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The Colosseum in Rome, Italy

c. 10 B.C.

Livy writes his

History of Rome

A.D.395

Roman Empire

divided into eastern

and western parts

A.D.527

Emperor

Justinian

begins rule

100

B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 300 A.D. 500

100

B.C. A.D. 100 A.D. 300 A.D. 500

Roman

Civilization

298–299 Picture Finders Ltd./eStock

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Chapter Preview

The Romans developed a civilization as well as an

empire. Read this chapter to find out about Roman

achievements that still influence your life today.

View the Chapter 9 video in the World History:

Journey Across Time Video Program.

Life in Ancient Rome

The Romans learned from the Greeks but changed

what they borrowed to suit their own needs. The

lives of rich and poor Romans were very different.

The Fall of Rome

Rome finally fell when Germanic invaders

swept through the empire in the A.D. 400s. Roman

achievements in government, law, language, and

the arts are still important today.

The Byzantine Empire

As the Western Roman Empire fell, the Eastern

Roman, or Byzantine, Empire grew rich and

powerful. The Byzantines developed a culture

based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

Chapter Overview Visit

jat.glencoe.com for a preview

of Chapter 9.

299

Organizing Information Make this foldable to help you organize and analyze

information by asking yourself questions about Roman civilization.

Reading and Writing

As you read the chapter,

write the main ideas for

each section in the

appropriate columns

of your foldable.Then

write one statement

that summarizes the

main ideas in each

column.

Step 1 Fold a sheet of

paper into thirds from

top to bottom.

Step 2 Turn the paper

horizontally, unfold, and

label the three columns

as shown.

The Fall

of Rome

Th e

Byzantine

Empire

Life in

Ancient

Rome

298-301 CH 9 CO-824133 3/16/04 4:35 PM Page 299

Responding

& Reflecting

Your Point of View

An important part of reading involves thinking about and

responding to the text from your own point of view.

Read the following paragraph about daily life in Rome and

look at how one student reflects as she reads.

300

The city of Rome was crowded,

noisy, and dirty. People tossed

garbage into the streets from their

apartments, and thieves prowled

the streets at night. Most people in

Rome were poor. They lived in

apartment buildings made of stone

and wood. High rent forced families

to live in one room.

—from page 306

“Reminds me

of a city I

visited once”

“Sounds like it

would be very

uncomfortable

and crowded!”

“Were they

like apart-

ment build-

ings today?”

“What would

that look like?

What would

it smell like?”

While you do not want

to daydream as you are

reading, you do want to

think about the text.

Good readers’ minds are

busy, almost “talking

back” to the text as

they read.

298-301 CH 9 CO-824133 3/16/04 4:37 PM Page 300

Between the ages of 14 and 16, a

Roman boy celebrated becoming a

man. He would burn his toys as

offerings to the household gods.

Then he would put on a toga, a loose-

fitting robe that Roman men wore.

Once he came of age, a man might

join his family’s business, become a

soldier, or begin a career in the gov-

ernment. Roman women did not

become adults until they married. A

woman usually wore a long flowing

robe with a cloak called a palla.

—from pages 307–308

Reflect and Respond

Read the following paragraph. Take a few minutes

to reflect on what you have read and then respond by

exchanging thoughts with a partner. Some suggested

topics are listed below.

In Section 2, you will

read why historians

believe the Roman

Empire fell. Choose one

of the reasons and

respond to it, explaining

why you think this is

the most likely reason

for the decline of the

Roman Empire.

Read to Write

As you read, keep a reader’s note-

book. Record responses to facts or

ideas that you find interesting.

301

• Do boys do anything today to show that

they have become men?

• What does a toga look like? What does a

palla look like?

• Why did a woman have to wait until she

married to become an adult?

• Why were boys and girls treated so

differently?

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

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ife

ncient

ome

73 B.C.

Spartacus leads

revolt of

enslaved people

c. A.D. 80

Colosseum

completed

Constantinople

Rome

SPAIN

GAUL

BRITAIN

ITALY

GREECE

PALESTINE

EGYPT

100 B.C. A.D. 1 A.D. 100

100 B.C. A.D.1 A.D. 100

302 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

c. 10 B.C.

Livy writes his

History of Rome

What’s the Connection?

You have already learned about

Rome’s rise to power. Life in Rome

was not easy, but as the empire grew,

its people accomplished many things

in art, science, and engineering.

Focusing on the

• In addition to their own developments

in science and engineering, Roman

artists and writers borrowed many

ideas from the Greeks.

(page 303)

• The rich and poor had very different

lives in the Roman Empire, as did

men and women.

(page 306)

Meeting People

Virgil (VUHR•juhl)

Horace (HAWR•uhs)

Galen (GAY•luhn)

Ptolemy (TAH•luh•mee)

Spartacus (SPAHR•tuh•kuhs)

Building Your Vocabulary

vault (VAWLT)

satire (SA•TYR)

ode (OHD)

anatomy (uh•NA•tuh •mee)

Forum (FOHR•uhm)

gladiator (GLA•dee•AY •tuhr)

paterfamilias

(PA •tuhr•fuh•MIH•lee•uhs)

rhetoric (REH•tuh•rihk)

Reading Strategy

Compare and Contrast Use a Venn

diagram like the one below to show

similarities and differences between

the rich and the poor in Rome.

Roman

Rich

Roman

Poor

302-310 CH 9 S1-824133 3/16/04 4:53 PM Page 302

Roman Culture

In addition to their own developments

in science and engineering, Roman artists and writ-

ers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.

Reading Focus Are there people in your life that you

admire? What have you learned from them? Read to

find out what the Romans learned from the Greeks.

The Romans admired and studied Greek

statues, buildings, and ideas. They copied

the Greeks in many ways. However, they

changed what they borrowed to suit their

own needs. In one important way, the

Romans were very different from the

Greeks. The Greeks loved to talk about ideas.

To the Romans, ideas were only important if

they could solve everyday problems.

What Was Roman Art Like? The Romans

admired Greek art and architecture. They

placed Greek-style statues in their homes

and public buildings. Roman artists, how-

ever, carved statues that looked different

from those of the Greeks. Greek statues

were made to look perfect. People were

shown young, healthy, and with beautiful

bodies. Roman statues were more realistic

and included wrinkles, warts, and other

less attractive features.

In building, the Romans also turned to

the Greeks for ideas. They used Greek-style

porches and rows of columns called colon-

nades. But they also added their own fea-

tures, such as arches and domes. Roman

builders were the first to make full use of

the arch. Arches supported bridges, aque-

ducts, and buildings. Rows of arches were

often built against one another to form a

vault

(VAWLT), or curved ceiling. Using this

technique, the Romans were able to build

domes from many rings of shaped stone.

The Romans were the first people to

invent and use concrete, a mixture of vol-

canic ash, lime, and water. When it dried,

this mix was as hard as rock. Concrete

made buildings sturdier and allowed them

to be built taller.

Rome’s concrete buildings were so well

built that many still stand today. One of the

most famous is the Colosseum, completed

about A.D. 80. It was a huge arena that could

seat about 60,000 people. Another famous

building is the Pantheon, a temple built to

honor Rome’s gods. The Pantheon’s domed

roof was the largest of its time.

This Roman bridge still stands in Spain. In what other

structures were arches used?

Nik Wheeler/CORBIS

302-310 CH 9 S1-824133 3/16/04 4:54 PM Page 303

Roman Literature Roman authors based

much of their writing on Greek works. For

example, the Roman writer Virgil (VUHR•

juhl) drew some of his ideas from Homer’s

Odyssey. Virgil’s epic poem, the Aeneid (uh •

NEE•uhd), describes the adventures of the

Trojan prince Aeneas and how he came to

Italy. Virgil presents Aeneas as the ideal

Roman—brave, self-controlled, and loyal to

the gods.

Rome’s other famous writers also

looked to the Greeks for inspiration. Using

Greek models, the poet Horace (HAWR •uhs)

wrote satires (SA•TYRZ). These works poked

fun at human weaknesses. Horace also

composed odes (OHDZ), or poems that

express strong emotions about life. The

Roman writer Ovid wrote works that were

based on the Greek myths. The poet Catullus

also admired Greek writings. He wrote short

poems about love, sadness, and envy.

Like the Greeks, Rome’s histori-

ans recorded the events of their civi-

lization. One of Rome’s most famous

historians was Livy. He wrote his

History of Rome about 10

B.C. In this

book, Livy describes Rome’s rise to

power. Livy greatly admired the

deeds of the early Romans, and he

believed that history had important

moral lessons to teach people.

Livy celebrated Rome’s great-

ness, but the Roman historian Tacitus

took a darker view. He believed that

Rome’s emperors had taken people’s free-

dom. Tacitus also thought Romans were

losing the values that made them strong.

He accused them of wasting time on sports

and other pleasures.

Also like the Greeks, the Romans

enjoyed plays. Roman plays were often

based on Greek tragedies and comedies.

Playwrights such as the tragedy writer

Seneca and the comedy writers Plautus and

Terence wrote plays for religious festivals.

Romans especially liked plays with humor.

Roman authors influenced later writers

in Europe and America, but the language of

the Romans, Latin, had an even bigger

impact on future generations. Latin became

Europe’s language for government, trade,

and learning until about A.D. 1500. Latin

became the basis of many modern

European languages, such as Italian,

French, and Spanish, and shaped many

others. Many of the English words we use

today come from Latin as well.

Roman Science and Engineering The

Romans also learned from Greek science. A

Greek doctor named Galen (GAY • luhn)

304 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

The Book of

Epodes

In this poem excerpt, Horace praises the

lifestyle of those who farm their fam-

ily’s land.

“Happy the man who, far from

business and affairs

Like mortals of the early

times,

May work his father’s fields

with oxen of his own,

Exempt [free] from profit,

loss, and fee,

Not like the soldier roused by

savage trumpet’s blare,

Not terrified by seas in rage,

Avoiding busy forums and the

haughty doors

Of influencial citizens.”

—Horace, The Book of Epodes

According to Horace, what kinds of things

does the farmer avoid?

Horace

Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France, Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library

302-310 CH 9 S1-824133 3/16/04 4:57 PM Page 304

The Colosseum in Rome could hold some 60,000 people.

The arena even had a removable canvas awning to protect

spectators from the hot Roman sun.

What was concrete

made from?

305

brought many medical ideas to Rome. For

example, he emphasized the importance of

anatomy (uh • NA • tuh • mee), the study of

body structure. To learn about inner organs,

Galen cut open dead animals and recorded

his findings. Doctors in the West studied

Galen’s books and drawings for more than

1,500 years.

Another important scientist of the

Roman Empire was Ptolemy (TAH • luh •

mee). Ptolemy lived in Alexandria, in Egypt.

He studied the sky and carefully mapped

over 1,000 different stars. He also studied

the motion of planets and stars and created

rules explaining their movements. Even

though Ptolemy incorrectly placed Earth at

the center of the universe, educated people

in Europe accepted his ideas for centuries.

While Roman scientists tried to under-

stand how the world worked, Roman

engineers built an astonishing system of

roads and bridges to connect the empire.

Have you ever heard the saying “All roads

lead to Rome”? Roman engineers built

roads from Rome to every part of the

empire. These roads were well built and

made travel and trade more accessible.

The Romans also used advanced engi-

neering to supply their cities with fresh-

water. Engineers built aqueducts to bring

water from the hills into the cities.

Aqueducts were long troughs supported by

rows of arches. They carried water

over long distances. At one time, 11 great

aqueducts fed Rome’s homes, bathhouses,

fountains, and public bathrooms. Roman

cities also had sewers to remove waste.

Explain

How was the

character Aeneas an ideal Roman?

A system of cages, ropes, and

pulleys brought wild animals up

to the Colosseum floor from

rooms underground.

The Roman Colosseum

302-310 CH 9 S1-875047 9/16/06 12:39 PM Page 305

Daily Life in Rome

The rich and poor had very different

lives in Rome, as did men and women.

Reading Focus Do you think there is a big difference

in the lives of boys and girls you know today? Why or

why not? Read to learn how the lives of Roman boys

and girls were very different from each other.

What was it like to live in Rome over

2,000 years ago? Rome was one of the

largest cities in the ancient world. By the

time of Augustus, over a million people

lived there. Rome was carefully planned, as

were many Roman cities. It was laid out in a

square with the main roads crossing at right

angles. At its center was the Forum (FOHR•

um). This was an open space that served as a

marketplace and public square. Temples

and public buildings were built around it.

Wealthy Romans lived in large, comfort-

able houses. Each home had large rooms,

fine furniture, and beautiful gardens. In the

center was an inner court called an atrium.

Wealthy Romans also had homes called vil-

las on their country estates.

The city of Rome was crowded, noisy,

and dirty. People tossed garbage into the

streets from their apartments, and thieves

prowled the streets at night. Most people in

Rome were poor. They lived in apartment

buildings made of stone and wood. High

rent forced families to live in one room.

Roman apartments were up to six stories

high. They often collapsed because they were

so poorly built. Fire was a constant danger

because people used torches and lamps for

lighting and cooked with oil. Once started, a

fire could destroy entire blocks of apartments.

To keep the people from rioting, the

Roman government provided “bread and cir-

cuses,” or free grain and shows. Romans of all

classes flocked to the chariot races and gladi-

ator contests. Gladiators (GLA•dee•AY •tuhrz)

Ancient Roman Sports Sports were

important to the Romans. Paintings on

vases, frescoes [moist plaster], and stone

show Romans playing ball, including a

version of soccer. Roman girls are shown

exercising with handheld weights and

throwing an egg-shaped ball. Balls were

made of different materials such as wool,

hair, linen, sponges, and pig bladders

wrapped in string.

Some Roman sporting events took

place in the Colosseum, amphitheaters,

and the Circus Maximus. Wild beast

fights, battles between ships, and

gladiator contests attracted Roman

spectators by the thousands. Chariot

racing was held in the Circus Maximus,

and the drivers wore team colors of

red, white, green, and blue.

Scene showing gladiators in battle

Connecting to the Past

1. How do we know sports were important to

the Romans?

2. How are today’s sports different from

Roman sports? How are they similar?

Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers

302-310 CH 9 S1-824133 7/15/04 5:23 PM Page 306

fought animals and each other. Most gladia-

tors were enslaved people, criminals, or poor

people. Gladiators were admired, much like

sports heroes are today.

What Was Family Life Like? Family life

was important to the Romans. Their families

were large. They included not only parents

and young children but also married chil-

dren and their families, other relatives, and

enslaved servants. The father was the head

of the household. Called the paterfamilias

(PA •tuhr•fuh•MIH•lee•uhs), or “father of the

family,” he had complete control over fam-

ily members. For example, he punished chil-

dren severely if they disobeyed. He also

arranged their marriages.

In some cases, the paterfamilias made

sure his children were educated. Poor

Romans could not afford to send their chil-

dren to school. Wealthy Romans, however,

hired tutors to teach their young children at

home. Some older boys did go to schools,

where they learned reading, writing, and

rhetoric (REH•tuh•rihk), or public speaking.

Older girls did not go to school. Instead,

they studied reading and writing at home.

They also learned household duties.

Between the ages of 14 and 16, a Roman

boy celebrated becoming a man. He would

burn his toys as offerings to the household

gods. Then he would put on a toga, a loose-

fitting robe that Roman men wore. Once he

came of age, a man might join his family’s

business, become a soldier, or begin a career

307

Chariot races were held in an arena called the Circus Maximus,

one of the largest arenas ever made. Besides chariot races,

what other types of shows attracted Romans?

A Roman teacher and student

(t)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (b)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY

302-310 CH 9 S1-824133 3/25/04 12:52 PM Page 307

Bedrooms

Library

Courtyard

Kitchen

In the dining room, family members

ate while reclining on couches.

Rainwater from the

gutters collected in

the pool below.

Guests and business

associates were

entertained in the

living room/study.

Some homes had shops

or workshops that

opened onto the street.

A Roman House

in the government. Roman women did not

become adults until they married. A

woman usually wore a long flowing robe

with a cloak called a palla.

Women in Rome Women in early Rome

had some rights, but they were not full citi-

zens. The paterfamilias looked after his wife

and controlled her affairs. However, he

often sought her advice in private. Women

had a strong influence on their families, and

some wives of famous men, including

emperors, became well-known themselves.

For example, the empress Livia (LIHV•ee•

uh), wife of Augustus, had a say in Rome’s

politics. She was later honored as a goddess.

The freedoms a Roman woman enjoyed

depended on her husband’s wealth and

standing. Wealthy women had a great deal

of independence. They could own land, run

businesses, and sell property. They man-

aged the household and had enslaved peo-

ple do the housework. This left the women

free to study literature, art, and fashion.

Outside the home, they could go to the the-

ater or the amphitheater, but in both places

they had to sit in areas separate from men.

Women with less money had less free-

dom. They spent most of their time working

in their houses or helping their husbands in

family-run shops. They were allowed to

leave home to shop, visit friends, worship at

temples, or go to the baths. A few women

did work independently outside the home.

Some served as priestesses, while others

worked as hairdressers and even doctors.

Wealthy Romans often lived in spacious houses with central

courtyards. The houses had high brick walls without windows.

Many of the rooms opened into the courtyard to allow in light

and fresh air. How is a Roman home similar to homes in your

neighborhood? How is it different?

A Roman

couple

Scala/Art Resource, NY

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CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 309

These apartments were built of brick

and stone for wealthy Romans. What

sort of buildings did poor Romans live in?

How Did Romans Treat Enslaved People?

Slavery was a part of Roman life from early

times. But the use of slave labor grew as

Rome took over more territory. Thousands

of prisoners from conquered lands were

brought to Italy. Most spent their lives per-

forming slave labor. By 100 B.C., about 40

percent of the people in Italy were enslaved.

Enslaved people did many different

jobs. They worked in homes, fields, mines,

and workshops. They helped build roads,

bridges, and aqueducts. Many enslaved

Greeks were well educated. They served as

teachers, doctors, and artisans.

For most enslaved people, life was miser-

able. They were punished severely for poor

work or for running away. To escape their

hardships, enslaved people often rebelled.

In 73 B.C. a slave revolt broke out in Italy.

It was led by a gladiator named Spartacus

(SPAHR •tuh •kuhs). Under Spartacus, a force

of 70,000 enslaved people defeated several

Roman armies. The revolt was finally

crushed two years later. Spartacus and

6,000 of his followers were crucified, or put

to death by being nailed to a cross.

Roman Religion The ancient Romans

worshiped many gods and goddesses. They

also believed that spirits lived in natural

things, such as trees and rivers. Greek gods

and goddesses were popular in Rome,

although they were given Roman names.

For example, Zeus became Jupiter, the sky

god, and Aphrodite became Venus, the god-

dess of love and beauty. Roman emperors

also were worshiped. This practice

strengthened support for the government.

Romans honored their gods and god-

desses by praying and offering food. Every

Roman home had an altar for their house-

hold gods. At these altars, the head of the

family carried out rituals. Government offi-

cials made offerings in temples. There the

important gods and goddesses of Rome

were honored. Some Roman priests looked

for messages from the gods. They studied

the insides of dead animals or watched the

flight of birds, looking for meaning.

A Roman family at

the dinner table

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302-310 CH 9 S1-875047 9/16/06 12:53 PM Page 309

Reading Summary

Review the

• Roman art, literature, and science

borrowed much from the Greeks.

Roman engineers made advances,

including the development of

cement, the arch, aqueducts, and

domes.

• Religion and family were impor-

tant parts of Roman life. Enslaved

people carried out many different

tasks in Roman society.

1. What were some of Ptolemy’s

scientific achievements?

2. How were the Roman and

Greek religions similar?

Critical Thinking

3. Compare and Contrast

Draw a chart like the one

below. Fill in details to com-

pare and contrast Roman and

Greek art and architecture.

Analyze Explain the impor-

tance of the language of the

Romans.

Describe Describe the educa-

tion of Roman children.

Conclude The Romans bor-

rowed ideas from other peo-

ples. Do you think our culture

today borrows ideas from

other peoples? Explain your

answer.

Responding and

Reflecting

Look at the art

showing the Roman house on

page 308. Write five things that

come to mind as you view this

picture.

What Did You Learn?

Study Central

Need help with the

material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

310 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

As the empire grew larger, Romans

came into contact with other religions.

These religions were allowed, as long as

they did not threaten the government.

Those that did faced severe hardships. You

will read about one of these religions—

Christianity—in the next chapter.

Contrast

Compare the life

of upper-class women to women of other classes.

Greek Art Roman Art

Greek

Architecture

Roman

Architecture

The Romans also bor-

rowed ideas from Greek

philosophy. For exam-

ple, they borrowed and

modified the Greek

philosophy of Stoicism.

For Romans, however,

Stoicism was not a-

bout finding happiness

through reason like it

was for the Greeks. In-

stead, Stoicism encour-

aged Romans to live in

a practical way. Stoic

philosophers urged peo-

ple to participate in

public affairs, to do their

civic duty, and to treat conquered peoples

well.

Ares

Roman God

Mars

Role

god of war

Juno

Hera

wife of chief god

Zeus

Jupiter chief god

Aphrodite

Ve nu s goddess of love

Artemis

Diana goddess of the hunt

Athena

Minerva goddess of wisdom

Hermes

Mercury messenger god

Hades

Pluto god of the underworld

Poseidon

Neptune god of the sea

Hephaestus

Vulcan god of fire

Greek God

Greek and Roman Gods

Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY

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Do you know a person who is

always friendly and generous, no

matter what the circumstances?

In this story, a good-natured

husband and wife are rewarded

when they receive special guests

into their home.

Retold by Geraldine McCaughrean

Before You Read

The Scene: This story takes place in ancient Rome in the legendary time

when gods visited Earth to interact with humans in person.

The Characters: Philemon and Baucis are the man and woman who

welcome guests to their home. Clio is their goose. Jupiter and Mercury are

two ancient Roman gods.

The Plot: A husband and wife welcome two guests into their cottage. They

have no food for the guests, but they do have a pet goose. As the pair try to

provide their guests with food, the guests reveal their identities and reward

the host and hostess for their generosity.

Vocabulary Preview

fowl: bird

wielding: controlling

gaped: hung open

quills: feathers

hospitality: friendliness and

generosity toward guests

ramshackle: falling apart

disintegrated: broke

into small pieces

gilded: decorated

with gold

preening: grooming

and making pretty

311-316 CH9 WL-824133 3/17/04 3:18 PM Page 311

As You Read

Keep in mind that this story is a myth. Like the

Greeks, Romans passed myths from one generation

to the next to explain some aspect of the world.

Often, the stories involved gods and goddesses as

well as humans.

Aknock at the door. A pair of passing

strangers. Philemon and Baucis did not know

the two men on their doorstep, but they had

never yet failed to offer a warm welcome to

anyone who called at their little cottage.

“Come in! Sit down! My wife will cook you

supper!” said Philemon.

His wife tugged at his sleeve. She did not

need to say more. Both of them knew there

was no food in the house. Not a bite. Baucis

and Philemon themselves had been living on

eggs and olives for days. There was not even

any bread.

Philemon smiled sadly at Baucis, and she

smiled sadly back. “It’s the goose, is it?” he said.

“The goose it is,” she replied.

Clio was all they had left. She was more

like a pet than a farmyard fowl. And yet, guests

are a blessing sent by the gods, and guests

must be fed. So Philemon fetched his sharp ax

and Baucis began to chase the goose, trying to

drive it into the cottage.

Jupiter sat back in his chair and waited

patiently for dinner. “Do you think we should

help?” he said to Mercury, hearing the

commotion in the yard.

“I know we shall have a wait,” replied

Mercury.

“Here—you try,” said Baucis, passing the

ax to Philemon.

The goose was squawking, Baucis was

yelping, and Philemon was coughing as he ran

311-316 CH9 WL-824133 4/27/04 2:16 PM Page 312

313

about wielding the ax. He struck at Clio, but the goose moved, and he demolished a bush.

He swung again and hit the wooden pail. The goose shrieked with outrage, then with terror,

and slapped about on her big, triangular feet—plat, plat, plat—skidding into their

homemade altar piled high with flowers, into the fish-drying rack,

into the washing on

the tree.

Olives rained down on the roof of the shack.

“Do you think we should go?” said Jupiter, as he and Mercury listened to the

wild-goose chase and their hungry stomachs growled quietly.

At last Philemon and Baucis cornered the goose against the cottage door. Her

orange beak gaped. Philemon raised the ax . . . and Clio bolted backward into the shack,

running around the room like a black-footed pillow fight until she caught sight of Jupiter.

Now, animals are not so easily fooled by disguises, and although Jupiter and Mercury

were dressed as peasants, in woolen tunics and straw hats, she instantly recognized the

King of the gods and threw herself on his mercy. Neck outstretched, eyes bulging, she ran

straight between his knees and into his lap. He was overrun with goose.

“A thousand pardons, friend,” gasped Baucis, crawling in at the door, her hair stuck

with goose quills. “Won’t you take an olive while you wait?”

Jupiter stroked the goose, which stood paddling

on his thighs, and spat out a few

feathers. “Shield me! Save me! Protect me!” said the goose, in the language of geese.

fish-drying rack: large wooden structure on which fish are hung to dry

washing on the tree: laundry hung on the tree branches to dry

paddling: moving its feet

311-316 CH9 WL-824133 3/17/04 3:20 PM Page 313

Jupiter tickled it under the beak. “Your hospitality is a marvel, dear Philemon,

gentle Baucis. In all my long travels over the face of the world, I have never met

such unselfish hosts. Here is your only goose, and you were ready to cook it for us!

Your generosity surpasses that of the gods themselves!”

“Now, sir,” said Baucis sternly. “You may be a guest, but I’ll have no ill spoken

of the gods in this house. Though we have little to offer, the gods have been good

to us, have they not, my love?”

“They have, they have,” said Philemon. Mercury concealed a grin.

“And they shall be good to you ever after!” declared Jupiter, rising to his feet.

He rose and rose, ’til his head touched the rafters, and his face brightened ’til the

room was light as day. His disguise fell away and Mercury folded it small and

smaller ’til it fit inside one fist and was gone.

“As you see, I am Jupiter, King of the gods, and this is my messenger, Mercury.

We like to travel the world and visit the people whose sacrificial smoke perfumes

the halls of Heaven. But travel where we may and stay where we might, we never

met with such hospitality as yours! Name any favor and it shall be your reward. A

small kingdom, perhaps? A palace? A chest of sea treasure from the vaults of

Poseidon?

Wings to fly or the gift of prophecy? Name it!”

Mercury looked uneasy. He had seen the greed and ambition of mortals all too

often. This mild-looking couple would probably demand to be gods and to dine at

the table of the gods; would ask for immortality or a banner of stars wide as the

Milky Way, spelling out “Philemon the

Philanthropist,”

“Baucis the Beautiful.”

Baucis looked at Philemon, and

Philemon smiled back and wrung his

hat shyly between his hands.

“Almighty Jupiter, you have

done our little house such an

honor today that we have

Poseidon: Roman god of the sea

philanthropist: someone who is

charitable

311-316 CH9 WL-824133 3/17/04 3:21 PM Page 314

315

hardly breath enough to speak our thanks. Our greatest joy in life has always been

to worship at our humble little altar—out there in the yard. What more could we

ask than to go on doing that—oh, and both to die at the same hour, so that we

may never be parted. My Baucis and I.”

Jupiter complained of a speck of dust in his eye and went outside. He could be

heard blowing his nose loudly. When he ducked back through the door, his eyes

were quite red-rimmed. “Come, priest and priestess of my shrine! Your temple

awaits you!”

All of a sudden, the drafty, ramshackle little hut disintegrated, like a raft of

leaves on a river. Around and above it rose the pillars of a mighty temple. The

simple cairn

of stones that had served for an altar still stood there, piled with

firewood and swagged with flowers, but now it stood on a marble floor, and from

that floor rose forty marble pillars cloaked with beaten gold, supporting a roof

gilded with stars. The living quarters for priest and priestess were piled with

feather mattresses and silken pillows, and priestly robes of soft cotton hung

waiting about the shoulders of Carrara

statues.

cairn: mound

Carrara: an Italian city known for its white marble

quarries and statues

311-316 CH9 WL-824133 4/27/04 2:52 PM Page 315

316

1. Why do Philemon and Baucis fail to recognize their guests? Which character

does recognize them?

2. Jupiter said that he and Mercury like to “visit the people whose sacrificial

smoke perfumes the halls of Heaven.” Who does he mean?

3. Cause and Effect What is the result of Jupiter’s gift to Philemon and Baucis?

4. Analyze Why do Philemon and Baucis not ask the gods for fame and power?

5. Read to Write Imagine that friends who live in another town visit

you. What would you provide for them? Would it be different from the things

you provide for yourself? Imagine you are Philemon or Baucis, and write one or

two paragraphs explaining how you would have treated their guests.

Responding to the Reading

Already, from all corners of the landscape, pilgrims were

setting out at a run to visit the marvelous new temple of

Jupiter, whose red roof signaled to them across miles of

open countryside. Philemon and Baucis would be kept busy

receiving their sacrifices, tending the sacrificial flame,

sweeping up the ashes.

But they thrived on the hard work, just as they had

always done. The worshipers brought not only flowers for

the altar but baskets of delicious food for the priest and

priestess whose fame spread far and wide. Tirelessly they

worked until, being mortal, even Baucis and Philemon

became exhausted. Watching from the terraces of Heaven,

Jupiter saw them pause now, each time they passed one

another, and lean one against the other for a moment’s rest,

Baucis laying her head on Philemon’s shoulder.

“They are weary,” said Mercury.

“You are right,” said Jupiter. “It is time for them to rest.”

So instead of breathing in the fragrance from the altar

below, he breathed out—a breath that wafted away the white

robes of priest and priestess and left behind two noble trees at

the very door of the temple. One was an oak, the other a

linden tree, and they leaned one toward another, their branches

intertwined, casting welcome shade over the threshold.

Clio the goose liked to rest there at noon,

preening her . . . feathers and singing.

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CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 317

What’s the Connection?

In Section 1, you learned about

Roman life and achievements when

the empire was at its height. Over

time, however, the Roman Empire

began to have problems, and it

gradually grew weaker. Eventually,

Rome fell to outside invaders.

Focusing on the

• Poor leadership, a declining economy,

and attacks by Germanic tribes weak-

ened the Roman Empire.

(page 318)

• Rome finally fell when invaders

swept through the empire during

the

A.D. 400s. (page 322)

• Rome passed on many achievements

in government, law, language, and

the arts.

(page 325)

Locating Places

Constantinople

(KAHN•STAN•tuhn•OH•puhl)

Meeting People

Diocletian (DY•uh•KLEE•shuhn)

Constantine (KAHN•stuhn•TEEN)

Theodosius

(THEE•uh•DOH•shuhs)

Alaric (A•luh•rihk)

Odoacer (OH•duh•WAY •suhr)

Building Your Vocabulary

plague (PLAYG)

inflation (ihn•FLAY•shuhn)

barter (BAHR•tuhr)

reform (rih•FAWRM)

Reading Strategy

Sequencing Information Create a

diagram to show the events that led

up to the fall of the Western Roman

Empire.

A.D. 284

Diocletian tries

to reform empire

A.D.395

Roman Empire

divided into eastern

and western parts

A.D.476

Rome’s last

emperor

overthrown

Constantinople

Rome

SPAIN

GAUL

BRITAIN

ITALY

GREECE

EGYPT

A.D. 250 A.D.350 A.D.450

The

all

ome

Fall of the

Roman

Empire

317-326 CH9 S2-824133 3/17/04 4:31 PM Page 317

The Decline of Rome

Poor leadership, a declining economy,

and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened the

Roman Empire.

Reading Focus What do you do when you face a diffi-

cult problem? Do you try to solve it yourself? Do you ask

other people for help? Read to learn about the problems

the Roman Empire faced and how its leaders responded.

In A.D. 180 Marcus Aurelius died. His

son, Commodus (KAH•muh•duhs), became

emperor. Commodus was cruel and wasted

money. Instead of ruling Rome, Commodus

spent much of his time fighting as a gladia-

tor. In A.D. 192 the emperor’s bodyguard

killed him. Nearly a century of confusion

and fighting followed.

After Commodus, emperors called the

Severans ruled Rome. Much of their time

was spent putting down revolts and pro-

tecting Rome’s borders. The Severans

stayed in power by paying the army well,

but they ignored the growing problems of

crime and poverty.

Political and Social Problems When the

last Severan ruler died in A.D. 235, Rome’s

government became very weak. For almost

50 years, army leaders fought each other for

the throne. During this time, Rome had 22

different emperors.

Poor leadership was not Rome’s only dif-

ficulty. Fewer Romans honored the old ideals

of duty, courage, and honesty. Many govern-

ment officials took bribes. As problems

Weak Roman Government

• Dishonest government officials

provide poor leadership.

Eastern Roman Empire

• Constantinople becomes the new capital.

• The empire survives attacks and prospers.

Byzantine Empire

• This empire is created from the Eastern Roman Empire

and lasts nearly 1,000 years.

Western Roman Empire

• Numerous attacks threaten the empire.

• Territory is slowly lost to invaders.

Social Problems

• Famine and disease spread

throughout the empire.

Declining Economy

• Income and wages fall.

• Wealthy fail to pay taxes.

Reform Fails and Rome Divides in Two

• Government fails to keep order.

• Violence and tension increase.

• Diocletian divides the empire.

Rome Falls

• The city of Rome falls in A.D. 476.

• The Western Roman Empire is divided

into Germanic kingdoms by A.D. 550.

The Decline of Rome

Many issues, including a weak government, lack

of food, and fewer jobs, led to Rome’s decline.

1. According to the flow chart, what occurs

after reform fails?

2. Cause and Effect What were the final effects

of the Roman Empire being split in two?

318

CORBIS

317-326 CH9 S2-824133 3/17/04 4:32 PM Page 318

increased, talented people often refused to

serve in government. Many wealthy citizens

even stopped paying taxes. Fewer people

attended schools, and a large number of the

empire’s people were now enslaved. Wealthy

Romans supported slavery because it was a

cheap way to get work done.

Economic and Military Problems During

the A.D. 200s, Rome’s economy began to fall

apart. As government weakened, law and

order broke down. Roman soldiers and

invaders seized crops and destroyed fields.

Farmers grew less food, and hunger began

to spread.

As the economy worsened, people

bought fewer goods. Artisans produced

less, and shopkeepers lost money. Many

businesses closed, and the number of work-

ers dropped sharply. Many workers had to

leave jobs and serve in the army. A plague

(PLAYG), or a disease that spreads widely,

also took its toll. It killed one out of every

ten people in the empire.

Rome also began to suffer from inflation

(ihn • FLAY • shuhn), or rapidly increasing

prices. Inflation happens when money loses

its value. How did this happen? The weak

economy meant fewer taxes were paid.

With less money coming in, the Roman

government could not afford to defend its

territories and had to find a way to pay its

soldiers and officials. One way for the gov-

ernment to get the money it needed was to

put less gold in its coins.

By putting less gold in each coin, the

government could make extra coins and

pay for more things. People soon learned

that the coins did not have as much gold in

them, and the coins began losing value.

Prices went up, and many people stopped

using money altogether. They began to

barter

(BAHR • tuhr), or exchange goods

without using money.

Slavery in the Roman Empire Public

and private slavery were common in

Roman society. Public slaves were

owned by the state. They took care of

important buildings and served

government officials. Educated public

slaves were used to help organize the

governments of conquered areas.

Private slaves were owned by

individuals. They were often forced to

work long hours and could be sold at

any time. Wealthy Romans had

hundreds or even thousands of

enslaved people. Most enslaved

people worked on farms.

Most enslaved people were men.

This was probably because their work

required great strength. Some

enslaved men also became gladiators.

Enslaved women made clothing and

cooked for their owner’s family.

Connecting to the Past

1. What was the main difference between

public and private enslavement?

2. Which jobs were probably considered the

most desirable by enslaved people?

Roman slaves

at work

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Meanwhile, invaders swept into the

empire. In the west, Germanic tribes raided

Roman farms and towns. In the east, armies

from Persia pushed into the empire’s terri-

tory. As fighting increased, the government

could no longer enlist and pay Romans as

soldiers. It began using Germanic warriors

in the army. However, these Germanic

soldiers were not loyal to Rome.

What Were Diocletian’s Reforms? In

A.D. 284 a general named Diocletian

(DY •uh • KLEE • shuhn) became emperor. To

stop the empire’s decline, he introduced

reforms (rih•FAWRMZ), or political changes

to make things better. Because the empire

was too large for one person to rule,

Diocletian divided it into four parts. He

named officials to rule these areas but kept

authority over all.

Diocletian also worked to boost the

economy. To slow inflation, he issued rules

that set the prices of goods and the wages to

be paid to workers. To make sure more

goods were produced, he ordered workers

to remain at the same jobs until they died.

Diocletian’s reforms failed. The people

ignored the new rules, and Diocletian did

not have enough power to make them obey.

Who Was Constantine? In A.D. 305

Diocletian retired from office. After a

period of conflict, another general named

Constantine (KAHN • stuhn • TEEN) became

emperor in A.D. 312. To aid the economy,

Constantine issued several orders. The

sons of workers had to follow their

fathers’ trades, the sons of farmers had to

work the land their fathers worked, and

the sons of soldiers had to serve in the

army.

Constantine’s changes did not halt the

empire’s decline in the west. As a result,

Constantine moved the capital from dying

Rome to a new city in the east. He chose the

site of the Greek city of Byzantium (buh•

ZAN•tee•uhm). There he built a forum, an

amphitheater called the Hippodrome, and

many palaces. The city became known as

Constantinople (KAHN • STAN •tuhn•OH•puhl).

Today, Constantinople is called Istanbul.

Explain

How did Diocletian

try to reverse the decline of Rome?

320 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

Distrust of

Money

As the Roman Empire

declined, people refused

to trust the value of

money issued by each

emperor.

“Whereas [because] the

public officials have assem-

bled and have accused the

bankers of the exchange

banks of having closed

them because of their

unwillingness to accept

the divine coin of the

emperors, it has become

necessary to issue an

order to all owners of the

banks to open them and

to accept and exchange all

coin except the absolutely

spurious [false] and coun-

terfeit—and not alone

to them but to those who

engage in business

transactions of any kind.”

—“Distrust of Imperial Coinage,”

Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, no. 1411, Vol. 2,

A.S. Hunt, trans.

What do you think was happening to the

economy of the empire as people stopped

using the official money?

Roman coins

The Newark Museum/Art Resource, NY

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ONSTANTINE THE

REAT

. 280–337

First Christian Roman Emperor

Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to become a

Christian, although he was not baptized until near his death in

. 337. He first came to believe in Christianity many years

earlier, when he was a military leader. Constantine believed he

had seen a flaming cross in the sky that said, “By this sign thou

shall conquer.” The next day his army was victorious in an

important battle. He believed that the cross was a call to the

Christian God.

During his reign, Constantine granted new opportunities to

Christians and helped advance the power of the early Catholic

Church. At the Council of Nicea in

. 325, he encouraged

discussion about the acceptance of the Trinity (Father, Son, and

Holy Spirit). He also boosted the political positions and power of

bishops within the Roman government.

Even though Constantine had many political and religious

successes, his life was filled with controversy and tragedy.

Constantine married a woman named Fausta. His eldest son

from a previous marriage was named Crispus. Fausta accused

Crispus of crimes

and claimed that he was planning

to seize the throne. Constantine was

so shocked that he had his son killed.

Constantine later discovered that

Fausta had lied because she wanted

her own son to be in line for the

throne. He then had Fausta killed.

321

Modern-day Constantinople

Constantine believed freedom of religion was

important for the success of his empire and

made sure that Christians could no longer be

persecuted. What part of the U.S. Constitution

protects freedom of religion?

Constantine

(t)Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey/E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (b)C. Boisvieux/Photo Researchers

317-326 CH9 S2-824133 3/21/04 10:32 AM Page 321

Rome Falls

Rome finally fell when invaders swept

through the empire during the

. 400s.

Reading Focus How would you feel if a favorite

place—a shop, park, or recreation center—was closed

after being open for many years? Read to learn how the

Romans had to face an even greater loss when their city

and empire fell.

Both Diocletian and Constantine failed

to save the Roman Empire. When

Constantine died in A.D. 337, fighting broke

out again. A new emperor called

Theodosius

(THEE • uh • DOH • shuhs) finally

gained control and ended the fighting.

Ruling the empire proved to be difficult.

Theodosius decided to divide the empire

after his death. In A.D. 395, the Roman Empire

split into two separate empires. One was the

Western Roman Empire, with its capital at

Rome. The other was the Eastern Roman

Empire, with its capital at Constantinople.

Rome Is Invaded As Rome declined, it was

no longer able to hold back the Germanic

tribes on its borders. Many different

Germanic groups existed—Ostrogoths,

Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Angles, and

Saxons. They came from the forests and

marshes of northern Europe.

These Germanic groups were in search

of warmer climates and better grazing land

for their cattle. They also were drawn by

Rome’s wealth and culture. In addi-

tion, many were fleeing the Huns,

fierce warriors from Mongolia in

Asia.

In the late A.D. 300s, the Huns

entered Eastern Europe and defeated

the Ostrogoths (AHS•truh•GAHTHS). The

Visigoths, fearing they would be next,

asked the Eastern Roman emperor for

protection. He let them settle just

inside the empire’s border. In return they

promised to be loyal to Rome.

Before long, trouble broke out between

the Visigoths and Romans. The empire

forced the Visigoths to buy food at very

high prices. The Romans also kidnapped

and enslaved many Visigoths.

Rome Is

Attacked

In this excerpt from one

of his letters, the

Christian leader Jerome

describes attacks on the

Roman provinces.

“Who would believe that

Rome, victor over all the

world, would fall, that she

would be to her people

both the womb and the

tomb....Where we cannot

help we mourn and mingle

with theirs our tears....There

is not an hour, not even a moment, when we are

not occupied with crowds of refugees, when the

peace of the monastery is not invaded by a horde

of guests so that we shall either have to shut the

gates or neglect the Scriptures for which the gates

were opened.”

—Jerome, “News of the Attacks”

Does Jerome think the gates of the

monastery should be shut? Explain.

Saint Jerome

Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and

click on Chapter 9—Student Web Activity to

learn more about Roman civilization.

322 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

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CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 323

Finally, the Visigoths rebelled against

the Romans. In A.D. 378 they defeated

Roman legions at the Battle of Adrianople

(AY • dree• uh •NOH •puhl). After that defeat,

Rome was forced to surrender land to the

Visigoths.

The Germanic tribes now knew that

Rome could no longer defend itself. More

and more Germanic warriors crossed the

borders in search of land. In the winter of

A.D. 406, the Rhine River in Western Europe

froze. Germanic groups crossed the frozen

river and entered Gaul, which is today

France. The Romans were too weak to force

them back across the border.

In A.D. 410 the Visigoth leader Alaric

(A•luh•rihk) and his soldiers captured Rome

itself. They burned records and looted the

treasury. Rome’s capture by Alaric was a

great shock to the empire’s people. It was

the first time Rome had been conquered in

800 years.

Another Germanic group known as the

Vandals overran Spain and northern Africa.

They enslaved some Roman landowners

and drove others away. Then the Vandals

W E

500 km

500 mi.

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area

projection

0°

20°E

40°E

40°N

20°N

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

North

Sea

Black Sea

Mediterranean Sea

ASIA

MINOR

BRITAIN

GAUL

SPAIN

ITALY

GREECE

EGYPT

AFRICA

Adrianople

Constantinople

Rome

Alexandria

Germanic Invasions of Rome c.A.D. 200–500

A number of invasions led to the

fall of the Roman Empire.

1. Who attacked both Britain and

northern Gaul?

2. Why do you think the Eastern

Roman Empire experienced very

few invasions?

Find NGS online map resources @

www.nationalgeographic.com/maps

Western Roman Empire

Eastern Roman Empire

Battle

Angles/Saxons

Franks

Huns

KEY

Ostrogoths

Vandals

Visigoths

Motion

317-326 CH9 S2-875047 9/16/06 1:34 PM Page 323

sailed to Italy. In A.D. 455 they entered

Rome. They spent 12 days stripping build-

ings of everything valuable and burning

them. From these attacks came the English

word vandalism, which means “the willful

destruction of property.”

Rome Falls By the mid-A.D. 400s, several

Germanic leaders held high posts in Rome’s

government and army. In A.D. 476 a

Germanic general named Odoacer (OH•duh•

WAY • suhr) took control, overthrowing

the western emperor, a 14-year-old boy

named Romulus Augustulus (RAHM• yuh •

luhs aw•GUHS •chah• luhs). After Romulus

Augustulus, no emperor ever again ruled

from Rome. Historians often use this event to

mark the end of the Western Roman Empire.

Odoacer controlled Rome for almost 15

years. Then a group of Visigoths seized the

city and killed Odoacer. They set up a king-

dom in Italy under their leader, Theodoric

(thee •AH • duh • rihk). Elsewhere in Europe,

other Germanic kingdoms arose.

By A.D. 550, the Western Roman Empire

had faded away. Many Roman beliefs and

practices remained in use, however. For

example, Europe’s new Germanic rulers

adopted the Latin language, Roman laws,

and Christianity. Although the Western

Roman Empire fell to Germanic invaders,

the Eastern Roman Empire prospered. It

became known as the Byzantine Empire

and lasted nearly 1,000 more years.

Identify

Which event usu-

ally marks the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

324 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

An image showing the Visigoths invading Rome. What

leader did the Visigoths overthrow to take control of Rome?

Mary Evans Picture Library

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The Legacy of Rome

Rome passed on many achievements in

government, law, language, and the arts.

Reading Focus Do you know where the words

“doctor,” “animal,” “circus,” and “family” come from?

These words come from the Latin language spoken by

the Romans. Read to discover other things we have

borrowed from the Romans.

Our world would be very different if the

Roman Empire had never existed. Many

words in the English language and many of

our ideas about government come from the

Romans. The same is true for our system of

laws and our knowledge about building. As

you will read in the next chapter, the peace

and order brought by Roman rule also

allowed the Christian religion to spread.

Roman Ideas and Government Today

Roman ideas about law, as first written in the

Twelve Tables, are with us today. We, like the

Romans, believe that all people are equal

under the law. We expect our judges to

decide cases fairly, and we consider a person

innocent until proven guilty.

Columns, domes, and arches

still appear in many modern

buildings. Banks, homes, and

government buildings often use a

Roman style. What Roman architectural

styles do you see in your neighborhood?

Roman and Modern Architecture

Early Romans borrowed architectural ideas

from the Greeks, but they also developed their own

style. Roman designs often included vaults,

columns, domes, and arches. New

architectural ideas meant that buildings

could be constructed in new ways.

Because of concrete and a new design,

Roman theaters did not have to be built

on natural slopes to have tiered seating.

The Pantheon in Rome

The Rotunda at the

University of Virginia

CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 325

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Reading Summary

Review the

• A series of weak emperors, inva-

sions by outsiders, disease, and a

number of other factors led to a

greatly weakened Roman Empire.

• Numerous invasions by Germanic

peoples led to the fall of Rome in

A.D. 476.

• Roman ideas about government

and Roman architecture are just

some of the legacies of ancient

Rome.

1. What social problems helped

cause the empire’s decline?

2. Why did the Roman govern-

ment use Germanic warriors in

its army?

Critical Thinking

3. Summarizing Information

Draw a diagram like the one

below. Fill in details about

Rome’s legacies in the areas of

government, law, and citizenship.

Cause and Effect How did

inflation affect Rome?

Describe Who were the

Visigoths, and how did they

contribute to the fall of Rome?

Identify Give examples of

Roman ideas in language and

architecture that exist today.

Persuasive Writing Imagine

you are living in Rome around

the time of the fall of the

empire. Write an editorial for a

newspaper identifying what

you think is the main reason

for the decline and fall of the

empire, and what might have

been done to prevent it.

What Did You Learn?

Study Central

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material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

326 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

Roman ideas about government and cit-

izenship are also important today. Like the

early Romans, Americans believe that a

republic made up of equal citizens is the

best form of government. We also believe

that a republic works best if citizens do

their duty, participate in government, and

work to make their society better.

Roman Influence on Culture Today the

alphabet of the Latin language, which

expanded from 22 to 26 letters, is used

throughout the Western world. Latin shaped

the languages of Italy, France, Spain,

Portugal, and Romania. Many English words

also come from Latin. Scientists, doctors, and

lawyers still use Latin phrases. Every known

species of plant and animal has a Latin name.

Today, we also still admire the works of great

Roman writers such as Virgil, Horace, Livy,

and Tacitus.

Ancient Rome also left a lasting mark

on building in the Western world. We still

use concrete today for much of our con-

struction, and Roman architectural styles

are still seen in public buildings today.

When you visit Washington, D.C., or the

capital city of any state, you will likely see

capitols with domes and arches inspired

by Roman architecture.

Christianity As you probably know,

Christianity is one of the major religions in

the world today. Christianity began in the

Roman Empire. When Rome’s government

adopted Christianity in the A.D. 300s, it

helped the new religion to grow and

spread. After Rome’s fall, many Roman

ideas blended with those of Christianity.

Compare

Which aspects of

the Roman Empire are reflected in present-day

cultures?

Roman Legacies

317-326 CH9 S2-875047 9/16/06 1:18 PM Page 326

What’s the Connection?

In the last section, you learned

that even though the Roman Empire in

the West fell, the Eastern Roman

Empire survived and prospered. It

became known as the Byzantine

Empire.The Byzantines developed a

new civilization based on Greek,

Roman, and Christian ideas.

Focusing on the

• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich

and powerful as the Western Roman

Empire fell.

(page 328)

• The policies and reforms of Emperor

Justinian and Empress Theodora

helped make the Byzantine Empire

strong.

(page 329)

• The Byzantines developed a rich

culture based on Roman, Greek, and

Christian ideas.

(page 332)

Locating Places

Black Sea

Aegean Sea

(ih•JEE•uhn)

Meeting People

Justinian (juh•STIH•nee•uhn)

Theodora (THEE•uh•DOHR•uh)

Belisarius (BEH•luh•SAR•ee•uhs)

Tribonian (truh•BOH•nee•uhn)

Building Your Vocabulary

mosaic (moh•ZAY•ihk)

saint (SAYNT)

regent (REE•juhnt)

Reading Strategy

Cause and Effect Complete a chart

to show the causes and effects of

Justinian’s new law code.

yzantine

mpire

The

A.D.527

Emperor Justinian

begins rule

A.D.565

Justinian

dies

A.D.537

Hagia Sophia

completed

Constantinople

Rome

SPAIN

ITALY

BALKAN

PENINSULA

ASIA MINOR

EGYPT

PALESTINE

A.D.525 A.D.550 A.D.575

CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 327

Causes

New Code of Laws

Effects

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/17/04 5:14 PM Page 327

The Rise of the Byzantines

The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich

and powerful as the Western Roman Empire fell.

Reading Focus Think of your own community. How

have groups of people from different backgrounds con-

tributed to its character? What would your town or city

be like without these contributions from all the differ-

ent groups? Read to learn about the different groups

that made up the Byzantine Empire.

The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine,

Empire reached a high point in the A.D. 500s.

At this time, the empire stretched west to

Italy, south to Egypt, and east to the border

with Arabia. Greeks made up the empire’s

largest group, but many other peoples were

found within the empire. They included

Egyptians, Syrians, Arabs, Armenians,

Jews, Persians, Slavs, and Turks.

Why Is Constantinople Important? In

the last section, you learned that Emperor

Constantine moved the capital of the

Roman Empire from Rome to a new city

called Constantinople. Constantine’s city

became the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

By the A.D. 500s, Constantinople was thriv-

ing and had become one of the world’s

great cities.

One reason for Constantinople’s success

was its location. It lay on the waterways

between the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea

(ih• JEE •uhn). Its harbors offered a safe shel-

ter for fishing boats, trading ships, and war-

ships. Constantinople also sat at the

crossroads of trade routes between Europe

and Asia. The trade that passed through

made the city extremely wealthy.

Constantinople had a secure land loca-

tion. Lying on a peninsula, Constantinople

was easily defended. Seas protected it

on three sides, and on the fourth side,

a huge wall guarded the city. Later a

huge chain was even strung across the

city’s north harbor for greater protec-

tion. Invaders could not easily take

Constantinople.

Influence of Greek Culture The

Byzantines at first followed Roman

ways. Constantinople was known as

the “New Rome.” Its public buildings

and palaces were built in the Roman

style. The city even had an oval arena

called the Hippodrome, where chariot

races and other events were held.

Byzantine political and social life

also were based on that of Rome.

Emperors spoke Latin and enforced

Roman laws. The empire’s poor peo-

ple received free bread and shows.

Wealthy people lived in town or on

large farming estates. In fact, many of

them had once lived in Rome.

328 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

The ancient walled city of Constantinople

Stapleton Collection, UK/Bridgeman Art Library

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/25/04 12:54 PM Page 328

W E

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 km

500 mi.

40°N

20°N

0° 20°E40°E

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Danube R.

Tigris R.

Black Sea

Red Sea

ITALY

SPAIN

SYRIA

EGYPT

OSTROGOTHS

ARABIA

PERSIAN

EMPIRE

BALKAN

PENINSULA

ASIA MINOR

Crete

Sicily

Sardinia

Corsica

Cyprus

Constantinople

Rome

Jerusalem

Alexandria

Carthage

CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 329

As time passed, the Byzantine Empire

became less Roman and more Greek. Most

Byzantines spoke Greek and honored their

Greek past. Byzantine emperors and offi-

cials began to speak Greek too. The ideas of

non-Greek peoples, like the Egyptians and

the Slavs, also shaped Byzantine life. Still

other customs came from Persia to the east.

All of these cultures blended together to

form the Byzantine civilization. Between

A.D. 500 and A.D. 1200, the Byzantines had

one of the world’s richest and most-

advanced empires.

Explain

Why did the

Byzantine Empire have such a blending of cultures?

Emperor Justinian

The policies and reforms of Emperor

Justinian and Empress Theodora helped make the

Byzantine Empire strong.

Reading Focus Do you sometimes rewrite reports to

make them easier to understand? Read to learn how

Justinian rewrote and reorganized the Byzantine law code.

Justinian (juh • STIH • nee • uhn) became

emperor of the Byzantine Empire in A.D. 527

and ruled until A.D. 565. Justinian was a

strong leader. He controlled the military,

made laws, and was supreme judge. His

order could not be questioned.

The Byzantine Empire A.D. 527–565

Justinian attempted to restore the

Roman Empire in the Mediterranean.

1. Describe the area of the Byzantine

Empire before Justinian’s

conquests.

2. How far west did the empire

extend after Justinian’s conquests?

KEY

Byzantine Empire

before Justinian,

A.D.

527

Area added to Byzantine

Empire during Justinian's

conquests,

A.D.

565

Motion

327-334 Ch9 S3-875047 9/16/06 1:27 PM Page 329

Justinian’s wife, the empress Theodora

(THEE • uh • DOHR • uh), helped him run the

empire. Theodora, a former actress, was

intelligent and strong-willed, and she

helped Justinian choose government offi-

cials. Theodora also convinced him to give

women more rights. For the first time, a

Byzantine wife could own land. If she

became a widow, she now had the income

to take care of her children.

A.D. 532 Theodora helped save

Justinian’s throne. Angry taxpayers threat-

ened to overthrow Justinian and stormed

the palace. Justinian’s advisers urged

him to leave Constantinople. Theodora,

however, told him to stay and fight.

Justinian took Theodora’s advice. He stayed

in the city and crushed the uprising. By

doing this, Justinian not only restored order

but also strengthened his power to rule.

Justinian’s Conquests Justinian wanted to

reunite the Roman Empire and bring back

Rome’s glory. To do this, he had to conquer

Western Europe and northern Africa.

He ordered a general named

Belisarius (BEH • luh • SAR • ee • uhs) to

strengthen and lead the Byzantine

army.

When Belisarius took command,

he reorganized the Byzantine army.

Instead of foot soldiers, the Byzantine

army came to rely on cavalry—sol-

diers mounted on horses. Byzantine

cavalry wore armor and carried bows

and lances, which were long spears.

During Justinian’s reign, the

Byzantine military conquered most

of Italy, northern Africa, and Persia in the

east. However, Justinian conquered too

much too quickly. After he died, the

empire did not have the money to main-

tain an army large enough to hold the ter-

ritory in the west.

Justinian’s Law Code Justinian decided

that the empire’s laws were disorganized

and too difficult to understand. He

ordered a group of legal scholars headed

by Tribonian (truh•BOH•nee•uhn) to reform

the law code.

The group’s new simplified code

became known as the Justinian Code.

Officials, businesspeople, and individuals

could now more easily understand the

empire’s laws. Over the years, the Justinian

Code has had a great influence on the laws

of almost every country in Europe.

Explain

What did Justinian

accomplish during his reign?

330 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

Theodora Refuses

to Flee

Justinian’s court historian recorded

Theodora’s opinion about whether to

escape or fight during the

A.D. 532 revolt.

“My opinion then is that the present time ...is

inopportune [not a good time] for flight, even

though it brings safety....For one who has

been an emperor, it is

unendurable to be a

fugitive....May I not

live that day on

which those who

meet me shall not

address me as

empress. If, now, it is

your wish to save

yourself, O Emperor,

there is no difficulty.”

—Procopius, ”The Nika

Riot”

Why did the empress not wish to escape?

Theodora

Scala/Art Resource, NY

327-334 Ch9 S3-875047 9/16/06 1:53 PM Page 330

MPRESS

THEODORA

. 500–548

Theodora began life in the lower class of

Byzantine society but rose to the rank of

empress. The historian Procopius recorded the

events of her early life. According to

Procopius, Theodora’s father worked as a bear

keeper at the Hippodrome. After his death,

Theodora followed her mother’s advice and

became an actress. A career in acting was not

as glamorous then as it is now. It was a job of

the lower class, like wool spinning, which

was Theodora’s other job.

Even though Theodora was of the lower

class, she began dating Justinian. Justinian

was attracted to Theodora’s beauty and

intelligence. Because Justinian wanted to

marry Theodora, his uncle, the emperor,

changed the law that prevented upper-class

nobles from marrying actresses. The two

were married in

. 525.

Justinian considered Theodora his

intellectual equal. In his writings, Justinian

said he asked for Theodora’s advice on laws

and policies. At Theodora’s urging, he granted

more rights to women. Some historians believe

Theodora had great power within the royal court,

perhaps more than Justinian. For example, nearly

all the laws passed during Theodora’s reign as

empress mention her name. Theodora and

Justinian had no children together. When

Theodora died from cancer in

. 548,

Justinian was overcome with grief. He

had her portrait incorporated into many

works of art, including numerous

Byzantine mosaics.

331

Empress Theodora advises Emperor Justinian.

“She was extremely

clever and had a

biting wit.”

—Procopius, The Secret History

Name a modern-day female political leader

that you think has great influence in making

and changing laws. Explain your choice.

Andre Durenceau/National Geographic Society Image Collection

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/21/04 10:41 AM Page 331

Byzantine Civilization

The Byzantines developed a rich cul-

ture based on Roman, Greek, and Christian ideas.

Reading Focus Do you think a multicultural popula-

tion adds to a country’s interest and success? Read to

learn how the diverse groups of the Byzantine Empire

contributed to its culture.

The Byzantine Empire lasted approxi-

mately 1,000 years. For much of that time,

Constantinople was the largest and richest

city in Europe. The Byzantines were highly

educated and creative. They preserved and

passed on Greek culture and Roman law to

other peoples. They gave the world new

methods in the arts. As you will learn, they

also spread Christianity to people in

Eastern Europe.

The Importance of Trade From the A.D. 500s

to the A.D. 1100s, the Byzantine Empire was

the center of trade between Europe and

Asia. Trade goods from present-day Russia

in the north, Mediterranean lands in the

south, Latin Europe in the west, and Persia

and China in the east passed through the

empire. From Asia, ships and caravans

brought luxury goods—spices, gems, met-

als, and cloth—to Constantinople. For these

items, Byzantine merchants traded farm

goods as well as furs, honey, and enslaved

people from northern Europe.

This enormous trade made the

Byzantine Empire very rich. However, most

Byzantines were not merchants. Instead

they were farmers, herders, laborers, and

artisans. One of the major Byzantine indus-

tries was weaving silk. It developed around

332

The style of the Hagia Sophia, shown here, and other

Byzantine churches influenced the architecture of

churches throughout Russia and Eastern Europe.

What does the name “Hagia Sophia” mean?

Sculpture showing chariot

racing at the Hippodrome

Byzantine jewelry

(l)Giraudon/Art Resource, NY, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/21/04 10:42 AM Page 332

A.D. 550. At that time, Byzantine travel-

ers smuggled silkworm eggs out of

China. Brought to Constantinople, the

silkworms fed on mulberry leaves and

produced silk threads. Weavers then

used the threads to make the silk cloth

that brought wealth to the empire.

Byzantine Art and Architecture

Justinian and other Byzantine emperors

supported artists and architects. They

ordered the building of churches, forts,

and public buildings throughout the

empire. Constantinople was known for

its hundreds of churches and palaces.

One of Justinian’s greatest achievements

was building the huge church called

Hagia Sophia (HAH•jee•uh soh•FEE•uh),

or “Holy Wisdom.” It was completed in

A.D. 537 and became the religious center

of the Byzantine Empire. It still stands

today in Istanbul.

Inside Hagia Sophia, worshipers

could see walls of beautiful marble and

mosaics. Mosaics (moh• ZAY • ihks) are

pictures made from many bits of colored

glass or stone. They were an important

type of art in the Byzantine Empire.

Mosaics mainly showed figures of

saints (SAYNTS), or Christian holy people.

Byzantine Women The family was the

center of social life for most Byzantines.

Religion and the government stressed the

importance of marriage and family life.

Divorces were rare and difficult to get.

Byzantine women were not encour-

aged to lead independent lives. They

were expected to stay home and take care

of their families. However, women did

gain some important rights, thanks to

Empress Theodora. Like Theodora her-

self, some Byzantine women became well

educated and involved in politics. Several

Byzantine Mosaics Imagine taking bits

of glass and turning them into beautiful

masterpieces. Byzantine artists did just

that starting around

A.D. 330. Roman

mosaics were made of natural-colored

marble pieces and decorated villas and

buildings. Byzantine mosaics were

different. They were made of richly

colored, irregular pieces of glass and

decorated the ceilings, domes, and

floors of Byzantine churches.

Byzantine mosaics were created to

honor religious or political leaders. The

centers of domes—because they were

the highest points of the churches—

were commonly reserved

for images of Jesus.

Mosaics were

expensive. They were

ordered and paid for by

emperors, state officials,

or church leaders. Many

mosaics are still intact

and can be seen today

inside churches,

monasteries, and

museums.

Connecting to the Past

1. Why do you think the name of the

person who paid for the mosaic—

rather than the name of the person

who made the mosaic—was often

recorded in the inscription?

2. What types of art do present-day

artists make with glass?

Mosaic from the

Byzantine Empire

The Art Archive/Haghia Sophia Istanbul/Dagli Orti

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/21/04 10:43 AM Page 333

Reading Summary

Review the

• With its capital at

Constantinople and strong Greek

influences, the Byzantine Empire

grew powerful and wealthy.

• The Byzantine emperor, Justinian,

reconquered much of the land

that had been held by the old

Roman Empire in the Mediter-

ranean. It also issued a new law

code known as the Justinian

Code.

• As the Byzantine Empire grew

wealthy from trade, art, architec-

ture, and education flourished.

1. What is a mosaic, and where

were mosaics found in the

Byzantine Empire?

2. How did silk weaving develop

in the Byzantine Empire?

Critical Thinking

3. Organizing Information

Draw a diagram like the one

below. Fill in details about

Constantinople’s location.

Describe What were some of

the trade items that were

exchanged between merchants

in Constantinople?

Explain Why were divorces

difficult to get in the Byzantine

Empire?

Analyze What important

service did Byzantine writers

provide to the rest of the

world? Explain its significance.

Persuasive Writing Which

civilization do you think was

the most advanced—that of

the Greeks, the Romans, or the

Byzantines? Write a speech

explaining your answer.

Location of

Constantinople

What Did You Learn?

Study Central

Need help with the

material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

334 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization

royal women served as regents. A regent

(REE•juhnt) is a person who stands in for a

ruler who is too young or too ill to govern. A

few ruled the empire in their own right.

Byzantine Education Learning was

highly respected in Byzantine culture. The

government supported the training of

scholars and government officials. In

Byzantine schools, boys studied religion,

medicine, law, arithmetic, grammar, and

other subjects. Wealthy Byzantines some-

times hired tutors to teach their children.

Girls usually did not attend schools and

were taught at home.

Most Byzantine authors wrote about

religion. They stressed the need to obey

God and save one’s soul. To strengthen

faith, they wrote about the lives of saints.

Byzantine writers gave an important gift to

the world. They copied and passed on the

writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans.

Without Byzantine copies, many important

works from the ancient world would have

disappeared forever.

Identify

What church is

one of Justinian’s greatest achievements?

This Byzantine religious text is beautifully

illustrated.

What did Byzantine boys

study at school?

Ancient Art & Architecture Collection

327-334 Ch9 S3-824133 3/14/05 11:58 AM Page 334

The Byzantine Empire

The Fall of Rome

Life in Ancient Rome

Section

Vocabulary

vault

satire

ode

anatomy

Forum

gladiator

paterfamilias

rhetoric

Vocabulary

plague

inflation

barter

reform

Vocabulary

mosaic

saint

regent

Focusing on the

• In addition to their own developments in science and engineering, Roman

artists and writers borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.

(page 303)

• The rich and poor had very different lives in the Roman Empire,

as did men and women.

(page 306)

Focusing on the

• Poor leadership, a declining economy,

and attacks by Germanic tribes weakened

the Roman Empire.

(page 318)

• Rome finally fell when invaders swept through the empire during

the

A.D. 400s. (page 322)

• Rome passed on many achievements in government, law, language,

and the arts.

(page 325)

Focusing on the

• The Eastern Roman Empire grew rich and powerful as the Western Roman

Empire fell.

(page 328)

• The policies and reforms of Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora

helped make the Byzantine Empire strong.

(page 329)

• The Byzantines developed a rich culture based on Roman, Greek, and

Christian ideas.

(page 332)

A Roman family at

the dinner table

CHAPTER 9 Roman Civilization 335

Study anywhere, anytime!

Download quizzes and flash cards

to your PDA from glencoe.com

335-337 CH9 CRA-875047 9/16/06 2:31 PM Page 335

Responding and Reflecting

Your Point of View

17. Read the following information from page 330. Write at least five things you might reflect

on as you read this information.

In A.D. 532 Theodora helped save Justinian’s throne. Angry

taxpayers threatened to overthrow Justinian and stormed the

palace. Justinian’s advisers urged him to leave Constantinople.

Theodora, however, told him to stay and fight. Justinian took

Theodora’s advice. He stayed in the city and crushed the

uprising.

To review this skill,see pages 300–301.

Review Main Ideas

Section 1 • Life in Ancient Rome

9. What did the Romans borrow from the

Greeks? What did they develop on their

own?

10. What were the lives of the rich and poor

like in Rome?

Section 2 • The Fall of Rome

11. What weakened the Roman Empire?

12. What caused the fall of Rome in the

A.D. 400s?

Section 3 • The Byzantine Empire

13. What policies and reforms helped make

the Byzantine Empire strong?

14. What different groups of people

contributed to the Byzantine culture?

Critical Thinking

15. Cause and Effect Why did Alaric’s cap-

ture of Rome shock the Roman people?

16.

Predict What do you think would have

happened if Theodosius had not divided

the Roman Empire?

Review Vocabulary

Match the definitions in the second column to

the terms in the first column.

___

1. plague a. pictures made of

many bits of colored

glass or stone

___

2. anatomy b. rapidly increasing

prices

___

3. inflation c. father of a family

___

4. gladiator d. emotional poem

about life’s ups

and downs

___

5. regent e. study of the body’s

structure

___

6. mosaic f. a disease that spreads

widely

___

7. paterfamilias g. a person who stands

in for a ruler who

cannot govern

___

8. ode h. a warrior who fought

animals and people

in public arenas

336 CHAPTER 9 Roman Civiliziation

335-337 CH9 CRA-875047 9/16/06 2:29 PM Page 336

W E

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

500 km

500 mi.

40°N

30°N

20°N

0° 10°E20°E

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Danube R.

ITALY

SPAIN

Crete

Sicily

Sardinia

Corsica

Constantinople

Rome

Carthage

Analyze

The Roman Empire did have some laws

to prevent the extreme abuse of slaves.

“At the present time neither Roman citi-

zens nor any other persons who are under

the rule of the Roman people are permit-

ted to treat their slaves with excessive and

baseless [reasonless] cruelty....A man who

kills his own slave without cause is ordered

to be held just as liable as one who kills

another’s slave.”

—Gaius, “Legislation Against the

Abuse of Slaves”

25. How does this law pertain to people

passing through the empire?

26. How does this statement leave a

loophole in the regulation of abuse

against slaves?

Geography Skills

Study the map below and answer the follow-

ing questions.

18.

Place Which areas were conquered by

Justinian’s military?

19.

Human/Environment Interaction Why

do you think Justinian decided to conquer

lands to the west of his empire?

20.

Movement What made it difficult for the

Byzantine Empire to hold on to Justinian’s

conquests?

Read to Write

21. Descriptive Writing Suppose you are a

newspaper reporter living in the time of

the Roman Empire. Write a front-page arti-

cle about the slave revolt in 73

B.C., the

content of Theodosius’s will, or the

removal of Romulus Augustulus.

Remember to include a headline.

22.

Using Your Use the information

you wrote in your foldable to create a brief

study guide for the chapter. For each sec-

tion, your study guide should include at

least five questions that focus on the main

ideas.

Linking Past and Present

23. Analyzing In the chapter, you learned that

the culture of the Byzantine Empire was

greatly influenced by the Romans and

Greeks, as well as the Egyptian, Slavic, and

Persian cultures. Think about the culture of

the United States, in which many cultures

have blended. Work with a classmate to

identify aspects of the U.S. culture that

were originally part of other cultures.

Building Citizenship Skills

24. Analyzing Growing political and social

problems helped set the stage for Rome’s

final fall. Traditional Roman ideas of duty,

courage, and honesty lost their importance.

Why do you think duty, courage, and hon-

esty are important in keeping a society and

political system strong?

Self-Check Quiz To help you prepare for

the Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com

Byzantine Empire

CHAPTER 9 Roman Civiliziation 337

KEY

Byzantine Empire before Justinian,

A.D.

527

Byzantine Empire after Justinian's

conquests,

A.D.

565

335-337 CH9 CRA-824133 3/17/04 5:35 PM Page 337

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