Fillable Document A Gardner took this photograph of deceased (Stanford University)

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Document A Gardner took this photograph of deceased (Stanford University)

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STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
Document A
Gardner took this photograph of deceased Confederate soldiers in the days after the
Battle of Antietam. In the background is a church damaged by artillery fire. Gardner had
gained permission to photograph the battle from President Lincoln. The dead in
Gardner’s photographs were disproportionately Confederate soldiers.
Title: Bodies of Confederate artillerymen near Dunker church
Location: near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Date: 1862
Photographer: Alexander Gardner
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
Document B
This photograph shows deceased Confederate soldiers after the Battle of Antietam. In
2016, TIME magazine named this as one of the 100 most influential photographs of all
time.
Title: Antietam, Md. Confederate dead by a fence on the Hagerstown road
Location: near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Date: 1862
Photographer: Alexander Gardner
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
Document C
Although Gardner’s title for this photograph suggests it shows a live battle scene,
historian William Frassanito, who has studied Gardner’s work extensively, believes that
it actually depicts an encampment of Union soldiers the day after the battle, and that the
smoke visible in the photograph is from campfires and not weapons. No one knows if
Gardner intended to mislead viewers into believing that they were viewing an actual
battle scene, but Frassanito believes that Gardner was “not above stretching the truth”
about his photographs.
Title: Antietam, Maryland. Battlefield on the day of battle
Location: near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Date: 1862
Photographer: Alexander Gardner
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
Document D
This photograph shows deceased Confederate soldiers in a ditch that had been dug to
provide cover for them as they fired rifles at Union forces.
Title: Antietam, Md. Confederate dead in a ditch on the right wing used as a rifle pit
Location: near Sharpsburg, Maryland
Date: 1862
Photographer: Alexander Gardner
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
Guiding Questions
1. What does each photograph tell us about the Battle of Antietam?
Document A
Document B
Document C
Document D
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
2. When evaluating whether a historical photograph is useful as evidence,
historians consider various questions, including:
• When and where was the photograph was taken?
• Who took the photograph? What was their perspective on the events or
people being photographed, and how might that have influenced what
they chose to shoot?
• Why was the photograph taken? Might the photographer have wanted to
portray a scene in a particular way?
• Under what circumstances was the photograph taken? How might these
circumstances have limited or enabled what the photographer captured?
• What technology did the photographer use, and how might that have
influenced the image created?
Considering the questions above, why might Gardner’s photographs be useful
evidence about the Battle of Antietam?
Considering the questions above, what about Gardner’s photographs might
cause you to question whether they are useful evidence about the Battle of
Antietam?
STANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu
In 1863, Gardner quit working for Brady and started his own studio in Washington, D.C.
In July of 1863, Gardner photographed the aftermath of the Battle of Gettysburg in
Pennsylvania, and he displayed these photographs in his new gallery. Below are two of
the photographs that Gardner took at Gettysburg.
Photo 1
Title: A Sharpshooter’s Last Sleep
Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Date: 1863
Photo 2
Title: Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter
Location: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Date: 1863
William Frassanito, a historian who studied Gardner’s photographs extensively, claimed
the following about these two photographs:
- Although the scenes depicted were over 40 yards apart, the soldier is the same
in both photographs
- Gardner said that the soldier was a Confederate sharpshooter, but the rifle in the
photograph was not a sharpshooter’s rifle, and this type of rifle appeared in many
of Gardner’s photographs.
3. If Frassanito’s claims are true, what do they suggest about Gardner’s photographs?
4. If true, do Frassanito’s claims affect the reliability of Gardner’s photographs of
Antietam (in Documents A-D)? Explain your reasoning.
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Completed 22 March 2021

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