Fill - Free fillable Acquiring New Lands p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page (Caggia Social Studies) PDF form

Terms & Names

MAIN IDEA

•Foraker Act

•Platt Amendment

•protectorate

•Emilio Aguinaldo

•John Hay

•Open Door notes

•Boxer Rebellion

In the early 1900s, the

United States engaged in

conflicts in Puerto Rico,

Cuba, and the Philippines.

Today, the United States

maintains a strong military and

political presence in strategic

worldwide locations.

WHY IT MATTERS NOW

One American's Story

Acquiring New Lands

When Puerto Rico became part of the United States after the

Spanish-American War, many Puerto Ricans feared that the United

States would not give them the measure of self-rule that they had

gained under the Spanish. Puerto Rican statesman and publisher

Luis Muñoz Rivera was one of the most vocal advocates of Puerto

Rican self-rule. Between 1900 and 1916, he lived primarily in the

United States and continually worked for the independence of his

homeland. Finally, in 1916, the U.S. Congress, facing possible war

in Europe and wishing to settle the issue of Puerto Rico, invited

Muñoz Rivera to speak. On May 5, 1916, Muñoz Rivera stood

before the U.S. House of Representatives to discuss the future of

Puerto Rico.

A PERSONAL VOICE LUIS MUÑOZ RIVERA

“ You, citizens of a free fatherland, with its own laws, its own institutions, and its

own flag, can appreciate the unhappiness of the small and solitary people that

must await its laws from your authority. . . . when you acquire the certainty that

you can found in Puerto Rico a republic like that founded in Cuba and Panama . . .

give us our independence and you will stand before humanity as . . . a great

creator of new nationalities and a great liberator of oppressed peoples.

”

—quoted in The Puerto Ricans

Muñoz Rivera returned to Puerto Rico where he died in November 1916.

Three months later, the United States made Puerto Ricans U.S. citizens.

Ruling Puerto Rico

Not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence, as Muñoz Rivera did. Some wanted

statehood, while still others hoped for some measure of local self-government as

an American territory. As a result, the United States gave Puerto Ricans no prom-

ises regarding independence after the Spanish-American War.

558 C

HAPTER 18

▼

Luis Muñoz Rivera

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 558

Page 1 of 7

MILITARY RULE

During the Spanish-American War,

United States forces, under General Nelson A. Miles, occu-

pied the island. As his soldiers took control, General Miles

issued a statement assuring Puerto Ricans that the

Americans were there to “bring you protection,

not only to yourselves but to your property, to

promote your prosperity, and to bestow upon

you the immunities and blessings of the liberal

institutions of our government.” For the time

being, Puerto Rico would be controlled by the

military until Congress decided otherwise.

RETURN TO CIVIL GOVERNMENT

Although

many Puerto Ricans had dreams of independence

or statehood, the United States had different

plans for the island’s future. Puerto Rico was

strategically important to the United States, both

for maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean

and for protecting a future canal that American

leaders wanted to build across the Isthmus of Panama. In

1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which ended mil-

itary rule and set up a civil government. The act gave the

president of the United States the power to appoint Puerto

Rico’s governor and members of the upper house of its leg-

islature. Puerto Ricans could elect only the members of the

legislature’s lower house.

In 1901, in the Insular Cases, the U.S. Supreme Court

ruled that the Constitution did not automatically apply to

people in acquired territories. Congress, however, retained

the right to extend U.S. citizenship, and it granted that

right to Puerto Ricans in 1917. It also gave them the right

to elect both houses of their legislature.

Cuba and the United States

When the United States declared war against Spain in 1898,

it recognized Cuba’s independence from Spain. It also

passed the Teller Amendment, which stated that the United

States had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba. The Treaty of Paris,

which ended the war, further guaranteed Cuba the independence that its nation-

alist leaders had been demanding for years.

AMERICAN SOLDIERS

Though officially independent, Cuba was occupied by

American troops when the war ended. José Martí, the Cuban patriot who had led

the movement for independence from Spain, had feared that the United States

would merely replace Spain and dominate Cuban politics. In some ways, Martí’s

prediction came true. Under American occupation, the same officials who had

served Spain remained in office. Cubans who protested this policy were impris-

oned or exiled.

On the other hand, the American military government provided food and

clothing for thousands of families, helped farmers put land back into cultivation,

and organized elementary schools. Through improvement of sanitation and med-

ical research, the military government helped eliminate yellow fever, a disease

that had killed hundreds of Cubans each year.

America Claims an Empire 559

PUERTO RICO

Ever since their transfer under

the Treaty of Paris from Spain to

the United States, Puerto Ricans

have debated their status, as

shown above. In 1967, 1993,

and 1998, Puerto Ricans reject-

ed both statehood and independ-

ence in favor of commonwealth, a

status given the island in 1952.

As members of a common-

wealth, Puerto Ricans are U.S.

citizens. They can move freely

between the island and the main-

land and are subjected to the mil-

itary draft but cannot vote in U.S.

presidential elections. A majority

of Puerto Ricans have rejected

statehood because they fear it

would mean giving up their Latino

culture.

A. Answer

Puerto Rico was

strategically

important to the

United States,

both for main-

taining a pres-

ence in the

Caribbean and

for protecting a

future canal that

American lead-

ers wanted to

build across the

Isthmus of

Panama.

Background

Yellow fever

damages many

body parts,

especially the liver.

Dr. Carlos Finlay

discovered that

the disease

is carried by

mosquitoes.

Clearing out

the mosquitos’

breeding places

helped eliminate

the disease in

Cuba.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Issues

Why was

Puerto Rico

important to the

United States?

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 559

Page 2 of 7

Analyzing

PLATT AMENDMENT

In 1900 the newly formed Cuban government wrote a

constitution for an independent Cuba. The constitution, however, did not specify

the relationship between Cuba and the United States. Consequently, in 1901, the

United States insisted that Cuba add to its constitution several provisions, known

as the Platt Amendment, stating that

• Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit

a foreign power to control any part of its territory

• the United States reserved the right to intervene in Cuba

• Cuba was not to go into debt

• the United States could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations

and refueling stations

The United States made it clear that its army would not withdraw until Cuba

adopted the Platt Amendment. In response, a torchlight procession marched on

the residence of Governor-General Leonard Wood in protest. Some protestors

even called for a return to arms to defend their national honor against this

American insult. The U.S. government stood firm, though, and Cubans reluc-

tantly ratified the new constitution. In 1903, the Platt Amendment became part

of a treaty between the two nations, and it remained in effect for 31 years. Under

the terms of the treaty, Cuba became a U.S. protectorate, a country whose

affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

PROTECTING AMERICAN BUSINESS INTERESTS

The most important rea-

son for the United States to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to

protect American businesses that had invested in the island’s sugar, tobacco, and

mining industries, as well as in its railroads and public utilities.

“WELL, I HARDLY KNOW

WHICH TO TAKE FIRST!”

Throughout the early 1900s, the United

States intervened in the affairs of its Latin

American neighbors several times.

American troops withdrew from Cuba in

1902 but later returned three times to

quell popular uprisings against conserva-

tive leaders. The U.S. also intervened in

Nicaragua and Haiti. Not surprisingly, few

Latin Americans welcomed United States

intervention. As the cartoon shows, the

United States had a different point of view.

SKILLBUILDER

Analyzing Political Cartoons

What is on the bill of fare, or menu,

in this restaurant?

Which president does the waiter

portray?

What seems to be Uncle Sam’s

attitude toward the offerings on

the menu?

SEE SKILLBUILDER HANDBOOK, PAGE R24.

Vocabulary

ratify: to make

valid by approving

560 C

HAPTER 18

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 560

Page 3 of 7

Although many businesspeople were convinced that annexing and imposing

colonial rule on new territories was necessary to protect American business inter-

ests, some were concerned about colonial entanglements. The industrialist

Andrew Carnegie argued against the taking of nations as colonies.

A PERSONAL VOICE ANDREW CARNEGIE

“ The exports of the United States this year [1898] are greater than those of

any other nation in the world. Even Britain’s exports are less, yet Britain

‘possesses’ . . . a hundred ‘colonies’ . . . scattered all over the world. The fact

that the United States has none does not prevent her products and manufactures

from invading . . . all parts of the world in competition with those of Britain.

”

—quoted in Distant Possessions

Despite such concerns, the U.S. state department continued to push for con-

trol of its Latin American neighbors. In the years to come, the United States

would intervene time and again in the affairs of other nations in the Western

Hemisphere.

Filipinos Rebel

In the Philippines, Filipinos reacted with outrage to

the Treaty of Paris, which called for American

annexation of the Philippines. The rebel leader

Emilio Aguinaldo (

D-mClPyI äQgC-nälPdI) believed

that the United States had promised independence.

When he and his followers learned the terms of the

treaty, they vowed to fight for freedom.

PHILIPPINE–AMERICAN WAR

In February 1899,

the Filipinos, led by Aguinaldo, rose in revolt. The

United States assumed almost the same role that

Spain had played, imposing its authority on a

colony that was fighting for freedom. When

Aguinaldo turned to guerrilla tactics, the United

States forced Filipinos to live in designated zones,

where poor sanitation, starvation, and disease killed

thousands. This was the very same practice that

Americans had condemned Spain for using in Cuba.

During the occupation, white American soldiers

looked on the Filipinos as inferiors. However, many of the 70,000 U.S. troops sent

to the Philippines were African Americans. When African-American newspapers

questioned why blacks were helping to spread racial prejudice to the Philippines,

some African-American soldiers deserted to the Filipino side and developed bonds

of friendship with the Filipinos.

It took the Americans nearly three years to put down the rebellion. About

20,000 Filipino rebels died fighting for independence. The war claimed 4,000

American lives and cost $400 million—20 times the price the United States had

paid to purchase the islands.

AFTERMATH OF THE WAR

After suppressing the rebellion, the United States

set up a government similar to the one it had established for Puerto Rico. The U.S.

president would appoint a governor, who would then appoint the upper house of

the legislature. Filipinos would elect the lower house. Under American rule, the

Philippines moved gradually toward independence and finally became an inde-

pendent republic on July 4, 1946.

America Claims an Empire 561

▼

U.S. military action in the Philippines resulted in

suffering for Filipino civilians. About 200,000 people

died as a result of malnutrition, disease, and such

guerrilla tactics as the burning of villages.

B. Answer

Filipinos wanted

independence.

The U.S. wanted

to govern the

islands.

MAIN IDEA

Contrasting

What were

the aims of the

Filipinos? of the

Americans?

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 561

Page 4 of 7

Equator

30°N

0°

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

PACIFIC

OCEAN

Hawaiian Islands

1898

Puerto Rico

1898

Panama Canal

Zone 1903

Philippine

Islands

1898

Guam

1898

Midway Island

1867

Wake Island

1899

Alaska

1867

UNITED STATES

MOROCCO

CONGO

CHINA

AFRICA

SOUTH

AMERICA

NORTH

AMERICA

AUSTRALIA

ASIA

EUROPE

Territory and date of acquisition

0 1,500 3,000 kilometers

1,500 3,000 miles

U.S. Imperialism, 1867–1906

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER

Location On what islands does Pearl Harbor lie?

Human-Environment Interaction What events show the United

States acting as a mediator in international disputes? What does

this role indicate about the status of the U.S. in the world?

Bering Sea, 1893 International tribu-

nal denies U.S. claims to exclusive

rights to waters of Bering Sea.

Open Door Policy, 1899 U.S. aims

to prevent foreign powers in China

from shutting out the United

States from Chinese markets.

Pearl Harbor, 1887 Hawaii

gives U.S. exclusive rights

to build a naval base.

Alaskan Boundary Crisis, 1902–1903

After gold is discovered in Klondike,

Canadians want to redraw boundary to

Alaskan Panhandle. A tribunal settles in

favor of U.S.

Big Stick Diplomacy, 1904

Roosevelt sends warships to

Morocco when local authorities

detain a Greek citizen with dis-

puted U.S. citizenship.

Algeciras Conference,

1906 Roosevelt offers

U.S. “good offices” to

settle Franco-German

differences over Morocco.

Congo Conference, 1885

U.S. persuades European

powers to agree to freedom

of trade and abolition of

slave trade in central Africa.

Samoa, 1889–1899 Hurricane destroys U.S.,

British, and German ships, preventing armed

clash over control of Samoa. Ten years later,

the U.S. splits islands with Germany.

562 C

HAPTER 18

C. Answer

To protect

American

access to

Chinese markets

and to help

maintain the

independence

of China.

Skillbuilder

Answers

1. Pearl Harbor

lies on the

Hawaiian

Islands.

2. Mediator: The

Algeciras and

Congo confer-

ences. Status:

It shows the

growing power

and prestige of

the United

States, because

other powerful

nations chose

the U.S. to help

settle their

disputes.

MAIN IDEA

Analyzing

Causes

Why did

Secretary of State

John Hay issue

the policy

statements known

as the Open Door

notes?

Foreign Influence in China

U.S. imperialists saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia, particularly

to China. China was seen as a vast potential market for American products. It also

presented American investors with new opportunities for large-scale railroad

construction.

Weakened by war and foreign intervention, China had become known as the

“sick man of Asia.” France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had established

prosperous settlements along the coast of China. They also had carved out

spheres of influence, areas where each nation claimed special rights and eco-

nomic privileges.

JOHN HAY’S OPEN DOOR NOTES

The United States began to fear that China

would be carved into colonies and American traders would be shut out. To pro-

tect American interests, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued, in 1899, a series

of policy statements called the Open Door notes. The notes were letters

addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share

their trading rights with the United States, thus creating an open door. This

meant that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of

China. The other imperialist powers reluctantly accepted this policy.

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 562

Page 5 of 7

THE BOXER REBELLION IN CHINA

Although China kept its freedom, Europeans

dominated most of China’s large cities. Resentment simmered beneath the surface

as some Chinese formed secret societies pledged to rid the country of “foreign

devils.” The most famous of these secret groups were the Boxers, so named by

Westerners because members practiced martial arts.

The Boxers killed hundreds of missionaries and other

foreigners, as well as Chinese converts to Christianity. In

August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, and

Japan joined about 2,500 American soldiers and marched

on the Chinese capital. Within two months, the interna-

tional forces put down the Boxer Rebellion. Thousands

of Chinese people died during the fighting.

PROTECTING AMERICAN RIGHTS

After the Boxer

Rebellion, the United States feared that European nations

would use their victory to take even greater control of

China. To prevent this, John Hay issued a second series of

Open Door notes, announcing that the United States would

“safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impar-

tial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire.” This policy

paved the way for greater American influence in Asia.

The Open Door policy reflected three deeply held

American beliefs about the United States industrial capitalist

economy. First, Americans believed that the growth of the

U.S. economy depended on exports. Second, they felt the

United States had a right to intervene abroad to keep for-

eign markets open. Third, they feared that the closing of

an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened

U.S. survival. These beliefs became the bedrock of American

foreign policy.

THE BOXER PROTOCOL

On September 7, 1901, China

and 11 other nations signed the

Boxer Protocol—a final settle-

ment of the Boxer Rebellion.

The Qing government agreed to

execute some Chinese officials,

to punish others, and to pay

about $332 million in damages.

The United States was awarded

a settlement of $24.5 million.

It used about $4 million to pay

American citizens for actual

losses incurred during the

rebellion. In 1908, the U.S.

government returned the rest of

the money to China to be used

for the purpose of educating

Chinese students in their own

country and in the United States.

America Claims an Empire 563

▼

During the Boxer Rebellion, shown here in this Chinese print, Chinese patriots demanded that

all foreigners be expelled from the country. The Boxers surrounded the European section of

Beijing and kept it under siege for several months.

Vocabulary

martial arts:

combat or self

defense arts that

originated in East

Asia, such as judo

or karate

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 563

Page 6 of 7

The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains

In 1900, Republican William McKinley, a reluctant but confirmed imperialist, was

elected to a second term against Democrat William Jennings Bryan, who staunch-

ly opposed imperialism. McKinley’s reelection confirmed that a majority of

Americans favored his policies. Under McKinley, the United States had gained an

empire.

Yet even before McKinley was reelected, an Anti-Imperialist League had

sprung into being. The league included some of the most prominent people in

America, such as former president Grover Cleveland, industrial leader Andrew

Carnegie, the social worker Jane Addams, and many leading writers. Anti-

imperialists had different and sometimes conflicting reasons for their opposi-

tion, but all agreed that it was wrong for the United States to rule other

people without their consent. The novelist Mark Twain questioned

the motives for imperialism in a satirical piece written in 1901.

A PERSONAL VOICE MARK TWAIN

“ Shall we go on conferring our Civilization upon the peoples

that sit in darkness, or shall we give those poor things a rest?

. . . Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who

Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on

the whole; and there is money in it yet . . . but not enough, in

my judgment, to make any considerable risk advisable.

”

—quoted in To the Person Sitting in Darkness

As a novelist, Twain had great influence on American culture

but little influence on foreign policy. In the early 20th century, the

United States under President Theodore Roosevelt and President

Woodrow Wilson would continue to exert its power around the globe.

•Foraker Act

•Platt Amendment

•protectorate

•Emilio Aguinaldo

•John Hay

•Open Door notes

•Boxer Rebellion

1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.

MAIN IDEA

2. TAKING NOTES

Create a time line of key events

relating to U.S. relations with Cuba,

Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Use the dates already plotted on the

time line below as a guide.

Which event do you think was most

significant? Why?

CRITICAL THINKING

3. EVALUATING

How did American rule of Puerto

Rico harm Puerto Ricans? How did

it help Puerto Ricans? Do you think

the benefits outweighed the harmful

effects? Why or why not?

4. COMPARING

How was U.S. policy toward China

different from U.S. policy toward the

Philippines? To what can you

attribute the difference?

5. ANALYZING ISSUES

How did U.S. foreign policy at the

turn of the century affect actions

taken by the United States toward

China? Think About:

• why the United States wanted

access to China’s markets

• the purpose of the Open Door

notes

• the U.S. response to the Boxer

Rebellion

564 C

HAPTER 18

▼

Mark Twain

1899 1901

1900 1917

p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page 564

Page 7 of 7

Download
Save PDF to desktop

Email
Email completed PDF

Send for Signing
Email for others to sign

Print
Print document

NAME

Acquiring New Lands p0558-564aspe-0518s3 101702 8:56 AM Page (Caggia Social Studies)

View Audit Log
Print With Audit Log
Duplicate Document

Fill Online, Printable, Fillable, Blank Acquiring New Lands p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page (Caggia Social Studies) Form

Related forms

Fillable Acquiring New Lands p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page (Caggia Social Studies)

Fill Online, Printable, Fillable, Blank Acquiring New Lands p0558-564aspe-0518s3 10/17/02 8:56 AM Page (Caggia Social Studies) Form

Related forms

First 20 documents completely FREE!