Xia. We know more about the
next dynasty, the Shang. The Shang kings
ruled from about 1750 B.C. to 1045 B.C.
Who Were the Shang? Archaeologists
have found huge walls, royal palaces, and
royal tombs from the time of the Shang.
These remains show that the Shang may
have built the first Chinese cities. One of
these cities was Anyang (AHN • YAHNG) in
northern China. Anyang was China’s first
capital. From there, the Shang kings ruled
the early Chinese people.
The people of the Shang dynasty were
divided into groups. The most powerful
group was the king and his family. The first
Shang king ruled over a small area in north-
ern China. His armies used chariots and
bronze weapons to take over nearby areas.
Shang Empire
224-231 C7S1-824133 7/15/04 4:09 PM Page 226
In time, the Shang kings ruled over most of
the Huang He valley.
Later, Shang kings chose warlords to
govern the kingdom’s territories. Warlords
are military leaders who command
their own armies. However, the king
controlled even larger armies who
defended the kingdom’s borders.
The king’s armies helped him stay
in power.
Under the king, the warlords and
other royal officials made up the
upper class. They were aristocrats
(uh • RIHS • tuh • KRATS), nobles whose
wealth came from the land they
owned. Aristocrats passed their land
and their power from one generation
to the next.
In Shang China, a few people were
traders and artisans. Most Chinese, how-
ever, were farmers. They worked the land
that belonged to the aristocrats. They grew
grains, such as millet, wheat, and rice, and
raised cattle, sheep, and chickens. A small
number of enslaved people captured in war
also lived in Shang China.
Spirits and Ancestors People in Shang
China worshiped gods and spirits. Spirits
were believed to live in mountains, rivers,
and seas. The people believed that they had
to keep the gods and spirits happy by mak-
ing offerings of food and other goods. They
believed that the gods and spirits would be
angry if they were not treated well. Angry
gods and spirits might cause farmers to have
a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle.
People also honored their ancestors, or
departed family members. Offerings were
made in the hope that ancestors would help
in times of need and bring good luck. To
this day, many Chinese still remember their
ancestors by going to temples and burning
small paper copies of food and clothing.
The Role of Women Zheng
Zhenxiang was China’s first
female archaeologist. In 1976
she found the tomb of Fu Hao,
China’s first female general.
In the tomb were more than
2,000 artifacts from the Shang
dynasty, including weapons,
bronze vessels, jade objects,
and bones with Chinese
characters carved on them.
Fu Hao, the wife of King
Wu Ding, was given a royal
burial. She was famous for
her strength, martial arts skills, and
military strategies. She often helped
her husband defeat their enemies on
the battlefield. Fu Hao was the first
female in China’s history to receive
the highest military rank.
Her tomb and its artifacts reveal
the grand civilization of China’s
Shang dynasty. During
this period, the
Chinese developed
writing, a
calendar, and
musical instruments.
Jade sculpture of a
seated human figure
Bronze
vessel
Connecting to the Past
1. What was Fu Hao famous for during
her life?
2. Describe what the artifacts found in
Fu Hao’s tomb might reveal about
life during that time.
Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS
224-231 C7S1-824133 3/9/04 8:38 AM Page 227
Chinese Writing
The Chinese writing
system was created nearly
3,500 years ago during the
Shang dynasty. The earliest
examples of Chinese writing
have been found on animal
bones. The carvings on these
bones show that Chinese
writing has always used
symbols to represent words.
Some of the carvings are
pictures. For example, the verb
to go was represented by a
picture of a foot. The characters
were carved in vertical columns
and read from top to bottom,
like modern Chinese writing. The
writing on the bones recorded
the Shang kings’ questions about
a wide range of topics—from
the weather to good fortune.
Chinese writing has changed
in many ways, but it still reflects
its ancient roots in pictures
and symbols.
Shang religion and government were
closely linked, just as they were in ancient
Mesopotamia and Egypt. An important
duty of Shang kings was to contact the
gods, the spirits, and ancestors before mak-
ing important decisions.
The kings asked for the gods’ help by
using oracle (AWR • uh • kuhl) bones. They
had priests scratch questions on the bones,
such as “Will I win the battle?” and “Will
I recover from my illness?” Then the priests
placed hot metal rods inside the bones,
causing them to crack. They believed that
the pattern of the cracks formed answers
from the gods. The priests interpreted the
answers and wrote them down for the
kings. Scratches on oracle bones are the ear-
liest known examples of Chinese writing.
The Chinese Language The scratches on
oracle bones show how today’s Chinese
writing began. However, the modern
Chinese language is much more complex.
Like many other ancient languages,
early Chinese writing used pictographs and
ideographs. Pictographs (PIHK • tuh • GRAFS)
are characters that stand for objects. For
example, the Chinese characters for a
mountain, the sun, and the moon are pic-
tographs. Ideographs
(IH • dee • uh • GRAFS)
are another kind of character used in
Chinese writing. They join two or more
pictographs to represent an idea. For
example, the ideograph for “east” relates
to the idea of the sun rising in the east. It
is a combination of pictographs that
show the sun coming up behind trees.
Unlike Chinese, English and many
other languages have writing systems
based on an alphabet. An alphabet
uses characters that stand for sounds.
The Chinese use some characters to
stand for sounds, but most characters
still represent whole words.
These copies represent things that their
departed relatives need in the afterlife.
Telling the Future Shang kings believed
that they received power and wisdom from
the gods, the spirits, and their ancestors.
Oracle bone
228 CHAPTER 7 Early China
Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY
224-231 C7S1-824133 3/9/04 8:39 AM Page 228
CHAPTER 7 Early China 229
Shang Artists The people in Shang China
developed many skills. Farmers produced
silk, which weavers used to make colorful
clothes. Artisans made vases and dishes
from fine white clay. They also carved stat-
ues from ivory and a green stone called jade.
The Shang are best known for their works
of bronze. To make bronze objects, artisans
made clay molds in several sections. Next,
they carved detailed designs into the clay.
Then, they fit the pieces of the mold tightly
together and poured in melted bronze. When
the bronze cooled, the mold was removed. A
beautifully decorated work of art remained.
Shang bronze objects included sculp-
tures, vases, drinking cups, and containers
called urns. The Shang used bronze urns to
prepare and serve food for rituals honoring
ancestors.
Explain What was the role
of Shang warlords?
The Zhou Dynasty
Chinese rulers claimed that the Mandate
of Heaven gave them the right to rule.
Reading Focus Who gives you permission to do the
things you do? Your mother? Your teacher? Read to find
out how the rulers of the Zhou dynasty turned to the
heavens for permission to rule.
During the rule of the Shang, a great gap
existed between the rich and the poor.
Shang kings lived in luxury and began to
treat people cruelly. As a result, they lost the
support of the people in their kingdom. In
1045 B.C. an aristocrat named Wu Wang
(WOO WAHNG) led a rebellion against the
Shang. After defeating the Shang, Wu
began a new dynasty called the Zhou (JOH).
The Zhou Government The Zhou dynasty
ruled for more than 800 years—longer than
any other dynasty in Chinese history.
Zhou kings ruled much like Shang rulers.
The Zhou king was at the head of the govern-
ment. Under him was a large bureaucracy
(byu• RAH •kruh•see). A bureaucracy is made
up of appointed officials who are responsi-
ble for different areas of government. Like
the Shang rulers, the Zhou king was in
charge of defending the kingdom.
These bronze bells are from
the Zhou dynasty. How long
did the Zhou dynasty last?
Bronze bowl
and ladle from
Zhou dynasty
Buffalo-shaped
bronze vessel
from the
Shang dynasty
Bronze food
container from
the Shang dynasty
(bl)file photo, (br)The Art Archive/Musee Cernuschi Paris/Dagli Orti, (others)Asian Art & Archaeology/CORBIS
224-231 C7S1-824133 3/9/04 8:40 AM Page 229
Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and
click on Chapter 7—Student Web Activity to
learn more about ancient China.
FPO
The Zhou kings copied the Shang sys-
tem of dividing the kingdom into smaller
territories. The kings put aristocrats they
trusted in charge of each territory. The posi-
tions the aristocrats held were hereditary.
That meant that when an aristocrat died,
his son or another relative would take over
as ruler of the territory.
The Chinese considered the king their
link between heaven and earth. His chief
duty was to carry out religious rituals. The
Chinese believed these rituals strengthened
the link between them and the gods. This
belief paved the way for a new idea that
the Zhou kings introduced to government.
They claimed that kings ruled China because
they had the Mandate of Heaven.
What Was the Mandate of Heaven?
According to Zhou rulers, a heavenly law
gave the Zhou king the power to rule. This
mandate (MAN•DAYT), or formal order, was
called the Mandate of Heaven. Based on the
mandate, the king was chosen by heavenly
order because of his talent and virtue.
Therefore, he would rule the people with
goodness and wisdom.
The Mandate of Heaven worked in
two ways. First, the people expected the
king to rule according to the proper
“Way,” called the Dao
(DOW). His duty
was to keep the gods happy. Anatural dis-
aster or a bad harvest was a sign that he
had failed in his duty. People then had the
right to overthrow and replace the king.
The Mandate of Heaven also worked
another way. It gave the people, as well as the
king, important rights. For example, people
had the right to overthrow a dishonest or evil
ruler. It also made clear that the king was not
a god himself. Of course, each new dynasty
claimed it had the Mandate of Heaven. The
only way people could question the claim
was by overthrowing the dynasty.
New Tools and Trade For thousands of
years, Chinese farmers depended on rain to
water their crops. During the Zhou dynasty,
the Chinese developed irrigation and flood-
control systems. As a result, farmers could
grow more crops than ever before.
Improvements in farming tools also
helped farmers produce more crops. By
550
B.C., the Chinese were using iron plows.
These sturdy plows broke up land that had
been too hard to farm with wooden plows.
As a result, the Chinese could plow more
and produce more crops. Because more
food could support more people, the popu-
lation increased. During the late Zhou
dynasty, China’s population had expanded
to about 50 million people.
400 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
400 mi.
0
N
S
W
E
120°E
40°N
W
e
i
H
e
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e
R
.
)
Yellow
Sea
East
China
Sea
Luoyang
Xian
Zhou rulers maintained the longest-
lasting dynasty in Chinese history.
1. What body of water made up the
eastern border of Zhou territory?
2. Why did the Zhou divide their
kingdom into smaller territories?
230 CHAPTER 7 Early China
Zhou Empire
Zhou empire,
1045-256
B.C.
KEY
224-231 C7S1-875047 9/13/06 2:09 PM Page 230
Reading Summary
Review the
• China’s first civilizations formed
in river valleys. The Chinese were
isolated from other people
by mountains and deserts.
• The rulers of the Shang dynasty
controlled the area around the
Huang He valley.
• The Zhou dynasty replaced the
Shang and claimed to rule with
the Mandate of Heaven. During
the Zhou dynasty, farming
methods improved and trade
increased.
1. What is a dynasty?
2. What were oracle bones and
how were they used?
Critical Thinking
3. Analyze How did the
Mandate of Heaven allow for
the overthrow of kings in
ancient China?
4.
Summarizing Information
Draw a diagram like the one
below. Add details that describe
the members of Shang society.
5.
Evaluate
What were some
important technological
changes during the Zhou
dynasty, and how did they lead
to a larger population?
6.
Explain How did ancient
Chinese kings maintain control
of their dynasties?
7.
Text Structure
Explain why parentheses are
used in the following sentence.
“The Huang He (HWAHNG
HUH), or Yellow River, flows
across China for more than
2,900 miles (4,666 km).”
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
CHAPTER 7 Early China 231
Trade and manufacturing
grew along with farming. An
important trade item during the
Zhou dynasty was silk. Pieces of
Chinese silk have been found
throughout central Asia and as
far away as Greece. This suggests
that the Chinese traded far and wide.
The Zhou Empire Falls Over time, the local
rulers of the Zhou territories became pow-
erful. They stopped obeying the Zhou kings
and set up their own states. In 403 B.C. fight-
ing broke out. For almost 200 years, the
states battled each other. Historians call this
time the “Period of the Warring States.”
Instead of nobles driving chariots, the
warring states used large armies of foot
soldiers. To get enough soldiers, they issued
laws forcing peasants to serve in the army.
The armies fought with swords, spears, and
Shang Society
crossbows. A crossbow uses a crank to pull
the string and shoots arrows with great
force.
As the fighting went on, the Chinese
invented the saddle and stirrup. These let
soldiers ride horses and use spears and
crossbows while riding. In 221 B.C. the ruler
of Qin (CHIHN), one of the warring states,
used a large cavalry force to defeat the
other states and set up a new dynasty.
Identify
What was the
chief duty of Chinese kings?
This statue of a winged
dragon is from the Zhou
dynasty. From what
metal did the Chinese
make plows and weapons
during the Zhou dynasty?
file photo
224-231 C7S1-824133 3/17/05 12:11 PM Page 231
What’s the Connection?
In Section 1, you learned about
the Chinese government under the
Zhou dynasty. This section describes
what life was like during the Zhou
dynasty.
Focusing on the
• Chinese society had three main
social classes: landowning aristocrats,
farmers, and merchants.
(page 233)
• Three Chinese philosophies,
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism,
grew out of a need for order.
(page 235)
Meeting People
Confucius (kuhn•FYOO•shuhs)
Laozi (LOWD•ZOO)
Hanfeizi (HAN•fay•DZOO)
Building Your Vocabulary
social class
filial piety
(FIH•lee•uhl PY•uh•tee)
Confucianism
(kuhn•FYOO•shuh•NIH •zuhm)
Daoism (DOW•IH•zuhm)
Legalism (LEE•guh•LIH •zuhm)
Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Create a
pyramid diagram like the one below
showing the social classes in ancient
China from most important (top) to
least important (bottom).
551 B.C.
Confucius
is born
c. 300 B.C.
Laozi’s ideas of Daoism
become popular
c. 200 B.C.
Hanfeizi
develops
Legalism
600 B.C. 400 B.C. 200 B.C.
600 B.C. 400 B.C. 200 B.C.
L
ife
in
A
ncient
C
hina
232 CHAPTER 7 Early China
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Peasants planted and cultivated
rice plants in large flooded fields.
Villagers built walls
that surrounded and
protected the town.
Since horses were more
valuable as war animals,
farmers used oxen and
water buffalo to pull
plows and carts.
Foot-pedaled
hammers were used
to remove grain and
rice from their stalks.
Life in Ancient China
Chinese society had three main social
classes: landowning aristocrats, farmers, and
merchants.
Reading Focus Have you heard the terms high society
and working class? They describe social classes in America.
Read on to find out about social classes in early China.
A social class includes people who share
a similar position in society. Early Chinese
society had three main social classes:
• landowning aristocrats
• peasant farmers
• merchants
Classes in Chinese Society China’s aristo-
cratic families owned large estates in early
China. They lived in large houses with tile
Chinese Village
Chinese Village
Chinese farmers lived in small villages made up of several
families. They farmed fields outside the village walls.
How did farmers pay for the use of the land they farmed?
roofs, courtyards, and gardens. Fine furni-
ture and silk hangings filled their rooms,
and their houses were surrounded by walls
to keep out bandits.
The aristocratic families did not own
large estates for long. Each aristocrat
divided his land among his sons. As a
result, sons and grandsons owned much
less property than their fathers and grand-
fathers had owned.
Aristocrats relied on farmers to grow the
crops that made them rich. About nine out
of ten Chinese were farmers. They lived in
simple houses inside village walls. The aris-
tocrats owned the fields outside the village
walls. In these fields, farmers in northern
China grew wheat and a grain called millet.
In the south, where the climate was warmer
and wetter, they were able to grow rice.
232-239 C7S2-824133 3/9/04 9:46 AM Page 233
Chinese Farming Farmers in ancient China
had to find ways to grow enough food
to feed their large population. It was
often difficult because of the dry,
mountainous land.
Over centuries, farmers learned to cut
terraces—flat areas, like a series of deep
steps—into the mountain slopes. Terraces
made more land available for farming and
kept the soil from eroding, or wearing
away. Early farmers also used the terraces
as a way to irrigate their crops. As rain fell,
it flowed down from one terrace to the
To pay for the use of the land, the farmers
gave part of their crop to the landowners.
Most farmers also owned a small piece
of land where they grew food for their family.
A typical family ate fish, turnips, beans,
wheat or rice, and millet. The farmers had
to pay taxes and work one month each
year building roads and helping on other
big government projects. In wartime, the
farmers also served as soldiers.
In Chinese society, farmers ranked
above merchants. The merchant social class
included shopkeepers, traders, and bankers.
The merchants lived in towns and provided
goods and services to the landowners.
Many merchants became quite rich, but
landowners and farmers still looked down
on them. Chinese leaders believed that gov-
ernment officials should not be concerned
with money. As a result, merchants were
not allowed to have government jobs.
What Was Life Like in a Chinese Family?
The family was the basic building block of
Chinese society. Because farming in ancient
China required many workers, people had
big families to help them produce more and
become wealthier. Even the young children
of a family worked in the fields. Older sons
raised their own crops and provided food
for their parents. Chinese families also took
care of people in need—the aged, the
young, and the sick.
Chinese families practiced filial piety
(FIH• lee • uhl PY•uh • tee). This meant that
children had to respect their parents and
older relatives. Family members placed the
needs and desires of the head of the family
before their own. The head of the family
was the oldest male, usually the father.
However, a son could take on this role, and
then even his mother had to obey him.
234
Terrace farming in China
Lawrence Manning/CORBIS
232-239 C7S2-824133 3/21/04 10:06 AM Page 234
Connecting to the Past
1. How did farmers in ancient China increase the amount of
productive farmland?
2. What three farming methods helped farmers in ancient
China grow more food?
next, watering the crops. This method of farming,
called terrace farming, is still used in China today.
Farmers in ancient China were the first to use
insects to protect their crops from damage by other
insects. As early as
A.D. 304, Chinese farmers used
ants to prevent other insects from damaging their
citrus fruit trees. They also used frogs and birds for
pest control.
Head of a shovel
The ancient Chinese used bronze and
iron tools like those on the right, to
farm their land and harvest crops.
Plow blade
Men and women had very different
roles in early China. Men were respected
because they grew the crops. They went to
school, ran the government, and fought
wars. The Chinese considered these jobs
more important than the
work that women did. Most
women raised children and
managed the household.
Chinese women could
not hold government posts.
However, women in the royal
court could influence govern-
ment decisions. Wives of
rulers or women in the royal
family often convinced men in
power to see things their way.
Explain
Why
did the amount of land owned by
each aristocrat decrease over time?
235
Chinese
female
figurine
Chinese Thinkers
Three Chinese philosophies, Confucianism,
Daoism, and Legalism, grew out of a need for order.
Reading Focus If people around you were arguing
and fighting, what would you do? Read to learn about
early Chinese ideas for restoring order.
As the Zhou kingdom weakened in the
500s B.C., violence became common. During
the Period of the Warring States, rulers sent
armies to destroy enemy states. Whole vil-
lages of men, women, and children were
beheaded. Many Chinese began looking for
ways to restore order to society.
Between 500 B.C. and 200 B.C., Chinese
thinkers developed three major theories
about how to create a peaceful society.
These theories are called Confucianism,
Daoism, and Legalism.
Hoe
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236 CHAPTER 7 Early China
Who Was Confucius? Confucius (kuhn •
FYOO • shuhs) was ancient China’s first great
thinker and teacher. He wanted to end the
problems in China and bring peace to society.
Confucius believed that people needed
to have a sense of duty. Duty meant that a
person must put the needs of family and
community before his or her own needs.
Each person owed a duty to another per-
son. Parents owed their children love, and
children owed their parents honor.
Husbands owed their wives support, and
English
Number
Chinese
Number
Examples:
0
1
3
2
4
5
6
English
Number
Chinese
Number
7
9
100
10,000
8
10
1,000
(2 10)
(2 100)
(3 1,000)
[(4 100)
(5 10) (6)]
Chinese Numbering System
Chinese Numbering System
The Chinese system of numbering is based
on units of 10. It uses characters to
represent 0 through 9 and the powers of
10 (10, 100, 1,000, and so forth).
1. How would you write the number 328
using the Chinese numbering system?
2. Analyze What is the English number for
?
wives owed their husbands obedience.
Above all, rulers had to set good examples.
If a king ruled for the common good, his
subjects would respect him and society
would prosper.
Confucius believed that if each person
did his or her duty, society as a whole
would do well. He also urged people to be
good and to seek knowledge:
There are those who act without
knowing; I will have none of this.
To hear a lot, choose the good,
and follow it, to see a lot and
learn to recognize it: this is next
to knowledge.
—Confucius, Analects
To Confucius, the best way to behave
was similar to an idea known as the Golden
Rule: “Do unto others as you would have
others do unto you.” Confucius urged peo-
ple to “measure the feelings of others by
one’s own,” for “within the four seas all
men are brothers.”
Confucius traveled through China trying
to persuade government leaders to follow
his ideas. Confucianism (kuhn •FYOO•shuh •
NIH •zuhm) taught that all men with a talent
for governing should take part in govern-
ment. Of course, this idea was not popular
with aristocrats, and few leaders listened.
Over time, Confucius won many follow-
ers who honored him as a great teacher.
They wrote down his sayings and carried
his message. After Confucius died in 479 B.C.,
his sayings spread throughout China.
Abacuses, like this one,
were used by the Chinese to
solve math problems. These
ancient calculators held
stones on wooden pegs, which would be moved up
and down to add, subtract, multiply, and divide.
Chen Yixin/ChinaStock
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CONFUCIUS
551–479
B
.
C
.
Historians believe that the great thinker and
teacher Confucius was born in the small state of
Lu and named Kong Qui. His parents were poor,
although his family had probably been wealthy
at one time. One record says that Confucius
was only three years old when his father died.
His mother may have also died when he was
young, because another record describes
Confucius as an orphan.
Even as a teenager, Confucius was a talented
scholar with strong, fixed beliefs. He devoted
himself to learning and mastered literature,
history, music, and arithmetic. He served as an
apprentice to a bookkeeper and a stable manager
but really wanted to obtain a government
position. When he was 19, Confucius married
and soon had a son and a daughter.
Confucius lived in a time when many people
no longer held to traditional values and the
government was struggling. Because he was
concerned about these problems, Confucius took
a government job to help improve society. He
taught that the most important thing was for
people to do their duty. In addition, he taught
that people should honor their promises to
others, use education to improve themselves,
avoid extreme actions or feelings, and avoid bad
people. Confucius also wanted everyone to return
to the beliefs and rituals of their ancestors.
Government officials in Lu were not
interested in his ideas, so at age 30
Confucius left politics and began a
teaching career. He devoted the rest of
his life to improving society through
learning and teaching. Confucius did not
write down any of his ideas, but his
followers put together a book of his
sayings called the Lun Yü (Analects).
237
Confucius
“What you do not want
done to yourself, do not
do to others.”
—Confucius
Give an example of how the above quote from
Confucius might help society today.
Vanni/Art Resource, NY
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238 CHAPTER 7 Early China
What Is Daoism? Daoism (DOW• IH • zuhm)
is another Chinese philosophy that pro-
motes a peaceful society. Daoism (also
called Taoism) is based on the teachings
of Laozi (LOWD• ZOO). Laozi, or the Old
Master, lived around the same time as
Confucius. Scholars do not know if Laozi
was a real person. However, the ideas
credited to him became popular between
500 B.C. and 300 B.C.
The ideas of Daoism are written in Dao
De Jing (The Way of the Dao). Like
Confucianism, Daoism tells people how to
behave. Daoists believed that people
should give up worldly desires. They
should turn to nature and the Dao—the
Founder
Confucianism
Confucius
Many Chinese today
accept his idea of
duty to family. His
ideas helped open
up government jobs
to people with talent.
Daoism
Main Ideas
Influence
on Modern
Life
People should put the
needs of their family
and community first.
Laozi
Daoism teaches the
importance of nature
and encourages people
to treat nature with
respect and reverence.
People should give up
worldly desires in favor
of nature and the Dao.
Society needs a system
of harsh laws and
strict punishment.
Legalism
Hanfeizi
Legalists developed
laws that became an
important part of
Chinese history.
Chinese Philosophers
Chinese Philosophers
Some legends state that Laozi rode his water
buffalo westward into a great desert and
disappeared after writing Dao De Jing. When
did the ideas of Daoism become popular?
Three philosophies developed in early China.
1. Which philosophy encourages followers to
concentrate on duty and humanity?
2. Conclude Which of these philosophies do
you think would be most popular in the
world today? Explain.
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Reading Summary
Review the
• Early Chinese society had three
main social classes: aristocrats,
farmers, and merchants. The
family was the basis of Chinese
society.
• During a time of disorder, three
new philosophies developed in
China: Confucianism, Daoism,
and Legalism.
1. Describe the concept of filial
piety.
2. Why did many aristocrats favor
the philosophy of Legalism?
Critical Thinking
3. Compare Draw a table to
compare the three main classes
of ancient Chinese society.
4.
Contrast How did Daoism
differ from Confucianism?
5.
Writing Questions Suppose
you could interview Confucius
about his concept of duty.
Write five questions you might
ask him about the subject.
Include possible responses.
6.
Expository Writing Do you
think any of the Chinese
philosophies studied in this
section are reflected in our
society today? Write an essay
explaining your answer.
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
CHAPTER 7 Early China 239
Aristocrats Farmers Merchants
Chinese Society
force that guides all things. To show how to
follow the Dao, Daoists used examples
from nature:
Higher good is like water:
the good in water benefits all,
and does so without contention.
It rests where people dislike to be,
so it is close to the Way.
Where it dwells becomes
good ground;
profound is the good in its heart,
Benevolent the good it bestows.
—Laozi, Tao Te Ching
In some ways, Daoism is the opposite of
Confucianism. Followers of Confucius
taught that people should work hard to
improve the world. Daoism called on
people to give up their concerns about
the world. It said they should seek inner
peace and live in harmony with nature.
Many Chinese followed both Confucianism
and Daoism.
What Is Legalism? A third group of
thinkers disagreed with the idea that honor-
able men in government could bring peace to
society. Instead, they argued for a system of
laws. People called their thinking Legalism
(LEE•guh•LIH •zuhm), or the “School of Law.”
A scholar named Hanfeizi (HAN • fay •
DZOO) developed the teachings of Legalism
during the 200s B.C. Unlike Confucius or
Laozi, Hanfeizi taught that humans were
naturally evil. He believed that they needed
harsh laws and stiff punishments to force
them to do their duty. His followers
believed that a strong ruler was needed to
keep order in society.
Many aristocrats liked Legalism because
it favored force and power, and did not
require rulers to show kindness or under-
standing. Its ideas led to the cruel laws and
punishments often used to control Chinese
farmers.
Explain Why did Hanfeizi
believe that people needed laws and punishments?
232-239 C7S2-824133 3/17/05 12:12 PM Page 239
T
he
Q
in
and
H
an
D
ynasties
What’s the Connection?
Each of China’s early dynasties
was led by rulers who were very
different. In this section, you will
see how the Qin and Han dynasties
differed because of their rulers.
Focusing on the
• Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods
to unify and defend China.
(page 241)
• Developments during the Han
dynasty improved life for all Chinese.
(page 244)
• The Silk Road carried Chinese goods
as far as Greece and Rome.
(page 246)
• Unrest in China helped Buddhism
to spread.
(page 248)
Locating Places
Guangzhou (GWAHNG•JOH)
Silk Road
Luoyang
(loo•WOH•YAHNG)
Meeting People
Qin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE•
hwahng•dee)
Liu Bang (lee•OO BAHNG)
Han Wudi (HAHN WOO•DEE)
Building Your Vocabulary
acupuncture (A•kyuh•PUHNGK•
chuhr)
Reading Strategy
Determining Cause and Effect
Complete a diagram like the one
below showing the inventions of the
Han dynasty and the resulting impact
on society.
240 CHAPTER 7 Early China
202 B.C.
Liu Bang founds
Han dynasty
c. A.D. 100
Silk Road
established
A.D. 190
Rebel armies
attack Han capital
200 B.C. A.D.1 A.D.200
200 B.C. A.D.1 A.D.200
Invention Effect
Changan
240-248 C7S3-824133 3/9/04 11:48 PM Page 240
600 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
600 mi.
0
N
S
WE
120°E
100°E
40°N
20°N
Yellow
Sea
East
China
Sea
South
China
Sea
e
H
i
e
W
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e
R
.
)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
Xi Jiang
Xianyang
XIONGNU
600 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
600 mi.
0
N
S
WE
120°E
100°E
40°N
20°N
Yellow
Sea
East
China
Sea
South
China
Sea
e
H
i
e
W
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
(
Y
a
n
g
t
z
e
R
.
)
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
(
Y
e
l
l
o
w
R
.
)
Xi Jiang
Changan
XIONGNU
Qin and Han Empires 221 B.C.–A.D. 220
Emperor Qin Shihuangdi
Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods to
unify and defend China.
Reading Focus Imagine your city or state without
any roads. How would people get from one place to
another? Read to find out how a Chinese ruler used
roads and canals to unite China.
You have read about the problems in
China from about 400 B.C. to 200 B.C. The
rulers of powerful local states fought one
another and ignored the Zhou kings. One
of these states was called Qin. Its ruler
took over neighboring states one by one.
In 221 B.C. the Qin ruler declared himself
Qin Shihuangdi (CHIHN SHEE•hwahng•dee),
which means “the First Qin Emperor.” The
Qin ruler made changes in China’s govern-
ment that would last for 2,000 years.
A Powerful Ruler Qin based his rule on
the ideas of Legalism. He had everyone
who opposed him punished or killed.
Books opposing his views were publicly
burned. Qin made the central government
stronger than ever before. He appointed
government officials, called censors, to make
sure government officials did their jobs.
Second in power to the central govern-
ment were provinces and counties. Under
Zhou kings, officials who ran these areas
passed on their posts to sons or relatives.
Under Qin, only he could fill these posts.
During both the Qin and Han
dynasties, China’s empire expanded.
1. Which geographical areas did
both empires include?
2. Which empire expanded farthest
west?
CHAPTER 7 Early China 241
Qin empire
Great Wall in Qin period
Han empire
Great Wall in Han period
KEY
240-248 C7S3-824133 7/15/04 4:41 PM Page 241
Qin Shihuangdi unified China. He cre-
ated one currency, or type of money, to
be used throughout the empire. He also
ordered the building of roads and a huge
canal. The canal connected the Chang Jiang
in central China to what is today the city of
Guangzhou (GWAHNG• JOH) in southern
China. He used the canal to ship supplies to
his troops in far-off territories.
The Great Wall Northern China was bor-
dered by the vast Gobi. Nomads, people
who move from place to place with herds of
animals, lived in the Gobi. The Chinese
knew them as the Xiongnu (SYEHN•NOO).
The Xiongnu were masters at fighting on
horseback. They often attacked Chinese
farms and villages. Several Chinese rulers in
the north built walls to keep out the Xiongnu.
Qin Shihuangdi forced farmers to leave
their fields and work on connecting and
strengthening the walls. The result was the
Great Wall of China, built with stone, sand,
and piled rubble. However, Qin did not
build the wall that we know today. It was
built 1,500 years later.
Why Did People Rebel? Many Chinese
viewed Qin Shihuangdi as a cruel leader.
Aristocrats were angry because he reduced
their power. Scholars hated him for burning
their writings. Farmers hated him for forc-
ing them to build roads and the Great Wall.
Four years after the emperor died in 210 B.C.,
the people overthrew his dynasty. Civil war
followed, and a new dynasty soon arose.
Explain
Why did Qin face
little opposition during most of his reign?
This artwork shows the Great Wall many
years after the reign of Qin Shihuangdi.
Most of the wall built by Qin was made of
stone and rubble, and was located north
of the Great Wall we see today. Little
remains of Qin’s wall. Who was the
wall meant to keep out?
240-248 C7S3-824133 8/9/04 10:13 PM Page 242
QIN
S
HIHUANGDI
c. 259–210
B
.
C
.
At the age 13, Ying Zheng became the leader of
the Chinese state of Qin. The state was already very
powerful because of Zheng’s father, the previous ruler.
Its government and military were well organized. With
the help of his generals, young Zheng defeated Qin’s six
rival states. By 221
B
.
C
., he had united all of the Chinese
states under his rule. To mark a new beginning for China
and to show his supremacy, Zheng gave himself the title
Qin Shihuangdi—“The First Qin Emperor.”
Qin Shihuangdi energetically went to work organizing
his country. He divided the land into 36 districts, each
with its own governor and a representative who reported
directly to him. He made laws and taxes uniform
throughout the country. He also standardized weights
and measurements. Throughout China, the emperor had
his achievements inscribed on stone tablets.
Qin Shihuangdi did strengthen and organize China,
but many people disliked him because of his harsh laws
and punishments. Many people also disliked how he spent lavish amounts of money
to build palaces and a gigantic tomb for
himself. He had an entire lifelike army—
over 6,000 soldiers and horses—built of clay
and placed in the tomb.
243
Why do you think modern historians disagree
in their evaluation of Qin Shihuangdi’s
leadership?
Part of the terra-cotta army found in
Qin Shihuangdi’s tomb
“I have brought order
to the mass of beings.”
—Qin Shihuangdi
Qin Shihuangdi
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The Han Dynasty
Developments during the Han dynasty
improved life for all Chinese.
Reading Focus How much time do you spend study-
ing for tests? Find out why some Chinese people spent
years studying for one special test.
In 202 B.C. Liu Bang (lee • OO BAHNG)
founded the Han dynasty. Liu Bang, who
was once a peasant, became a military
leader and defeated his rivals. He declared
himself Han Gaozu—“Exalted Emperor of
Han.” Although Han Gaozu threw out the
harsh policies of the Qin dynasty, he contin-
ued to use censors and also divided the
empire into provinces and counties.
What Was the Civil Service? The Han
reached its peak under the leadership of
Han Wudi (HAHN WOO •DEE), which means
“Martial Emperor of Han.” He ruled from
141
B.C. to 87 B.C. Because Wudi wanted tal-
ented people to fill government posts, job
seekers had to take long, difficult tests to
qualify for openings in the bureaucracy.
Those with the highest scores got the jobs.
In time, Wudi’s tests became the civil
service examinations. This system for
choosing officials remained part of Chinese
civilization for 2,000 years. The system was
supposed to help anyone with the right
skills get a job with the government.
However, it actually favored the rich. Only
wealthy families could afford to educate
their sons for the difficult exams.
Students preparing for these tests
learned law, history, and the teachings of
Confucius. They began to memorize the
works of Confucius at age seven. After
many years of schooling, the students took
their civil service examinations. Only one in
five passed. Those who failed taught
school, took jobs as assistants to officials, or
were supported by their families.
The Chinese Empire Grows A large
bureaucracy was needed to rule the rapidly
growing empire. The population had grown
from about 20 million under Han Gaozu to
more than 60 million under Han Wudi.
Because farmers had to divide their lands
among more and more sons, by the middle of
the Han Dynasty the average farmer owned
only about one acre of land. With so little
land, farm families could not raise enough to
live. As a result, many sold their land to aris-
tocrats and became tenant farmers. Tenant
farmers work on land that is owned by
someone else and pay rent in crops. The aris-
tocrats now owned thousands of acres, but
peasants remained trapped in poverty.
China’s empire grew in size as well as in
population. Han armies added lands to the
south and pushed Chinese borders west-
ward. The Han dynasty also made the
244 CHAPTER 7 Early China
This painting shows students taking a civil
service examination. Why did the civil service
system favor rich job seekers?
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris
240-248 C7S3-875047 9/13/06 3:21 PM Page 244
CHAPTER 7 Early China 245
country more secure. After Wudi’s armies
drove back the Xiongnu—the nomads to
the north—the Chinese lived in peace for
almost 150 years.
During this period of peace, new forms
of Chinese literature appeared. Scholars
and historians wrote new histories of cur-
rent events and made copies of old litera-
ture. The focus of art also changed during
the Han dynasty. Wealthy families commis-
sioned products made of the best quality
silk and wall carvings featuring scenes of
everyday life.
An Era of Inventions New inventions
during the Han dynasty helped Chinese
workers produce more than ever. Millers
used newly invented waterwheels to grind
more grain, and miners used new iron
drill bits to mine more salt. Ironworkers
invented steel. Paper, another Han inven-
tion, was used by government officials to
record a growing amount of information.
Chinese medicine also improved under
the Han. Doctors discovered that certain
foods prevented disease. They used herbs
to cure illnesses and eased pain by sticking
Papermaking today is a huge
international industry. Most paper is
made in paper mills by machines, but
the basic process is the same. Instead
of tree bark, rags, and hemp, most paper
today is made from wood pulp. Why do you
think some modern artists continue to make
paper using pulp and a frame?
Papermaking
The Chinese were the first people to make
paper. The oldest piece of paper found in China
dates from the first century B.C. Papermakers
soaked tree bark, hemp, and rags in water
and pounded it into pulp. They lowered
a bamboo screen into a vat of the pulp
and then lifted it out. It held a thin
sheet of pulp which dried into a single
sheet of paper.
A modern artist demonstrates
an ancient way of making paper.
Modern papermaking
(l)Ontario Science Centre, (r)Dean Conger/CORBIS
240-248 C7S3-875047 9/13/06 3:23 PM Page 245
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
1,000 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
1,000 mi.
0
N
S
WE
T
o
E
u
r
o
p
e
E
Q
U
A
T
O
R
100°E
60°E
20°E
40°N
0°
E
u
p
h
r
a
t
e
s
R
.
T
i
g
r
i
s
R
.
N
i
l
e
R
.
I
n
d
u
s
R
.
G
a
n
g
e
s
R
.
C
h
a
n
g
J
i
a
n
g
M
e
k
o
n
g
R
.
H
u
a
n
g
H
e
INDIAN OCEAN
Bay of
Bengal
South
China
Sea
Arabian
Sea
Aral
Sea
Black Sea
C
a
s
p
i
a
n
S
e
a
Red
Sea
EAST
AFRICA
EGYPT
ARABIA
PERSIA
INDIA
Sumatra
Java
Borneo
TIBET
CHINA
H
I
M
A
L
A
Y
A
GOBI
Antioch
Pataliputra
Luoyang
Changan
Hangzhou
Constantinople
Alexandria
Mero¨e
Damascus
Guangzhou
The Silk Road
The Silk Road carried Chinese goods as
far as Greece and Rome.
Reading Focus Many of the things we buy today are
made in China. Read to learn how goods made in China
long ago made it all the way to Europe.
Emperor Han Wudi ordered a general
named Zhang Qian (JAHNG CHYEHN) to
explore areas west of China. Zhang was sent
on this mission to find allies for China
against its enemies, especially the Xiongnu
Trading in the Ancient World
thin needles into patients’ skin. This treat-
ment is known as acupuncture
(A • kyuh •
PUHNGK •chuhr).
The Chinese also invented the rudder
and a new way to move the sails of ships.
These changes allowed ships to sail into the
wind for the first time. Chinese merchant
ships could now travel to the islands of
Southeast Asia and into the Indian Ocean.
As a result, China established trade as far
away as India and the Mediterranean Sea.
Explain
How did China’s
empire increase in size during the Han dynasty?
KEY
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
SPICES
Black pepper
Cardamom
Cinnamon
Cloves
Copper
Cotton cloth
Frankincense/Myrrh
Gold
Ginger
Grains
Horns/Tusks
Leopard skins
Nutmeg
Oils
Papyrus
Pearls
Sandalwood
Semiprecious
stones
Silk
Teakwood
Silk Road
Other trade
routes
The Silk Road allowed the transport
of expensive goods all the way from
China to the Middle East and beyond.
1. What were some trade goods
produced by China?
2. What regions were near or along
the route of the Silk Road?
Motion
In
240-248 C7S3-875047 9/20/06 2:38 PM Page 246
When
SHANG
1750–1045 B.C.
Developed social
classes that
included farmers,
merchants,
aristocrats,
and royal family
ZHOU
Important
Leaders
Main Ideas and
Accomplishments
Influences on
Chinese Culture
Numerous kings
with large armies
and control over
the land; ruled
from capital
city of Anyang
Influenced Chinese
religion and culture;
created Chinese
written language
1045–256
B.C.
Longest-lasting
dynasty in
Chinese history;
established
Mandate of
Heaven
Wu Qin Shihuangdi
Developed
irrigation and
flood-control
systems to help
farmers grow
more crops
QIN
221–206 B.C.
Strengthened
central
government;
created single
monetary
system
Introduced use
of censors to
check on
government
officials; Qin
built the first
Great Wall
to keep out
invaders
Liu Bang
HAN
202 B.C.–A.D. 220
Population and
landmass grew
under Han;
opened China
to trade and
commerce by
building Silk Road
Created
government’s
civil service
examination;
major inventions:
steel, paper,
acupuncture,
advanced sea
travel
Four Chinese Dynasties
Four Chinese Dynasties
The four dynasties of early China were
separated by brief periods of unrest.
1. Under which dynasty was a single monetary
system put in place?
2. Evaluate Which dynasty do you think
contributed the most to Chinese culture? Why?
CHAPTER 7 Early China 247
to the north. After a journey of about 13
years, Zhang returned to China. He failed to
find allies, but he told of a mighty empire to
the west with large cities full of people
“who cut their hair short, wear embroidered
clothes, and ride in very small chariots.”
Zhang was describing the Roman Empire.
He had also discovered another kingdom,
perhaps in Kazakhstan, where there were
horses of exceptional strength and size.
Emperor Wudi was delighted to hear
this because the cavalry of the Xiongnu gave
them a great advantage over his army,
which was mostly infantry. The emperor
encouraged trade to get these horses. The
result was the Silk Road, a large network of
trade routes stretching 4,000 miles (6,436
km) from western China to southwest Asia.
Merchants used camels to carry their
goods across deserts and mountains to cen-
tral Asia. From there Arabs carried the
goods to the Mediterranean Sea. The trip
over the Silk Road was expensive because it
was difficult and dangerous. Merchants had
to pay taxes to many kingdoms as they
moved the goods east and west. For this rea-
son, they carried only high-priced goods
such as silk, spices, tea, and porcelain.
Conclude
Why were only
expensive goods carried on the Silk Road?
(l)The Art Archive/National Palace Museum Taiwan, (others)The Art Archive/British Library
240-248 C7S3-875047 9/20/06 2:33 PM Page 247
Reading Summary
Review the
• The short-lived Qin dynasty
helped to unify China.
• During the Han dynasty, people
began taking tests for govern-
ment jobs. New inventions,
such as the waterwheel and
paper, were created.
• The Silk Road was an important
trade route that linked China to
the West.
• As the Han dynasty lost power,
many Chinese became followers
of Buddhism.
1. Why did Qin Shihuangdi have
the Great Wall built?
2. What were civil service exami-
nations and why were they
created?
Critical Thinking
3. Cause and Effect Draw a
diagram to show the factors
that caused the Han dynasty
to fall.
4.
Geography Skills What bar-
riers did merchants who used
the Silk Road have to cross?
5.
Explain How did Qin
Shihuangdi make China’s cen-
tral government stronger?
6.
Analyze Why did the Qin
dynasty fall?
7.
Descriptive Writing Zhang
Qian wrote that Romans had
short hair, wore embroidered
clothes, and rode in chariots.
Name three things that he
might have written about peo-
ple in the United States after
seeing them for the first time.
What Did You Learn?
Study Central
TM
Need help with the
material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com
248 CHAPTER 7 Early China
Major Changes in China
Unrest in China helped Buddhism to
spread.
Reading Focus What do you do when you feel fright-
ened or unsafe? Read to find out how those feelings
triggered the spread of Buddhism from India to China.
As you read in Chapter 6, Buddhism
began in India, but it soon spread to other
countries as well. Merchants and teachers
from India brought Buddhism to China
during the A.D. 100s. At first, only a few
merchants and scholars were interested
in the new religion. In time, however,
Buddhism became very popular. One of the
most important reasons that the Chinese
people began to believe in Buddhism was
the fall of the Han dynasty.
The Han emperors after Wudi were
weak and foolish. As a result, the central
government lost respect and power. At the
same time, as you read earlier, the aristocrats
began grabbing more land and wealth.
Dishonest officials and greedy aristocrats
caused unrest among the farmers.
Wars, rebellions, and plots against the
emperor put an end to the Han dynasty.
In
A.D. 190 a rebel army attacked the Han
capital, Luoyang (loo • WOH •YAHNG). By
A.D. 220, China had plunged into civil war.
To make the situation worse, the northern
nomads invaded the country.
The collapse of the government and
the beginning of the civil war frightened
many Chinese. They felt unsafe. Buddhist
ideas helped people cope with the stress
and their fear. Even the followers of
other religions found Buddhism attractive.
Followers of Confucius and Daoists
admired Buddhist ideas. By the 400s,
Buddhism had become popular in China.
Identify
What groups in
China were the first to adopt Buddhism?
Han Dynasty Falls
240-248 C7S3-824133 3/17/05 12:13 PM Page 248
Life in Ancient China
China’s First Civilizations
Section
Section
Vocabulary
dynasty
aristocrat
pictograph
ideograph
bureaucracy
mandate
Dao
Vocabulary
social class
filial piety
Confucianism
Daoism
Legalism
Focusing on the
• Rivers, mountains, and deserts helped
shape China’s civilization.
(page 225)
• Rulers known as the Shang became
powerful because they controlled land
and had strong armies.
(page 226)
• Chinese rulers claimed that the
Mandate of Heaven gave them the
right to rule.
(page 229)
Focusing on the
• Chinese society had three main social
classes: landowning aristocrats, farmers,
and merchants.
(page 233)
• Three Chinese philosophies,
Confucianism, Daoism, and
Legalism, grew out of a need
for order.
(page 235)
CHAPTER 7 Early China 249
Section
Vocabulary
acupuncture
Focusing on the
• Qin Shihuangdi used harsh methods to unify and defend China. (page 241)
• Developments during the Han dynasty improved life for all Chinese.
(page 244)
• The Silk Road carried Chinese goods as far as Greece and Rome. (page 246)
• Unrest in China helped Buddhism to spread. (page 248)
The Qin and Han Dynasties
Laozi
Bronze bowl and ladle
from Zhou dynasty
Study anywhere, anytime!
Download quizzes and flash cards
to your PDA from glencoe.com
.
(t)file photo, (b)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
249-251 C7CRA-875047 9/13/06 3:30 PM Page 249
Text Structure
Headings and Punctuation
19. Read each of the headings below. Three
could be subheads in a chapter about
ancient China. Which one would most
likely be the main head?
a. The Ideas of Confucius
b. Daoist Beliefs
c. Chinese Philosophy
d. Hanfeizi
20. What would be a good main head for these
subheads: Papermaking, Civil Service
Examinations, Acupuncture?
e. The Rise of the Zhou Dynasty
f. Inventions of the Qin Dynasty
g. Developments of the Han Dynasty
h. Life in the Shang Dynasty
To review this skill, see pages 222–223.
Review Vocabulary
Match the words with the definitions below.
___ 1. dynasty
___ 2. aristocrat
___ 3. bureaucracy
___ 4. mandate
___ 5. social class
___ 6. filial piety
___ 7. acupuncture
___ 8. Daoism
___ 9. Confucianism
a. right to command
b. line of rulers in the same family
c. member of the upper class whose
wealth is based on land
d. The ideas of ___ included a duty to
participate in government.
e. appointed government officials
f. head of family honored by other
members
g. medical treatment using thin needles
h. people with a similar position in society
i. The teachings of Laozi are the basis
of ___.
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 • China’s First Civilizations
10. What geographical features shaped
China’s civilizations?
11. Why did the Shang rulers become
powerful?
Section 2 • Life in Ancient China
12. What were the three main classes in
Chinese society?
13. Identify three Chinese philosophies and
the reason they emerged.
Section 3 • The Qin and Han Dynasties
14. How did developments during the Han
dynasty affect the Chinese people?
15. What was the purpose of the Silk Road?
Critical Thinking
16. Contrast How is the ancient Chinese
writing system different from cuneiform
and hieroglyphic writing?
17.
Describe How did Shang artisans create
bronze urns?
18.
Analyze How is Daoism the opposite of
Confucianism in some ways?
250 CHAPTER 7 Early China
249-251 C7CRA-875047 9/13/06 3:31 PM Page 250
400 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
400 mi.
0
N
S
W E
120°E
40°N
East
China
Sea
Luoyang
Anyang
Analyze
The main ideas of Daoism are explained
in a book titled Dao De Jing (The Way
of the Dao). This passage describes the
Daoist position against violence.
“When leading by the way of the Tao [Dao],
abominate [hate] the use of force, for it
causes resistance, and loss of strength....
Achieve results but not through violence, for
it is against the natural way, and damages
both others’ and one’s own true self. . . .
The wise leader achieves results, but does
not glory in them . . . and does not boast
of them.
He knows that boasting is not the natural
way, and that he who goes against that
way, will fail in his endeavours.”
—“A Caveat Against Violence,”
The Tao Te Ching, Stan Rosenthal, trans.
28. According to Daoist thought, what is
the result of using force or violence?
29. What do you think the following
statement means?
“The wise leader achieves results,
but does not glory in them.”
CHAPTER 7 Early China 251
400 km
0
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
400 mi.
0
N
S
W E
120°E
40°N
Luoyang
Anyang
Zhou & Qin Empires
Geography Skills
Study the map below and answer the follow-
ing questions.
21.
Human/Environment Interaction Which
dynasty controlled the most land?
22.
Location In what direction did the Qin
dynasty expand the most?
23.
Analyze How do you think the East China
Sea affected expansion?
Read to Write
24. Expository Writing Imagine you are
planning a trip on the Silk Road and you
need someone to go with you. Write a
want ad describing the type of person
you need. Explain what will be expected
of that person on the trip.
25.
Using Your Choose one person
that you included in your foldable. Write a
list of 10 questions that you would ask that
person in an interview. Exchange lists with
a partner and play the role of the person
being interviewed.
Using Technology
26. Internet Research The Chinese built the
Great Wall of China to protect themselves.
Use the Internet and your local library to
research ways other countries have pro-
tected themselves from enemies. Describe
at least two examples to your classmates.
Building Citizenship Skills
27. Plan a Debate With your class, plan and
participate in a three-way debate. Divide
into three teams. One team will represent
the Legalists, one will represent followers
of Confucius, and one will represent
Daoists. As a team, research each philoso-
phy. Record key points on note cards for
easy reference. Begin the debate by asking
the question “Which philosophy is best
reflected in a democratic society such as
that of the United States?”
Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for the
Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com
Zhou empire Qin empire
KEY
249-251 C7CRA-824133 3/10/04 12:29 AM Page 251
Where did these
civilizations
develop?
• On Mediterranean
islands and the Balkan
Peninsula
• In the Indus River valley • In the Huang He valley
• Homer, c. 750 B.C.
• Pericles, c. 495–429 B.C.
• Socrates, c. 470–399 B.C.
• Alexander
the Great,
c. 356–323 B.C.
• Wu Wang, ruled
c. 1045–1043 B.C.
• Confucius,
551–479 B.C.
• Qin Shihuangdi,
ruled 221–210 B.C.
• Liu Bang, ruled
202–195 B.C.
• Early Greeks
lived on estates near
walled palaces
• Later Greeks lived in
a polis and in nearby
farms and villages
• Many lived in farming
villages and towns near
major rivers
• Some lived in very large
cities
• Landowning aristocrats
lived in large houses with
gardens and courtyards
• Most people were farmers
living in simple houses
in villages or cities
Who were some
important
people in these
civilizations?
Where did
most of the
people live?
Compare the civilizations
that you have read about by
reviewing the information
below. Can you see how the
people of these civilizations
helped to build the world we
live in today?
252
Ancient
Greece
Ancient
Greece
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
4
&
5
Early
India
Early
India
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
6
Early
China
Early
China
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
7
• Siddhartha Gautama,
c. 563–483 B.C.
• Chandragupta Maurya,
ruled c. 321–298 B.C.
• Asoka, ruled
c. 273–232 B.C.
Chapters 4 & 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Comparing Civilizations
(l)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (c)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (r)Burstein Collection/CORBIS
252-253 UR2-824133 8/3/04 5:11 PM Page 252
What was their
government
like?
What were
these people’s
beliefs?
What
contributions
did they make?
What was their
language and
writing like?
• Greeks worshiped many
gods and goddesses and
believed in fate
• Hinduism: complex
religion with many
dieties representing an
eternal spirit
• Buddhism:
enlightenment available
to anyone
• Confucianism: duty
directs your life
• Daoism: people should
try to be in harmony
with nature
• Legalism: people need
harsh laws to be good
• Worship of ancestors
• Early Greeks were ruled
by kings
• Later, some Greeks
developed governments
run by citizens
• The warrior class ran the
government, usually
ruled by a king
• A king or emperor ruled
the country
• Aristocrats ran the
provinces
• Greek: used characters
to form letters and
words
• Sanskrit: used characters
to form letters and
words
• Chinese: symbols that
represent objects were
combined to represent
ideas
• Introduced democracy
• Architecture was copied
by others
• Developed the idea of
theater and drama
• Made advances in
medicine, mathematics,
science, and literature
• Developed two major
religions • Invented paper and
gunpowder
• Cultivated silk
How do these
contributions
affect me? Can
you add any?
• We have a democratic
government in the
United States
• Modern plays, movies,
and television shows
have their roots in
Greek theater
• ”0” is now a part of our
number system
• Many people still
practice Buddhism and
Hinduism
• The papermaking process
allows us to create books,
newspapers, and other
paper products
• Gunpowder and silk are
still in use
Ancient
Greece
Ancient
Greece
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
4
&
5
Early
India
Early
India
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
6
Early
China
Early
China
C
h
a
p
t
e
r
7
253
252-253 UR2-875047 9/13/06 3:32 PM Page 253
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